Zoology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, encompassing their classification, physiology, development, behavior, evolution, and ecological interactions. This course explores animal diversity, from invertebrates to vertebrates, examining their anatomical structures, life processes, adaptative strategies, and roles within ecosystems. Students will also investigate current zoological research, issues in animal conservation, and advances in understanding animal behavior and genetics, equipping them with a foundational knowledge of animal biology and the methods used in zoological studies.
Recommended Textbook Beckers World of the Cell 8th Edition by Jeff Hardin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Preview of the Cell
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Q1) Scanning electron microscopy
A)uses a laser to view a single plane of a specimen
B)detects electrons passing through a specimen
C)light passes directly through specimen
D)detects electrons deflected from the surface of the specimen
E)shows specific molecules
F)amplifies variations in density
Answer: D
Q2) The outcome of the joining of cytology and biochemistry yielded a better understanding of the cell by
A)identification of cellular structures.
B)identification of cellular biochemical pathways.
C)demonstration of bioinformatics.
D)both choices A and B
E)both choices B and C
Answer: D
Q3) Glycolysis is also called the ________ pathway after the scientists who did most of the work to define it.
Answer: Embden-Meyerhof
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of the Cell
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Q1) Which of the following was not considered part of the "alphabet of biochemistry" by George Wald?
A)the 20 amino acids
B)the 5 nucleotide bases
C)two sugars
D)three lipids
E)seven proteins
Answer: E
Q2) Ribose has five carbon atoms,of which three are asymmetric.What is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)10
Answer: D
Q3) A selectively ________ membrane is one that allows some molecules to pass through but not others.
Answer: permeable
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell
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Q1) As a protein is being synthesized,the correct folding of the protein is aided by the movement of nonpolar amino acids toward the inner areas of the protein.How can this phenomenon be explained? How will this influence other levels of protein structure?
Answer: The exclusion of hydrophobic groups from the aqueous surface is called the hydrophobic effect.This then influences the other levels in orientation.(Many correct answers are possible.)
Q2) Which of the following is a terpene?
A)testosterone
B)vitamin A
C)glycerol
D)phenanthrene
E)dolichol
Answer: E
Q3) ________ are small oligonucleotides,20-30 nucleotides in length,that bind specifically to mRNA and facilitate the destruction of the mRNA.
Answer: Silencing RNAs,or siRNAs
Q4) Cellulose is a polymer of ________,a common monosaccharide.
Answer: glucose
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Chapter 4: Cells and Organelles
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Q1) Intermediate filaments are
A)different in different cell types.
B)smaller than actin filaments.
C)composed of tubulin.
D)composed of globular proteins only.
E)none of the above
Q2) The cytosol is best described as the A)fluid within the nucleus.
B)three-dimensional array of interconnected filaments.
C)semifluid substance in which organelles are suspended.
D)internal contents of organelles.
E)area of the cell not occupied by the nucleus.
Q3) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of A)lipids.
B)polysaccharides.
C)proteins.
D)DNA.
E)all of the above
Q4) The matrix is to the mitochondrion as the ________ is to the chloroplast.
Q5) As a cell increases in size,the surface area ________ and the volume ________.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Bioenergetics: the Flow of Energy in the Cell
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Q1) Another name for an oxidizing agent is a(n)
A)electron acceptor.
B)electron donor.
C)reductant.
D)electropositive metal.
E)hydride transfer reagent.
Q2) The melting of ice is an example of a(n)___________ process.
Q3) Nerve impulses travel along the neurons by the opening of channels that allow sodium ions to flow inward,followed by an outward flow of potassium ions.In order to ensure that the impulse may be produced at any time,sodium is actively transported out of the cell,and potassium is transported into the cell by the sodium/potassium pump.Which of the following types of work is performed by the sodium/potassium pump?
A)mechanical
B)electrical
C)concentration
D)synthetic
E)bioluminescent
Q4) A ________ is the amount of energy required to warm 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
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Chapter 6: Enzymes: the Catalysts of Life
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Q1) All of the following are examples of irreversible enzyme inhibitors except A)herbicides.
B)pesticides.
C)monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
D)aspirin.
E)natural poisons.
Q2) An enzyme
A)decreases the rate of a reaction.
B)binds substrates in a manner that facilitates the formation of product.
C)changes the position of the equilibrium of the reaction.
D)does not change the rate at which the equilibrium is achieved.
E)is always a protein.
Q3) Which of the following variables is part of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
A)kcat
B)Km
C)Vmax
D)[S]
E)v
Q4) ________ is the class of enzymes able to convert a substrate to its mirror image.
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Chapter 7: Membranes: Their Structure, function, and Chemistry
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Q1) Naturally occurring fatty acids are typically A)saturated.
B)unsaturated.
C)in the trans configuration.
D)in the cis configuration.
E)comprised of an odd number of carbon atoms.
Q2) Inactivation of a fluorescent dye in a very concentrated spot on a cell so that the fluidity of membranes can be visualized is called A)liposome formation.
B)SDS-PAGE.
C)photobleaching.
D)the freeze-fracture technique.
E)ferritin-conjugated lectins.
Q3) To facilitate the regulation of membrane fluidity,E.coli has the enzyme A)bacteriorhodopsin.
B)desaturase.
C)fatty acid convertase.
D)gangliosidase.
E)unsaturase.
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Q4) ________ is the name of the technique used for the analysis of membrane lipids.
Chapter 8: Transport Across Membranes: Overcoming the
Permeability
Barrier
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Q1) Design an experiment whereby you would be able to distinguish between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion of a substance.(Include graphs,if this aids in your discussion.)
Q2) Cystic fibrosis is the result of a malfunction of the cell in transporting which of the following ions?
A)Cl
B)K
C)Na
D)glucose
E)OH
Q3) Which of the following is not a characteristic of passive transport?
A)It requires binding of the molecule to be transported.
B)It is specific for the molecule being transported.
C)The energy for transport is generated by the gradient of the substance being transported.
D)The energy for transport is generated by the molecular bonds of the substance being transported.
E)Transport of the substance is the result of a conformational change.
Q4) In the capillaries of the body tissues,CO diffuses ________ and is converted to ________.
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Chapter 9: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation
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Q1) The purpose of the fermentation process is the A)regeneration of NAD .
B)generation of additional energy in the form of ATP.
C)generation of additional reducing equivalents.
D)production of novel compounds, such as inorganic acids.
E)all of the above
Q2) The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bonds are so exergonic are: ________,________,and ________.
Q3) The coenzyme ________ must interact with pyruvate before fermentation by-products are produced.
Q4) Which of the following is not a fermentation product?
A)ethanol
B)lactate
C)propionate
D)dihydroxyacetone
E)butyrate
Q5) Compare and contrast ethanol and lactic acid fermentation pathways.
Q7) The ________ is the link between glycolysis in muscle cells and gluconeogenesis. Page 11
Q6) During hydrolysis of ATP,it loses a(n)________,which results in an increase in entropy.
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Chapter 10: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic Respiration
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Q1) When utilizing fats as an energy source,the glycerol portion enters the ________ when it has been converted to ________.
A)TCA cycle; pyruvate
B)glycolysis; fructose-6-phosphate
C)TCA cycle; acetyl CoA
D)electron transport system; CoQ
E)glycolysis; dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Q2) During which of the following steps of the TCA cycle does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
A)TCA-2
B)TCA-3
C)TCA-4
D)TCA-5
E)TCA-6
Q3) The reduction of NAD to NADH (and H )occurs both in the ________ and in the ________ of the ________.
Q4) NAD contains the B vitamin ________ as part of its structure,whereas FAD contains another B vitamin,________,as part of its structure.
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Q5) Respiration includes glycolysis,the ________,electron transport,and ________.
Chapter 11: Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:
Photosynthesis
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Q1) What is the advantage to having various types of chlorophylls and accessory pigments for the photosynthetic process?
A)It allows for a variation in color amongst plants.
B)It allows for light in many wavelengths to be utilized for photosynthesis.
C)It allows light to be harvested specifically in a step-wise manner.
D)It shifts the equilibrium of photosynthesis toward the formation of products.
E)both choices C and D
Q2) The proplastids associated with giving flowers and fruits their distinctive colors are the
A)chloroplasts.
B)elaioplasts.
C)amyloplasts.
D)chromoplasts.
E)plastids.
Q3) Plastoquinol transfers electrons from
A)cytochrome b /f complex to coenymeQ.
B)photosystem II to photosystem I.
C)water to photosystem II.
D)light harvesting complex II to photosystem II.
E)cytochrome b /f to plastiquinone.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomes
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Q1) Microsomes are
A)too small to be seen with an electron microscope.
B)artifacts generated during homogenization of cells.
C)organelles through which electrons cannot pass.
D)organelles of eukaryotic cells.
E)structures observed in cyanobacteria.
Q2) Cells of the pancreas produce and directly release enzymes to the digestive system. The type of secretory mechanism associated with the pancreatic cells is A)transport secretion.
B)regulated secretion.
C)constitutive secretion.
D)intracellular secretion.
E)consistent secretion.
Q3) ________ act as proton pumps and keep the internal proton concentration of lysosomes high.
Q4) Peroxisomes and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are both organelles associated with the detoxification of harmful substances.How do these two organelles differ with regard to this process?
Q5) V-________ and t-________ mediate final docking between target and vesicle.
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Chapter 13: Signal Transduction Mechanisms: Ielectrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
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Q1) At rest,a cell has a ________ charge inside of the cell and a ________ charge outside of the cell.
Q2) Refer to the graph above.If the myelin fibers were stripped from this membrane,you would expect the action potential cycle to go
A)much faster than depicted in the graph.
B)much faster than normal but not peak at 30 mV.
C)slower than depicted in the graph.
D)much slower than normal but peak much higher than 30 mV.
E)none of the above
Q3) Acetylcholine receptors can be differentiated by their ability to be activated by substances such as ________ and ________.
Q4) ________ is a technique used to measure ion currents passing through individual channels along a nerve cell.
Q5) The kinesin ATPase is located within the ________ of a nerve cell.
Q6) An ________ of a nerve cell is the temporary depolarization and repolarization of the cell membrane.
Q7) ________ is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies that are capable of binding acetylcholine receptors.
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Chapter 14: Signal Transduction Mechanisms: Iimessengers and Receptors
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Q1) ________ produces the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG).
Q2) In heterotrimeric G proteins,the ________ subunit stimulates adenylyl kinase.
Q3) All of the following are second messengers,except
A)cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
B)inositol trisphosphate.
C)diacylglycerol.
D)epinephrine.
E)calcium ions.
Q4) You wish to determine if cytosolic calcium fluxes are associated with signal transduction in a particular cell type.One means of observing the calcium fluxes would be to utilize
A)caspases.
B)cytochrome c.
C)nitric oxide.
D)radioactive cAMP.
E)cameleons.
Q5) Compare and contrast cell signalling via receptor serine/threonine kinases and Ras.
Page 17
Q6) Explain how caffeine,a methylxanthine,works to stimulate bronchodilation in asthma.
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Chapter 15: Cytoskeletal Systems
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Q1) ________ are proteins that promote depolymerization of extant microtubules at the ends.
Q2) Which of the following cytoskeletal proteins can be found in prokaryotes?
A)crescentin
B)tubulin
C)keratin
D)vimentin
E)actin
Q3) The ________ model was proposed by Mitchison and Kirschner to explain how polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules occur simultaneously.
Q4) In binary fission,one would expect the involvement of which of the following cytoskeletal proteins?
A)FtsZ
B)MreB
C)plaktin
D)crescentin
E)tubulin
Q5) Cytochalasins prevent addition of monomers to pre-existing ________.
Q6) A unique feature of ________ is that they are tissue specific.
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Chapter 16: Cellular Movement: Motility and Contractility
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Q1) Which of the following sequences of skeletal muscle proteins is correctly listed from smallest to largest?
A)actin, titin, nebulin, myosin
B)actin, myosin, nebulin, titin
C)titin, nebulin, actin, myosin
D)myomesin, myosin, titin, nebulin
E)actin, myosin, titin, troponin
Q2) A calcium-binding protein that aids in the activation of many enzymes,including myosin light-chain kinase,is
A)calcium phosphorylase.
B)activase.
C)calmodulin.
D)myosin light-chain phosphatase.
E)junctional complex.
Q3) Sidearms are attached to ________.
A)B tubules
B)A tubules
C)central pairs
D)radial spokes
E)interdoublet nexin
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Chapter 17: Beyond the Cell: Cell Adhesions, cell Junctions, and Extracellular Structures
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Q1) Which of the following is correctly paired with regard to similarity in function?
A)adhesive junctions-tight junctions
B)desmotubule-gap junction
C)tight junctions-gap junctions
D)plaques-plasmodesmata
E)connexons-desmosomes
Q2) A person is genotypically blood type A.However,this individual also does not produce the lipid to which N-acetylgalactosamine is added,so the lipid is therefore not expressed on the surface of erythrocytes.This situation is known as the Bombay phenotype.When tested,this person will appear to be blood type
A)A.
B)B.
C)AB.
D)O.
Q3) Discuss the role of claudins in the structure of tight junctions.Propose what would happen to a tight junction if the extracellular loop were comprised of nonpolar amino acids.
Q4) A collection of collagen fibrils is a collagen ________.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Structural Basis of Cellular Information:
DNA, chromosomes, and the Nucleus
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Q1) The name given to double-stranded DNA that is twisted upon itself is ________.
Q2) ________ ,also known as "jumping genes," are examples of mobile DNA elements.
Q3) With which organelle membrane would you expect to find the receptor protein importin?
A)mitochondrion
B)nucleolus
C)chloroplast
D)plastid
E)nucleus
Q4) The specific field of study that examines the gene products of a genome is known as A)genomics.
B)bioinformatics.
C)annotation.
D)proteomics.
E)none of the above
Q5) SNPs located near each other on chromosomes are inherited as blocks known as ________.
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Q6) Common SNPs may be important in causing ________ in humans or in ________ of disorders.
Chapter 19: The Cell Cycle, DNA Replication, and Mitosis
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Q1) DNA replication of linear chromosomes has multiple sites known as ________.
Q2) The ________ pathway uses a set of proteins that bind to ends of two broken DNA fragments and join them together.
Q3) A particular strain of yeast produces strains with a mutant cdC gene,resulting in little to no production of the CdC protein kinase.As a result,one would expect that these cells would
A)not enter M phase.
B)not have the nuclear envelope disperse.
C)lack chromosome condensation.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q4) All of the following are associated with replicons except A)origin of replication.
B)single-strand binding proteins.
C)initiator proteins.
D)minichromosome maintenance proteins.
E)helicase loaders.
Q5) Small pieces of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand are called ________.
Q6) The region of the centromere contains repeated DNA sequences known as ________.
22
Q7) Proteins bound to CEN sequences form a complex known as the ________.
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Chapter 20: Sexual Reproduction, meiosis, and Genetic
Recombination
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Q1) All of the following are capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis except A)bees.
B)Komodo dragons.
C)parasitic wasps.
D)kangaroos.
E)scorpions.
Q2) ________ is the mechanism by which some organisms,such as Komodo dragons,can develop eggs into zygotes without the need of sperm.
Q3) You are attempting to clone your first gene.Up to the point of screening,everything has gone well.The vector has a gene for ampicillin resistance.In addition to the gene DNA,the insert also carries a gene for streptomycin resistance.Based on restriction digest,if properly inserted into the vector,your inserted DNA should be located within the ampicillin gene.Therefore,when screening,you should look for clones that are
A)ampicillin resistant and streptomycin resistant.
B)ampicillin sensitive and streptomycin sensitive.
C)ampicillin resistant and streptomycin sensitive.
D)ampicillin sensitive and streptomycin resistant.
E)Not enough information is given to determine the answer.
Q4) ________ chromosomes pair during ________ of meiosis.
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Chapter 21: Gene Expression: Ithe Genetic Code and Transcription
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Q1) In the process of isolating DNA for transcription and translation,you digest the DNA with BamHI and ligate the gene into a plasmid vector.However,even though all of the controls work,no transcription is obtained using your fragment.Working backward,you note that restriction digestion has removed approximately 250 base pairs from the 5' end of the gene.It is possible that during restriction digestion
A)the termination signal was removed.
B)the RNA polymerase became inactivated.
C)primase could not bind.
D)the promoter was removed.
E)none of the above
Q2) In eukaryotic cells,we sometimes find reverse transcriptase activity,even though the cells are not infected with virus.This activity can be attributed to A)the presence of transposons integrating into polymerase genes.
B)the presence of viroids.
C)the presence of retrotransposons.
D)infection with small bacteria known as mycoplasmas.
E)a novel prion infection.
Q3) ________-driven promoters do not contain TATA boxes or BREs.
Q4) ________ are nonviral genetic elements that have reverse transcriptase activity.
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Chapter 22: Gene Expression: Iiprotein Synthesis and Sorting
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Q1) Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by an RNA molecule in A)prokaryotes.
B)eukaryotes.
C)yeast only.
D)cyanobacteria.
E)both choices A and B
Q2) Ribosomes that do not anchor on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum during translation most probably
A)are synthesizing cytoplasmic proteins.
B)have a defect in ribosomal proteins that allow attachment to the surface.
C)have a signal peptidase error.
D)do not make the appropriate anchor protein.
E)all of the above
Q3) Which of the following enzymes is associated with the formation of peptide binds?
A)peptidase
B)aminoacyl transferase
C)peptidyl transferase
D)peptide hydrolase
E)inteins
Page 25
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Chapter 23: The Regulation of Gene Expression
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Q1) Discuss how DNA methylation is associated with genomic imprinting.Be sure to use examples.
Q2) The lac repressor is
A)active when glucose is present.
B)inactive when glucose is present.
C)active when both glucose and lactose are present.
D)induced when cAMP is present.
E)rarely active.
Q3) The genetic disorder(s)associated with DNA methylation include
A)Prader-Willi syndrome.
B)Angelman syndrome.
C)some cancers.
D)Huntington's disease.
E)all of the above
Q4) Genes that are always "turned on" in a cell are referred to as A)regulated genes.
B)mutations.
C)inducible.
D)constitutive.
E)catabolic.
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Chapter 24: Cancer Cells
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Q1) ________ is the direct migration and penetration of cancer cells into neighboring tissues.
Q2) The correct order of events in metastasis of a cancer is
A)invasion angiogenesis transport new site
B)transport invasion angiogenesis new site
C)transport angiogenesis invasion new site
D)angiogenesis invasion transport new site
E)angiogenesis transport invasion new site
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding factors associated with the immortalization of cancer cells?
A)inhibition of growth
B)stimulation of apoptosis
C)telomerase activity
D)tumor-suppressor activation
E)both choices B and D
Q4) Overexpression of ________ lead to the development of cancer in mice,and variations in their structure or amounts have been documented in various types of cancer cells.
Q5) An ________ is the result of an alteration of gene expression rather than a mutation of a gene.
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