Zoology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, encompassing their structure, physiology, development, evolution, classification, behavior, and ecology. This course provides a comprehensive overview of the animal kingdom, from the simplest invertebrates to complex vertebrates, exploring their biological processes, adaptations, and interactions with their environments. Students will gain foundational knowledge through lectures, laboratory work, and field studies, developing an understanding of animal diversity, evolutionary relationships, and the critical role animals play in ecosystems. The course also highlights current issues in zoology, such as conservation, biodiversity loss, and the impact of human activity on animal populations.
Recommended Textbook
Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by Christopher D. Moyes
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1153 Verified Questions
1153 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) In research,what are two important features of model organisms? Provide an example of a model organism in physiological research.
Answer: Model organisms are important in physiological/biological research because 1)they have features that are suitable for experimental study and 2)understanding a process in a model organism provides better insight into how processes work in other species.The squid is an excellent model organism because its specialized large neurons allowed physiologists to gain an in-depth understanding of how neurons work in animals.
Porcelain crabs are also a good example of model organisms when it comes to studying environmental adaptations.Many species of these crabs live in very different environments,enabling researchers to compare the physiological adaptations of the different species under different environmental conditions.
Q2) The proximate cause of an organism's unique characteristic can be answered by A)studying the animals lineage.
B)looking for evolutionary advantages of the characteristic.
C)identifying the genes that regulate the characteristic.
D)both A and B
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Q1) We often hear the terms protists,protozoans,and metazoans;briefly explain the relationship among them.
Answer: When we think about the origin of animals,we often think of protists.Protists are single-celled,eukaryotic organisms that possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.Protists are a very diverse group of distantly-related organisms,and hence assigned to more than 50 phyla.Some protists are animal-like and mobile,and because locomotion was considered a unique trait of animals,animal-like protists were once considered to be the ancestors of animals and were referred to as protozoans.Currently,the term protozoan has no meaningful evolutionary basis.The term metazoan was originally created to differentiate single-celled protozoans from multicellular animals."Metazoan" and "animal" are often used synonymously.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true with respect to myosin?
A)Plants,fungi,and animals share the same myosin families.
B)Myosin is found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
C)Different classes of myosins are distinguished by differences in structural organization and amino acid sequence.
D)Cardiac -myosin allows for greater contractile efficiency.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to ensure that some proteins are properly folded,the cells use __________,such as heat shock proteins.
Answer: molecular chaperones
Q2) __________ are the sections of DNA used to encode RNA.
A)Chromosomes
B)Exons
C)Introns
D)Genomes
Answer: B
Q3) Proteins form enzymes,transporters,channels,and many other critically important components of cells.Thus,it is essential that cells be able to regulate the amount of each protein that is available for use.What mechanisms are available to the cell for this regulation of protein levels?
Answer: Cells may increase or decrease the rate of transcription and translation.Transcription provides a "copy" of the instructions (mRNA)on how to produce a protein,and translation is the process that assembles the primary chain of amino acids from the directions on the mRNA.Cells can also remove existing proteins by enzymatic digestion.The protein is labeled by ubiquitin and then taken to a proteosome for destruction.
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Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nitric oxide is one of three gaseous chemical messengers and is produced by the enzyme __________.
Q2) Insulin release is NOT stimulated by A)CCK.
B)stretch of the gut.
C)low blood glucose levels.
D)high blood glucose levels.
Q3) Once a ligand binds to a receptor-enzyme,
A)the catalytic domain interacts with extracellular components.
B)the catalytic domain interacts with intracellular components.
C)the ligand-binding domain is phosphorylated.
D)the ligand-binding domain is dephosphorylated.
Q4) __________ is a hormone that is frequently involved with reproductive processes that is also part of a positive feedback loop.
Q5) Insulin and __________ are two hormones,produced by the pancreas,with antagonistic control of plasma glucose levels.
Q6) The term__________ refers to any molecule that binds specifically to a protein.
Q7) The protein __________ binds four calcium molecules and then interacts with other proteins in the cell,including CaM kinases.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inhibitory neurotransmitters generally cause ________________,and the changes in membrane potential are referred to as inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of graded potentials?
A)They travel over long distances.
B)They have different amplitudes.
C)They are typically found in axons.
D)They travel without decrement.
Q3) Neurons are capable of detecting and transducing incoming signals such as A)light.
B)pressure.
C)environmental chemicals.
D)all of the above
Q4) A decrease in neurotransmitter release with repeated action potentials is termed _________.
Q5) In a neuromuscular junction,the muscle is the A)presynaptic cell.
B)postsynaptic cell.
C)synaptic cell.
D)synapse.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kinesin-associated proteins have the ability to do all of the following EXCEPT
A)affect kinetics of movement.
B)affect the type of cargo binding to kinesin.
C)affect the isoforms used to build kinesin.
D)affect the ATP hydrolysis rate.
Q2) Action potentials can be conducted into the muscle along invaginations of the sarcolemma,or __________.
A)sarcoplasmic reticulum
B)T-tubules
C)terminal cisternae
D)sarcotubes
Q3) Mollusc catch muscles are able to generate tension for long periods of time without consuming much energy.We do not understand everything about how this is accomplished,but there are unique proteins,such as __________,that seem to play a role.
A)twitchin
B)myosin
C)titin
D)all of the above
Q4) The Pacific yew tree produces the microtubule disrupter known as ___________.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The epithelium of the vomeronasal organ is similar to the olfactory epithelium in which way?
A)Both express the same chemoreceptors.
B)physical location
C)Both activate the same signal transduction pathway.
D)none of the above
Q2) The hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are contained in the A)vestibular duct.
B)tympanic membrane.
C)round window.
D)organ of Corti.
Q3) Improving the resolving power of the compound eye would require
A)increasing the number of ommatidia.
B)increasing the size of each ommatidium.
C)decreasing the size of the pinhole opening on each ommatidia.
D)decreasing the thickness of the cornea.
Q4) The top of a sensory cell's dynamic range can be limited by the firing frequency of the primary afferent neuron.The maximum frequency is set by the __________ period.
Q5) Stimulus intensity is normally coded by action potential_____________.
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Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The protective layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called the __________.
Q2) All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________.
Q3) The __________ nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity,while the __________ nervous system is most active during periods of rest.
A)sympathetic;parasympathetic
B)parasympathetic;sympathetic
C)voluntary;involuntary
D)parasympathetic;enteric
Q4) The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "fight or flight" nervous system.
A)autonomic
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic
Q5) The __________ is essentially a relay station that filters sensory information and forwards it to the cortex.
Q6) In vertebrates,the __________ nerves exit directly from the braincase.
Q7) The only organ controlled by efferent motor neurons is __________.
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the five major types of leukocytes in vertebrate blood,and what are their functions?
Q2) How do veins prevent the backflow of blood?
A)gravity
B)pressure
C)valves
D)bulk flow
Q3) Based on the law of bulk flow,what is the unit for "flow"?
A)volume
B)volume/time
C)time
D)force/area
Q4) In birds and mammals,blood pressures are different between the pulmonary and systemic circuits.Which one is greater? Why is the difference advantageous?
Q5) What differentiates a closed circulatory system from an open circulatory system?
A)the presence of a heart
B)the presence of a circulating fluid
C)the presence of vessels
D)dcirect contact of circulating fluid with tissues
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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Q1) Natural killer cells are derived from ______________.
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct with respect to toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
A)Some of the TLRs found in fish are homologous to those in humans.
B)Mice and humans have the same TLRs since both are mammals.
C)Early deuterostomes,such as sea urchins,do not possess any TLRs.
D)A and C
Q3) _______________ genes are found in both plants and animals,suggesting an ancient evolutionary history.
Q4) Which of the following statements is correct?
A)From an evolutionary perspective,the adaptive immune system is older than the innate immune system.
B)Viruses contain a cell wall composed of B-glucans.
C)Phagocytic cells secrete cytotoxic compounds and initiate apoptosis.
D)Once animals detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns,an immune response is initiated.
Q5) Explain how immunization works and provide at least two examples of successful vaccination programs.
Q6) Malaria is caused by a parasite belonging to the genus ________________.
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The total volume of air moved in one ventilatory cycle is referred to as the
Q2) The shape of an alveolus is
A)round.
B)tubular.
C)polygonal.
D)elliptical.
Q3) Why do many diving mammals allow their lungs to collapse during the dive?
A)The high pressure forces lung collapse.
B)It prevents water entry.
C)It prevents nitrogen narcosis.
D)The gas pressure in the lungs would damage alveoli.
Q4) Describe the strategies that some aquatic insects,such as mosquito larvae and dipteran larvae,use to breathe air.What is the limitation of these strategies?
Q5) The change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as the result of changes in pH is known as the __________.
Q6) Changes in pH and P ² alter the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for the respiratory pigments in many species,a phenomenon termed the __________.
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earthworms organize locomotor striated muscles into __________ and __________ layers.
Q2) Describe the organization of the locomotor white muscles of fish as well as the direction of the contractile forces.
Q3) Hummingbirds can hover because
A)they have large breast muscles that enable their wings to generate lift in the upstroke and downstroke.
B)they burn only sugar and not fat.
C)their wings beat rapidly,often higher than 30 beats/sec.
D)A and C
Q4) The arrangement of most muscles and bones in animal locomotion fall into the category of class __________ levers.
A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV
Q5) What is the relationship between glucose and triglycerides as skeletal muscle energy substrates as a function of activity level?
Q6) How does the caudal fin of a fish generate thrust?
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most immediate product of xanthine oxidation is
A)uric acid.
B)urea.
C)glutamine.
D)adenosine.
Q2) Which compound has the lowest molecular weight?
A)ammonia
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)protein
Q3) The brain region responsible for sensing and controlling thirst is the __________.
Q4) Invertebrates have primitive kidneys called __________.
Q5) Which of the following structures is correctly matched with its function?
A)ascending limb of the loop of Henle: major site of secretion of K
B)descending limb of the loop of Henle: major site for transport of solutes
C)proximal tubule: site of secretion of organic anions and cations
D)distal tubule: main site of reabsorption of Ca² and Mg²
Q6) The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink is called __________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) During long-term starvation,
A)glycogen stores become depleted.
B)skeletal muscle experiences protein degradation.
C)fatty acids and amino acids are converted into ketone bodies.
D)all of the above
Q2) Although derived from three germ layers,the __________ lack coeloms.
A)cnidarians
B)platyhelminths
C)rotifers
D)nematodes
Q3) Protein digestion takes place in the __________ and the __________.
Q4) What is the importance of digestive enzymes? Briefly describe the four different classes of enzymes that most animals utilize,despite the fact that there is a large variation in diet in the animal kingdom.
Q5) __________ are most important as part of a metabolic stress response.
A)Glucocorticoids
B)Insulin and glucagon
C)Epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
Q6) Bile is produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is essentially the ratio between reaction rates of a process adjusted for a 10°C temperature difference.
A)Q
B)An Arrhenius plot
C)Km
D)Homeoviscous adaptation
Q2) Many animals exhibit a daily hypometabolic state known as A)estivation.
B)endothermy.
C)hibernation.
D)torpor.
Q3) The range of __________ is the difference between the incipient upper and lower lethal temperatures.
Q4) Describe how birds and mammals lose heat through ventilation.
Q5) Typically located near the backs and shoulders,__________ tissue is particularly important for thermogenesis in small mammals and newborns of larger mammals.
Q6) In biological systems,radiant heat exchange occurs through electromagnetic radiation in the __________ range.
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What role does prolactin play in reproductive behavior?
Q2) Parturition refers to A)childbirth.
B)gestation.
C)menstruation.
D)placental development.
Q3) The __________ is the loss of uterine tissue at the end of the menstrual cycle.
Q4) In the amniotic eggs of birds and reptiles,the __________ serves as a storage sac for nitrogenous wastes.
A)allantois
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)yolk sac
Q5) One way in which gametogenesis differs between the two sexes is that in spermatogenesis,
A)the mature gametes lack mobility.
B)four viable haploid gametes are produced from one germ cell.
C)chromosome number is halved only after the second meiotic division.
D)the germ cells are diploid.
Q6) __________ is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes androgens to estrogens.
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