World History to 1500
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
World History to 1500 explores the development of human societies from the earliest civilizations through the rise of major world cultures up to the year 1500. The course examines the political, economic, social, and religious changes that shaped ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, Africa, the Americas, and other regions. Students will learn about the formation and interaction of civilizations, the emergence of global trade networks, the spread of major world religions, and the impact of technological and cultural exchanges. Emphasis is placed on understanding continuities and changes over time, cultural diversity, and the foundations that shaped the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
World History 7th Edition by William J. Duiker
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Early Humans and the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Indo-Europeans
A) fought long and exhausting wars against the Hittites.
B) originally lived in the western section of the Sahara.
C) spoke related languages, among which are Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek.
D) were the descendants of the Mongols and Turks.
E) never penetrated Europe or India.
Answer: C
Q2) The ancient Egyptians had no word for religion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is a true statement?
A) The Akkadian Empire achieved no expansion, but endured for a thousand years.
B) Ur produced total Mesopotamian disintegration.
C) The Amorites, under the leadership of Hammurabi, replaced the Sumerians and Akkadians as rulers of Mesopotamia.
D) Hammurabi eliminated all aspects of Sumerian culture in Mesopotamian life.
E) Sumer was established by the Hyksos.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Ancient India
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Sample Questions
Q1) jati
Answer: Answer not provided.
Q2) The term that refers to the system of large,joint families in India is
A) jati.
B) varna.
C) guru.
D) sati.
E) boyar.
Answer: A
Q3) All of the following are true about the jati system except A) it was the category of social classification with subdivisions within each for different castes.
B) it served to categorize large numbers of individual families.
C) it sometimes offered an opportunity for upward mobility.
D) it could serve as a stabilizing factor in Indian life.
E) a jati was obliged to provide for its poor and destitute members.
Answer: A
Q4) Mauryan Empire
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: China in Antiquity
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the Shang dynasty,the Chinese
A) made major advancements in developing stainless steel castings.
B) achieved renown for their bronze casting achievements.
C) used a highly sophisticated written alphabet.
D) developed cuneiform writing.
E) seized power from the Qin.
Answer: B
Q2) Ancient Chinese villages were organized on the basis of A) nuclear family units.
B) race.
C) clans.
D) phratries.
E) religion.
Answer: C
Q3) The Qin dynasty had problems with the nomadic Xiongnu from Central Asia.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) filial piety
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 4: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ultimate result of the Oresteia is the triumph of A) escaping punishment.
B) reason and law over the forces of evil.
C) evil over good.
D) personal justice.
E) Athenian democracy.
Q2) hoplites
Q3) Peloponnesus
Q4) Pursuing pleasure rationally,and not only in a physical or hedonistic sense,as the only true good,was a precept of
A) Epicureanism.
B) Stoicism.
C) Hellenism.
D) Euphemism.
E) Zoroastrianism.
Q5) phalanx
Q6) Hellenistic
Q7) Greek geography
Q9) Minoan Page 6
Q8) Write an assessment of Alexander the Great.How "Great" was he,actually? Why?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Octavian/Augustus
Q2) The success of Christianity is widely believed by historians to have been due to its
A) promise of salvation, its familiarity, and its universality.
B) complexity of initiation and its ability to satisfy people's desire to be part of a political community.
C) acceptance by Diocletian.
D) strong following among aristocratic Romans after 75 C.E.
E) anti-Semitism.
Q3) latifundia
Q4) consuls and praetors
Q5) In addition to the inventing of the rudder and fore-and-aft rigging,another significant Chinese invention of the Han era was
A) paper.
B) rubber.
C) steel.
D) silk.
E) rayon.
Q6) Pax Romana
Q7) tribunes
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Chapter 6: The Americas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bering Strait
Q2) The Pyramid of the Sun was built by the people of Teotihuacán in the fifth century C.E.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Because the soil lacked sufficient nutrients,agriculture never developed in the Amazon region.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Among the mounted nomads who came to dominate much of the southwestern plains of North America after 1500 C.E.were the
A) Ute and the Mohawk.
B) Apache and Navajo.
C) Cree and Shoshone.
D) Anasazi and Arawak.
E) both b and c
Q5) Teotihuacán
Q6) Why were the Aztecs able to create and rule an empire where they did? What were the most important factors helping them to do so?
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Ferment in the Middle East: The Rise of Islam
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Sample Questions
Q1) Genghis Kahn,Khubilai Kahn,and Hulegu
Q2) The capital of the Umayyad caliphate was Baghdad.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The theoretical purpose of the jihad was to
A) maintain peak military readiness.
B) wage holy war against all other Muslims on the Arabian peninsula.
C) broaden Muslim hegemony throughout Africa and Europe.
D) strive in the way of the Lord.
E) massacre all Jews and Christians.
Q4) Which of the following is not a correct statement about Islamic art?
A) The arabesque patterns found on woven Islamic carpets are quite sparse, and leave many areas without any decoration at all.
B) The likeness of Muhammad is never seen in any Islamic art forms.
C) Non-religious Islamic art did contain many figures of both people and animals.
D) The Islamic prohibition of deity re-incarnation through art is found in the Hadith.
E) Paintings were often used to illustrate Persian texts.
Q5) caliph/khalifa
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Chapter 8: Early Civilizations in Africa
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Sample Questions
Q1) The vast grasslands that border the great desert region of the Sahara are known as A) meoris.
B) wetlands.
C) savannahs.
D) jungles.
E) transvaals.
Q2) The northern area of Africa,from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans,is composed of the greatest desert on earth,the
A) Kalahari.
B) Gobi.
C) Sahara.
D) Niger.
E) Mojave.
Q3) mansa
Q4) Kilwa
Q5) Rhapta
Q6) Niger River
Q7) the Periplus
Q8) rock paintings
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Chapter 9: The Expansion of Civilization in South and Southeast Asia
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following were true of the Kushan kingdom except
A) trade between China and Rome served it well.
B) the increasing appeal of Buddhism helped it to grow.
C) it met a dubious end in the third century.
D) under King Kanishka, Buddhism was outlawed and destroyed.
E) King Kanishka was an ardent Buddhist.
Q2) Mamallapuram
Q3) Kanishka
Q4) Strait of Sunda and Strait of Malacca
Q5) Ajanta caves
Q6) Which of the following is not true about the caves of Ajanta?
A) They served only as shrines that were nothing more than holes in the cliffs.
B) They contain elaborate wall paintings relating to Buddha and his incarnations.
C) They are great sources of historical knowledge of fifth-century India.
D) They are examples of some of India's greatest artistic achievements.
E) Most of them were carved in an eighteen-year period.
Q7) Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat
Q8) How did the geographic features of Southeast Asia influence the developmental possibilities,and the subsequent evolution,of its two basic regions? Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Flowering of Traditional China
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fundamental purpose of Neo-Confucianism was:
A) to preserve the essentials of the traditional Chinese way of life in the face of Western advances.
B) to re-assess the worth of the individual within traditional Chinese society.
C) to broaden the base of literacy in Chinese society.
D) to unite the metaphysical speculations of Buddhism and Daoism with the pragmatic Confucian approach to society..
E) to diminish the disproportionate influence of the aristocracy.
Q2) Zhenghe
Q3) Grand Council
Q4) Jurchen
Q5) The Buddhist sect that stressed the role of devotion was A) Chan.
B) the Pure Land Sect.
C) Tantrism.
D) the White Lotus Sect.
E) the Black Leopard Sect.
Q6) landscape painting and Daoism
Q7) civil service examination
Q8) Neo-Confucianism/the "investigation of things" and Zhu Xi
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Chapter 11: The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following were true about the society established by the Yayoi except A) the foundation of the society was its basic unit, called the han.
B) it was a tribal society that divided its people into several clan groupings called uji.
C) the leadership of each clan was provided by a hereditary chieftain.
D) it contained a minority of aristocrats, and a majority of lesser people.
E) it was based upon agriculture.
Q2) Which of the following cultures had a painting style that presented the frail beauty of nature through the use of a smaller scale?
A) Malay
B) Chinese
C) Korean
D) Vietnamese
E) Japanese
Q3) Minamoto Yoritomo
Q4) kamikaze/"divine wind"
Q5) Trace the development of government in Korea from the era of the three kingdoms through the establishment of the post-Yuan Yi Dynasty.How did local and Chinese ideas and institutions influence this development?
Page 15
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Chapter 12: The Making of Europe
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Sample Questions
Q1) missi dominici
Q2) Frederick I and Frederick II and Italy
Q3) Thomas á Becket
Q4) The first Gothic church was constructed near A) London
B) Rome.
C) Paris.
D) Venice.
E) Constantinople.
Q5) In an effort to avoid the potential mayhem of the Germanic system of personal revenge for the punishment of crimes,an alternative system arose that made use of a fine called
A) wergeld.
B) wingard.
C) wodoms.
D) wargast.
E) arbeiter.
Q6) the Capetians
Q7) monasticism
Q8) St.Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism
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Chapter 13: The Byzantine Empire and Crisis and Recovery
in the West
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phrase l'uomo universale means that one should A) be capable of achievements in many areas.
B) reject religion and become a student of the universe.
C) specialize in great depth in a single subject, such as history or physics.
D) turn to God as the only answer to the problems of this world.
E) reject public service and satisfy one's personal ambitions.
Q2) The Renaissance began in A) Byzantium.
B) France.
C) Italy.
D) Spain.
E) Flanders.
Q3) Photian schism
Q4) The architect Filippo Brunelleschi was inspired by A) Greek models.
B) Roman models.
C) Byzantine models.
D) Chinese models.
E) Roman Catholic Church models.
Q5) Macedonian dynasty
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Chapter 14: New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary motives of European expansion were "God,glory,and gold."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Under the encomienda system,New World natives were
A) forced to accept Islam.
B) permitted to retain control over their local lands.
C) subjected to exploitation and harsh treatment by the Dutch.
D) supposed to be protected by the Spanish.
E) taken to Spain to be used as laborers.
Q3) Which of the following products attracted the greatest European interest in Southeast Asia in the period between 1500 and 1800?
A) opium
B) slaves
C) pepper and other spices
D) rayon
E) ayuthaya
Q4) Shwedagon Pagoda
Q5) Calicut
Q6) Kilwa,Sofala,and Mombasa
Q7) Amerigo Vespucci
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building
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Sample Questions
Q1) The third estates included
A) priests and monks.
B) kings and emperors.
C) knights and squires.
D) peasants, merchants, and artisans.
E) b and c
Q2) James I,Charles I,and divine right
Q3) Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?
A) Research and learning increased.
B) Standard textbooks were developed.
C) More people began to read.
D) Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.
E) It played a major role in the Protestant Reformation.
Q4) Palace of Versailles
Q5) "The economic and social changes that occurred during the fifteenth and early sixteenth century inevitably led to the Protestant Reformation." Discuss.Can it also be said that the economic and political turmoil that characterized this period also led to significant artistic and literary accomplishments?
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Chapter 16: The Muslim Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Akbar style"
Q2) In the Ottoman system,the administrative unit of each religious minority was called a
A) millet.
B) vezier.
C) janissary.
D) sipahis
E) devshirme.
Q3) Discuss,with examples,the role of gunpowder in both the successes and failures of the Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires.
Q4) What problems did the Safavid Empire face,and how did its rulers attempt to solve them? How did their approaches compare with those in the other Muslim empires?
Q5) Tulsidas' Ramcaritimanas
Q6) sipahis
Q7) zamindars
Q8) pashas
Q9) Humayun
Q10) Babur
Q11) devshirme Page 21
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Chapter 17: The East Asian World
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Q1) As manufacturing and commerce began to grow in Ming and Qing China,
A) the elite retained a preference for agriculture.
B) industrialization became the preferred area of activity for all Chinese.
C) Europeans became the predominant force in all areas of Chinese production.
D) government tax policies favored the industrial sector over the agricultural one.
E) Chinese views about business were the same as those in Japan.
Q2) During the Tokugawa period
A) cotton became the dominant textile fabric, worn by most Japanese.
B) Edo attained a population of over 10,000,000 by the mid-1700s.
C) paper money was not used, even though commerce expanded significantly.
D) the samurai were increasingly required to live in barracks to keep them ready for the frequent wars of the era.
E) Japan was invaded by the Mongols.
Q3) The modern-day name for the capital city of the Tokugawa shogunate is A) Edo.
B) Tokyo.
C) Osaka.
D) Nagasaki.
E) Sapporo.
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Chapter 18: The West on the Eve of a New World Order
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Q1) In the Enlightenment,many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What were the causes,the main events,and the results of the French Revolution? Could its outbreak have been avoided,or possibly postponed? Was the revolution inevitable? Why or why not?
Q3) All of the following were relevant to Newton's discoveries except A) they created a new cosmology.
B) they presented a basically mechanical explanation of things.
C) universal motion could be mathematically explained.
D) his theories had no spiritual ramifications.
E) Einsteinian relativity eventually came to superseded Newtonian mechanism.
Q4) the Consulate
Q5) Which of the following is the correct order regarding Napoleon;
A) Elba, Russia, Waterloo, Italy
B) Italy, Russia, Elba, Waterloo
C) Italy, Saint Helena, Waterloo, Elba
D) Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Saint Helena
E) Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Elba, Corsica
Page 24
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Chapter 19: The Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization
and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
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Q1) The speeds attained by the first steam locomotive in 1804 and those in use by 1850 were,respectively,
A) twenty-one and thirty-two miles per hour.
B) two and forty-five miles per hour.
C) five and thirty miles per hour.
D) five and fifty miles per hour.
E) twenty and fifteen miles per hour.
Q2) The new Italian kingdom established in 1861
A) was created as a result of the Italo-Prussian Treaty of Halberstam in 1853.
B) was, to a significant degree, the result of the diplomatic and political work of Cavour and the military actions of Garibaldi.
C) was created as a result of the mass uprising of 1860 and 1861, when Russian and French troops were driven out.
D) seized Greece as soon as the Ottoman Empire withdrew from it.
E) owed its final success to the diplomatic and military success of Alexander II.
Q3) steel,electricity,the internal combustion engine
Q4) the industrial working class
Q5) Concert of Europe
Page 25
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Chapter 20: The Americas and Society and Culture in the West
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Q1) the Progressive Era
Q2) Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Kubla Khan
Q3) Charles Darwin presented a theory of evolution that A) claimed humans were aggregations of atomic attraction and radiomagnetic induction.
B) stated that all living things are involved in a struggle to survive. C) excluded human beings from the process of natural selection.
D) strengthened the concept of the universe possessing purpose and design. E) made human beings unique entities in the natural world.
Q4) The first European nation to grant women the right to vote was A) Spain.
B) Britain.
C) France.
D) Norway.
E) Estonia.
Q5) Vincent van Gogh and Post-Impressionism
Q6) Was mass education or mass leisure of greater importance to European societies between the 1880s and 1914? Show how each affected its beneficiaries,and the general population.
Q7) suffragists Page 26
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Chapter 21: The High Tide of Imperialism
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Q1) Can Vuong
Q2) the "three C's"
Q3) the "raj"
Q4) The Boers were predominantly of what ethnic background?
A) Zulu
B) English
C) Welsh
D) Dutch
E) Khoisan
Q5) All of the following are correct about the slave trade except it
A) was in decline by the early 1800s.
B) was ended in Denmark in 1803.
C) led Britain to establish settlements in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast on which to settle freed slaves.
D) essentially ended when the slave trade in the United States, Cuba, and Brazil was abolished.
E) revived in East Asia because of the opium trade.
Q6) direct v.indirect rule
Q7) the Mahdi and Charles "Chinese" Gordon
Q8) Tipu Sultan
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Chapter 22: Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia under Challenge
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Q1) The United States Secretary of State who proposed the Open Door Policy was
A) Robert LaFollette.
B) John Marshall.
C) Richard Olney.
D) John Hay.
E) Theodore Roosevelt.
Q2) Which of the following was not a feature of the Treaty of Nanjing?
A) Hong Kong was transferred to British control.
B) The British agreed to stop exporting opium to China.
C) The British obtained the right to begin trading in five Chinese ports.
D) All British citizens in China were granted extraterritorial rights.
E) The British were to be paid an indemnity to cover the cost of the Opium War.
Q3) The medical doctor who formed the Revive China Society was A) Cixi.
B) Kang Youwei.
C) Sun Yat-sen.
D) Chiang Kai-shek.
E) Quai Ban-le.
Q4) Compare and contrast China's Cixi and Britain's Victoria as symbols reflecting the fundamental nature of their two societies in the latter nineteenth century.
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Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)
Q2) In the Great Depression,most democratic governments followed the classical liberal remedy by lowering wages and raising tariffs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "Peace,Land,Bread" and "All Power to the Soviets"
Q4) In ten months at Verdun,700,000 men lost their lives for only a few miles of terrain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the Weimar Republic and Paul von Hindenburg
Q6) Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory
Q7) What did "the winners" win in the Great War? And what did they lose?
Q8) The final German offensive was stopped on July 18,1918 at the A) Masurian Lakes.
B) Second Battle of the Marne.
C) Battle of Verdun.
D) Battle of Argonne Forest.
E) Battle of the Somme.
Q9) John Maynard Keynes
Page 30
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Chapter 24: Nationalism Revolution and Dictatorship: Asia
the Middle East and Latin America from 1919 to 1939
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Q1) This novel by Mao Dun focused on the changing social mores of Shanghai.
A) Family
B) The Looking Glass
C) Dawn and Twilight
D) Whither?
E) Midnight
Q2) Argentina's Juan Perón and Brazil's GetúlioVargas
Q3) Palestine and Saudi Arabia
Q4) Aramco
Q5) Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
Q6) In 1919,the nationalist Kita Ikki demanded that Japan
A) leave the League of Nations.
B) develop a unique form of democracy, based upon the eta.
C) establish its "own road to socialism."
D) bring back the shogunate government.
E) establish a system much like the future National Socialism of Germany.
Q7) Republic of Turkey
Q8) Syria's Ba'ath Party
Q9) Muslim League Page 32
Q10) Tanizaki's Some Prefer Nettles
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Chapter 25: The Crisis Deepens: World War II
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Q1) the Grand Alliance
Q2) "totalitarian state"
Q3) five-year plans
Q4) The Nazi Party
A) had originally been called the Labor Party.
B) had 800,000 members by 1932.
C) gave qualified support to communism until 1935.
D) favored collectivization until 1934.
E) made class-based appeals in elections.
Q5) The Blitzkrieg was
A) a steady, methodical armed attack that was aimed at achieving an eventual weakening of an enemy and, finally, surrender.
B) a coordinated sudden attack by land and air forces.
C) never able to achieve its specific military objectives.
D) a series of naval attacks that were aimed at blockading enemy ports.
E) the use of massed artillery fire and poison gas against enemy fortifications.
Q6) Winston Churchill and the "iron curtain"
Q7) Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Q8) "Night Witches"
Q9) Cologne and the Dresden raids
Page 34
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Chapter 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War
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Q1) Republic of Vietnam and Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Q2) How did the wars in Korea and Vietnam relate to the Cold War and affect its course? In what way was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in the Cold War?
Q3) Truman Doctrine
Q4) In assessing the end of the Cold War,who contributed the most to the fall of the Soviet Union,Ronald Reagan or Mikhail Gorbachev,and how?
Q5) Yalta Conference
Q6) All of the following are true about the Berlin Airlift except
A) it was accompanied by a publicly stated American threat to use atomic weapons on Moscow if Soviet planes attacked allied aircraft.
B) it was a result of Stalin's effort to prevent the creation of a separate West German state.
C) it resulted in an increase of tension between the superpowers.
D) it provided Berlin with daily supplies.
E) it did not block the separation of Germany into two states in 1949.
Q7) Fidel Castro and the "Bay of Pigs"
Q8) Nikita Khrushchev and "peaceful coexistence"
Q9) the Brezhnev Doctrine
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Chapter 27: Brave New World: Communism on Trial
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Sample Questions
Q1) As an instrument of perestroika,glasnost allowed
A) the banning of many books.
B) criticism of the government and Soviet society generally.
C) the exclusion of Western culture from the Soviet Union.
D) the abandonment of political reforms.
E) the development of new airports in Siberia.
Q2) Which of the following is not true about the events that occurred in the Soviet Union in December 1991?
A) Boris Yeltsin was president of the Russian Republic.
B) The Soviet Union was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
C) Gorbachev resigned and turned over his power as commander-in-chief to Yeltsin.
D) The Congress of People's Deputies denied Yeltsin the temporary power to rule by decree.
E) One of the largest empires in history came to an end.
Q3) "double shift"
Q4) de-Stalinization
Q5) Great Leap Forward
Q6) "Four Modernizations"
Q7) from "Serve the people" to "Create wealth for the people"
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Chapter 28: Europe and the Western Hemisphere since 1945
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Sample Questions
Q1) "change we can believe in"
Q2) Terrorism is often motivated by all of the following except
A) the desire for revolutionary upheaval.
B) nationalistic desires aimed at creating new states.
C) desires for political retribution.
D) a desire to invoke political, social, and religious pluralism.
E) religious commitments and beliefs.
Q3) By the beginning of the twenty-first century,the two Eastern European states that were most successful in making the transition to democracy and free markets were Poland and the Czech Republic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Richard Nixon and the "southern strategy"
Q5) Willi Brandt and Ostpolitik
Q6) The women's movement writer of The Second Sex was
A) Simone de Cognac.
B) Simone de Beauvoir.
C) Adrienne Koch.
D) Germaine Greer.
E) Christabel Pankhurst.
Page 38
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Chapter 29: Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East
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Q1) Pan-Africanism
Q2) The Islamic revival of the late twentieth century
A) has had a political impact in long-secular Turkey.
B) appeared first, and most strongly, in Lebanon.
C) is entirely the result of desires by the devout to oppose or reverse all new ideas.
D) has focused on matters of belief, thus having little influence on women or politics.
E) has had little effect except in Iran.
Q3) All of the following were results of European colonialism in Africa except
A) the spread of Islam.
B) a native wage scale that was inferior to that of the Europeans.
C) the restriction of Africans to unskilled or semi-skilled jobs.
D) little opportunity for the native population to obtain professional or managerial positions.
E) a mixed heritage of imperialism.
Q4) Why has the Arab-Israeli dispute proven so difficult to resolve? Does a solution seem any more likely now than during the 1970s or 1980s? Why or why not?
Q5) Olusegun Obasanjo
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Chapter 30: Toward the Pacific Century
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Q1) The new Indian government in 1947
A) was based on that of the Soviet Union.
B) had a powerful president, as Nehru was an admirer of the United States constitution. C) was based on the British system, with a figurehead president and a parliamentary form.
D) barred only two groups, Sikhs and harijans, from voting.
E) allowed for only one political party, the Congress Party.
Q2) The keiretsu are
A) large companies that maintain relationships in a more informal manner than the zaibatsu.
B) systems of totally independent corporate entities.
C) newly reconstituted, formalized cartel arrangements.
D) Meiji-oriented systems of corporate dependencies.
E) monopoly arrangements.
Q3) How have the "everyday" options for women in Japan changed since World War II? With what results? Have these changes been advantageous for women and/or Japan as a whole? Why or why not?
Q4) harijans/dalits
Q5) Rajiv Gandhi
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