Youth and Crime
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course examines the complex relationship between youth and crime, exploring the social, psychological, and economic factors that contribute to delinquent behavior among adolescents. Students will investigate theories of youth offending, the role of family, peers, schools, and communities, and the impact of social policies and the juvenile justice system. Through critical analysis of case studies and current research, the course encourages an understanding of prevention strategies, intervention programs, and the broader implications of labeling and societal responses to youth crime.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first step in detecting causes of crime is
A)deriving a theory
B)testing a hypothesis
C)discovering correlates
D)determining the level of analysis
Answer: C
Q2) A correlate is that segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) _____ criminologists tend to believe that the only real cause of crime is capitalism.
A)atavist
B)Marxist
C)positivist
D)classical
Answer: B
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered <i>mala in se.</i>
Answer: murder, rape, robbery.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) One weakness of NIBRS is that it
A)has not yet been widely adopted by police agencies
B)is subject to respondents' memory lapses
C)tends to overestimate crime rates
D)does not include data on violent crimes
Answer: A
Q2) Identify one weakness of self-report surveys.
Answer: It does not provide a good measure of serious crimes; it is subject to the dishonesty of respondents; most of these studies are based on convenience samples.
Q3) If a person is arrested and charged for a Part I offense, the UCR records the crime as ______ by arrest.
A)cleared
B)established
C)resolved
D)solved
Answer: A
Q4) Identify two index crimes.
Answer: homicide, assault, forcible rape, robbery, larceny/theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and arson
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Chapter 3: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) A child living with a stepfather or live-in boyfriend is approximately ______ times more likely to be fatally abused than a child living with both biological parents.
A)2
B)4
C)25
D)65
Answer: D
Q2) Many criminologists have disparaged victim precipitation theory as victim-blaming. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The individual most likely to be victimized is a
A)young black unmarried male living in poverty in an urban environment
B)young white unmarried male living in poverty in a rural environment
C)elderly black female living in poverty in a rural environment
D)elderly white male living in an upper-class urban environment
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Early Schools of Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The positivist school of criminology is primarily interested in making punishment more just and humane.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ deterrence refers to the effect of punishment of the future behavior of the person who experiences the punishment.
A)general
B)specific
C)primary
D)secondary
Q3) Explain the contributions of Cesare Beccaria to the field of criminology.How did he feel about capital punishment? List some of his ideas that are still prominent today.
Q4) Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is recidivism?
Q6) Define free will.
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Chapter 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Cultural criminology emphasizes the role of emotions in instigating criminal behavior rather than rationality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Both rationality and emotion initiate what?
A)feelings
B)behavior
C)ideas/thoughts
D)beliefs
Q3) Why is rationality considered the most glaring criticism of rational choice and routine activities theory?
Q4) Which of the following is not considered to be a cause of criminal behavior?
A)broken home
B)gender
C)open front door
D)drugs
Q5) Victimization is more prevalent in affluent areas as compared with poor disorganized communities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Social Structural Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shaw and McKay are known for identifying six focal concerns as the source of crime in lower class communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Merton, proscribed behavior becomes increasingly rare when the emphasis on the culturally induced success-goal becomes divorced from a coordinate institutional emphasis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anomie is a term meaning normlessness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is social disorganization?
Q5) Explain the concept of anomie.How did Merton and Durkheim view anomie differently?
Q6) Briefly discuss when "rebellion" occurs.
Q7) Define social control.
Q8) Define short-run hedonism.
Q10) Define illegitimacy adjustment. Page 8
Q9) Define social disorganization according to Osgood and Chambers.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, most criminals
A)meticulously plan their crimes in order to avoid detection
B)are willing to delay gratification if it means receiving greater economic rewards
C)lack patience, persistence, and diligence
D)experience substantial guilt regarding the harm that they cause to their victims
Q2) Labeling theory argues that processing law violators through the criminal justice system may actually embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle, rather than having a deterrent effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For social control theorists, the real question is not why some people behave so badly, but rather why most of us behave well most of the time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe both differential association theory and social learning theory.Compare and contrast what the two theories have in common, and how they differ?
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Chapter 8: Critical and Feminist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ means focusing on the ways in which the definition of the crime problem and criminal justice practices support patriarchal practices and worldviews.
A)theorizing gender
B)theorizing patriarchy and crime
C)feminist criminology
D)patriarchal criminality
Q2) Define and discuss Anne Campbell's staying alive hypothesis.Why do women engage in crime according to Campbell?
Q3) Conflict theory shares with labeling theory the idea crime is a social construct with no intrinsic meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe how criminalizing victimization has affected women in the United States.How have changes in domestic violence policy influenced female arrest rates? Are increases in female arrest rates indicative of an increase in female offending? Support your answer.
Q5) What is the central argument of Anne Campbell's staying alive hypothesis?
Q6) According to Marx, which two parties are involved in class struggle?
Q7) Briefly define patriarchy.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the key components of neurobiological theory and social learning theory in regard to psychopathy.How do they view the cause of psychopathy differently?
Q2) Compare and contrast the concepts of psychopathy and sociopathy.In our efforts to reduce/respond to crime, should our responses to these two types of antisocial personalities differ? Support your answer.
Q3) People who have lower levels of empathy and altruism are at a higher risk for antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Antisocial personality disorder is a disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly explain the two factors considered in the two-factor model of the PCL-R.
Q6) Individuals with a readily aroused ______ are easily socialized.
A)ANS
B)EEG
C)PCL-R
D)RAS
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Chapter 10: Biosocial Approaches
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Sample Questions
Q1) Traits that facilitate mating effort underlie other forms of prosocial activity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The behavior inhibition system is associated with the neurotransmitter ______.
A)androgen
B)dopamine
C)MAO
D)serotonin
Q3) The field of ______ studies the relative contributions of heredity and environment to behavioral and personality characteristics.
A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary psychology
C)neuroscience
D)psychology
Q4) Humans invest more in parenting effort than any other species.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why do behavior geneticists use twin and adoption studies?
Q6) What are neurons?
Q7) According to reward dominance theory, what causes crime?
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Chapter 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Sample Questions
Q1) List two symptoms of ADHD
Q2) Life-course persistent offenders vary their behavior considerably across different life situations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The antisocial behavior of life-course persistent offenders tends to
A)vary considerably across time and place.
B)remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C)remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D)remain stable across time and place.
Q4) In his super traits theory, ______ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.
A)Agnew
B)Durkheim
C)Farrington
D)Moffitt
Q5) Explain the age-crime curve.What are some reasons for increased antisocial behavior during adolescence?
Q6) List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.
Q7) List the two super traits identified by super traits theory. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 12: Crimes of Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how neuroscientists and evolutionary biologists look at violence.What point of view do they share with sociologists?
Q2) According to the most recent statistics, where are robberies most likely to take place?
A)banks
B)convenience stores
C)private residences
D)streets/highways
Q3) Just over half of victims of rape report their assault to the police.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Robbery has fallen ______ since its peak in 1992.
A)37.4%
B)57%
C)67.7%
D)76.1%
Q5) Describe how each of the following theoretical perspectives might explain the crime of robbery: (1) Sociology; (2) Psychology; (3) Evolutionary Biology.
Q6) What makes robbery a particularly high-risk crime for those committing it?
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Worldwide, ______ is/are responsible for 71% of fatalities from terrorist activities.
A)al-Qaeda
B)Hizballah
C)Ismailis
D)Sicarrii
Q2) Terrorism is a tactic used to influence the behavior of others through
A)charisma
B)intimidation
C)psychopathology
D)rewards
Q3) Though Americans see terrorism as a "foreign thing," between 2009 and 2010 there were ______ citizens or legal residents indicted and arrested in America or overseas for Islamic terrorist acts.
A)14
B)63
C)108
D)155
Q4) Explain the history of al-Qaeda and how it resulted in the attacks on September 11.
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Page 17
Chapter 14: Property Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is the creation or alteration of documents to give them the appearance of legality and validity with the intention of gaining some benefit from doing so.
A)forgery
B)uttering
C)fraud
D)counterfeiting
Q2) What demographic accounts for over 43% of arson cases?
A)males
B)females
C)juveniles
D)none of these
Q3) A potential burglar notices a house in the country that appears to have a side door that is partially obscured from street view by shrubs and bushes.These details would factor into the offender's assessment of
A)guardianship
B)proximity
C)target attractiveness
D)target exposure
Q4) Describe the "salami technique."
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Chapter 15: Public Order Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) define drug addiction?
Q2) Coca-Cola used to be made with the same ingredient from which cocaine is derived.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify the three ways that drugs are believed to contribute to violence.
Q4) Cocaine is an example of which category of drug?
A)hallucinogenics
B)narcotics
C)stimulants
D)Type II substances
Q5) What is a stimulant?
Q6) Consuming a large number of alcoholic beverages in a short amount of time is referred to as
A)addictive drinking
B)binge drinking
C)criminal drinking
D)disorderly drinking
Q7) What general criteria are used by the DEA in determining how to classify chemical substances?
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Chapter 16: White-Collar Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) More people die each year as the result of scams and illegal corporate activity than as the result of the activities of street criminals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss Walters and Geyer's (2004) findings and the limitations of their study.
Q3) In the study of white-collar criminals conducted by Walters and Geyer (2004), which group was found to be the most educated?
A)white-collar only
B)white-collar prior
C)nonwhite-collar
D)none were significantly different
Q4) Those with a strong internal locus of control
A)operate at higher stages of cognitive moral development
B)tend to behave according to their personal beliefs about right and wrong
C)have characteristics consistent with those of whistleblowers
D)all of these
Q5) What is occupational crime?
Q6) What is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?
Q7) What is corporate crime?
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Chapter 17: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) While many assumed the La Cosa Nostra to be defunct, in January of 2011 the FBI swept up over 120 LCN mobsters on a variety of charges.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Kefauver Committee formed in 1980 to investigate organized crime's involvement in interstate commerce.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The view of La Cosa Nostra as a loose connection of criminal groups held together by kinship and patronage is known as the ______ model.
A)corporate
B)feudal
C)hierarchical
D)organizational
Q4) What was the Tammany Society?
Q5) The Russian "Mafiya" is considered to be the most serious organized crime threat in the world today.
A)True
B)False
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