World Ethnography Test Preparation
Course Introduction
World Ethnography is an exploration of the diverse cultures and societies that shape our global community, focusing on the ways in which people around the world live, interact, and form meaning. Through in-depth case studies and ethnographic accounts, students gain insight into the daily lives, beliefs, rituals, and social structures of various groups, examining issues such as identity, kinship, power, gender, and globalization. The course emphasizes ethical considerations in fieldwork and highlights the importance of cultural relativism, providing critical tools for analyzing cultural similarities and differences in an interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 16th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?
A) There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail.
B) A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography.
C) We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society.
D) Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions.
E) A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition.
Answer: E
Q2) Anthropology is a science,yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields.This is because
A) its main object of study are humans.
B) of its fundamental respect for human diversity.
C) its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities.
D) the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature.
E) it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Practice theory recognizes that the study of anthropology takes a lot of practice before resulting in accurate descriptions of a culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) There are two meanings of globalization: globalization as fact and process,and globalization as ideology and contested policy.What is the primary and neutral meaning of globalization as it is applicable to anthropology?
A) promotion of the interests of multinational corporations at the expense of farmers and workers
B) the efforts by international financial powers to create a global free market for goods and services
C) the impact of the world on the rest of the universe
D) the spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies across the world
E) opposition to global free trade
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What is a disease?
A) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected
B) an artificial product of biomedicine
C) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle
D) an unnatural state of health
E) a scientifically identified health threat
Answer: E
Q2) More than 70 percent of immigrants to Canada settle in what city?
A) Vancouver
B) Montreal
C) Toronto
D) Quebec
E) Alberta
Answer: C
Q3) Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology
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Q1) Informed consent refers to people's agreement to take part in research after they have been fully informed about its purpose,nature,funding,procedures,and potential impact on them.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata,
A) the oldest layer is on the top.
B) the oldest layer is on the bottom.
C) the stratigraphic techniques are useful only if the soils have a high content of sandstone.
D) the youngest layer is the least disturbed by environmental changes such as erosion. E) the oldest layer is the shallowest in the sequence.
Q3) What is molecular dating? What is the basic assumption upon which this technique is based? Can you think of other potential applications of this technique beyond those mentioned in the text?
Q4) Remote sensing refers to carrying out excavations in distant locations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the different kinds of archaeology?
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Chapter 5: Evolution and Genetics
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Q1) This chapter describes the case of giraffes' long necks to illustrate how natural selection works on variety within a population.This explanation contrasts with the incorrect alternative of the inheritance of acquired characteristics,which suggests that A) in each generation, individual giraffes strain their necks to reach food just a bit higher, and that this straining somehow modifies their genetic material.
B) in each generation, individual giraffes mate with giraffes having longer necks because they are better at getting food, and their offspring's neck size results in an average of the parents' neck sizes.
C) a need for a longer neck activates the long-neck gene throughout development.
D) natural selection works on the genotype, not the phenotype.
E) the presence of variety among a population works against the advantages of natural selection.
Q2) Natural selection operates directly on the genotype of an organism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify and discuss the genetic sources of variety on which natural selection may operate.
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Chapter 6: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) In the case of skin color,natural selection is no longer active today,thanks to human cultural adaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environment one lives in.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of the following statements about attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories,purportedly based on common ancestry,which is true?
A) They are applied to endogamous breeding populations.
B) They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics.
C) They are based on global racial categories that vary little from one society to another.
D) They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization.
E) They are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume they are based in biology.
Q3) Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does the concept of race used by anthropologists today differ from the concept used by early biologists?
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Chapter 7: The Primates
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Q1) Describe the features that Old World monkeys,apes,and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys and prosimians.
Q2) All primates share a common arboreal heritage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A) analogy
B) homology
C) phenotype
D) allele
E) meiosis
Q4) Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?
A) visual predation hypothesis
B) terrestrial theory
C) deciduous hypothesis
D) mixed diet hypothesis
E) arboreal theory
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Chapter 8: Early Hominins
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Q1) Although the first hominins appeared late in the Miocene,most hominin fossils have been dated to
A) 20 to 15 m.y.a.
B) the Holocene.
C) the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
D) the early Miocene.
E) 400,000 to 300,000 years ago.
Q2) Compared to the australopithecines,early Homo had larger cheek teeth and a larger cranial capacity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about australopithecines is true?
A) Australopithecines had a higher incidence of rickets than genus Homo.
B) Australopithecines had smaller molars than genus Homo.
C) Australopithecines probably relied more on the use of tools than did the early Homo.
D) Australopithecus was the most geographically widespread of all hominin genera.
E) Australopithecines as a group inhabited the earth longer than any other hominin genus.
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Chapter 9: Archaic Homo
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Q1) Archaic H.sapiens (300,000? to 28,000 B.P.)constitute the earliest members of our species,along with A)H.floresiensis of the Indonesian island of Flores.
B)the Neandertals of Europe and the Middle East and their Neandertal-like contemporaries in Africa and Asia.
C)the Neandertals of China.
D)gorillas and chimps.
E)the late australopithecines of Africa.
Q2) Biological and cultural changes enabled H.erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy-gathering and hunting.This in turn was crucial for H.erectus to A) diminish the mortality rate due to violent encounters with large animals and other hominins.
B) overcome its greatest challenge: an imperfect bipedal gait.
C) beat out H. habilis in competition for key ecological niches.
D) push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe.
E) bring about the onset of complex language.
Q3) Discuss the major anatomical differences between the australopithecines and H.erectus.What are the major anatomical differences between H.erectus and modern human anatomy?
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Chapter 10: The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans
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Q1) Recent discoveries in a cave at Pinnacle Point,South Africa,suggest that humans had achieved behavioral modernity as early as 164,000 B.P.All of the following were found at this site EXCEPT evidence of
A)a diet that included shellfish and other marine resources.
B)the very early use of pigment,likely for symbolic behavior.
C)animal butchery for the first time.
D)bladelet stone-tool technology,previously dating to 70,000 years ago.
E)the human capacity to exploit coastal environments.
Q2) Climate change and human evolution and expansion are intimately related.Give specific examples of this relationship.Consider the current concern with climate change.How might humans adapt to the impending environmental changes that such climate change is already making felt around the world?
Q3) Some authors attribute the rise of modern human behavior more to increasing social competition than to population increase or a mutation that led to reconfigurations of the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How has molecular genetics affected our recent understanding of human evolution?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The First Farmers
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Q1) In the Middle East,as subsistence economies became more specialized and more dependent on domesticated species,population centers began to emerge that had temples,writing,and canals for irrigating fields.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compared to those of wild plants,the seeds of domesticated plants are larger and less likely to shatter and disperse.
A)True
B)False
Q3) With domestication,plants developed thicker husks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Unlike the centers of domestication in the Old World,very few animals were ever domesticated in the New World.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Nabta Playa was an important center for prehistoric herders in southern Egypt. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: The First Cities and States
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Q1) In an egalitarian society,everybody has the same status.
A)True
B)False
Q2) States mark their environments by building long-lasting monumental architecture.Which of the following is NOT one of the "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?"
A) Great Pyramid of Giza
B) Hanging Gardens of Babylon
C) Temple of Artemis
D) Serpent Mound of Ohio
E) Lighthouse of Alexandria
Q3) What is the name of the cultural period during which the first chiefdoms emerged in southern Mesopotamia?
A) Natufian
B) Neolithic
C) Halafian
D) Ubaid
E) Uruk
Q4) How are chiefdoms different from states? How do archaeologists distinguish between the two?
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Chapter 13: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Franz Boas is the undisputed father of four-field U.S.anthropology.One of his most important and enduring contributions to anthropology was
A) the field's earliest example of multitimed and multisited ethnography.
B) providing evidence that both biology and culture are susceptible to evolutionary forces, thus providing a framework for the comparative method.
C) stressing the relevance of independent invention in human cultural history.
D) showing that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not determine culture.
E) expanding the local ethnographic focus to include a regional perspective.
Q2) This chapter's overview of the history of anthropological theory suggests that the discipline has made no important contributions to social theory in general.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Survey research is usually conducted through intensive personal contact with the study subjects.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Language and Communication
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Q1) Linguistic anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language and how it varies across time and space.What is the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words?
A) phonology
B) syntax
C) morphology
D) lexicon
E) grammar
Q2) Diglossia refers to linguistic groups,like those in Papua New Guinea and Australia,that distinguish between only two colors: black and white or dark and light.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The origins of AAVE are found mostly in West Africa,rather than in the dialects of the southern part of the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists,biological anthropologists,and sociocultural anthropologists who are interested in history?
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Chapter 15: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a Francophone West African nation where négritude ("black identity")developed?
A) Mali
B) Guinea
C) Liberia
D) Ivory Coast
E) Senegal
Q2) The 2012 poverty rates for different minority groups in the U.S.are an example of stratification.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ascribed statuses are based on an individual's talents,abilities,and actions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Making a Living
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Q1) The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
A) foraging societies
B) state-level societies
C) hydraulic societies
D) nonindustrial societies
E) nomadic societies
Q3) Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?
A) unilineal descent and ancestor worship
B) territoriality and organized warfare
C) high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations
D) a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles
E) permanent villages and full-time priests
Q4) We should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age.Why? What is the evidence to suggest this view?
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Chapter 17: Political Systems
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Q1) What are the differences between shame and guilt? Why is it important for anthropologists interested in understanding sociopolitical organization to pay attention to people's concerns with shame or guilt in the communities they study?
Q2) The Qashqai and Basseri peoples are examples of nomadic foragers who live in modern-day Iran.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?
A) They maintain power by keeping up strong ties with the commoner class.
B) They have inherited special access to strategic resources.
C) They maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D) They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E) They are the most dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent group.
Q4) States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Gender
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Q1) "Transgender" and "XX Intersex" are interchangeable terms referring to individuals with external genitals that are incompletely formed,ambiguous,or female.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal societies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the United States,attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Women in matrilineal societies tend to occupy elevated status positions.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 19: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) A functional explanation attempts to correlate particular customs (in this case kinship terms)to other features of society.
A)True B)False
Q2) The higher proportion of expanded family households among poorer Americans has been explained as an adaptation to poverty.
A)True B)False
Q3) What does ego represent in a depiction of a kinship system?
A) the sense of distinct individuality that is present in any society
B) the emotional attachment felt by the people who use the system
C) the point of reference used to determine which kin terms go where
D) the boundary between one's kin group and outsiders
E) a gender-free way of reckoning kinship
Q4) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so,why? If not,why not?
Q5) Between 1970 and 2012 the number of divorced Americans increased sixfold. A)True B)False
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Chapter 20: Marriage
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Q1) One theory regarding the universality of the incest taboo argues that by forcing people to marry outside their immediate kin group,peaceful alliances between people would extend to include a greater number of individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are a form of polygamy EXCEPT
A) a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
B) a man who has four wives simultaneously.
C) a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.
D) a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.
E) a woman who has two unrelated husbands.
Q3) Although briefly popular after its introduction,online dating never became a significant part of the marriage market.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The children of your father's sister are called your cross cousins.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Religion
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Q1) According to Edward Tylor,religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A syncretism is a mixture of cultural influences from a series of different cultural traditions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following kinds of religion involves part-time religious specialists in foraging societies?
A) communal religion
B) shamanistic religion
C) Olympian religion
D) individualistic cults
E) idiosyncratic belief systems
Q4) Contrast ritual behavior with ordinary behavior.Give examples of religious and secular rituals.What are the main differences between such kinds of rituals?
Q5) How do you explain the universality of religion?
Q6) Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) There is more collective production and performance of art in non-Western societies than in Western,industrialized states.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between art and religion?
A) All non-Western art is produced anonymously for religious purposes.
B) Art is produced for religious purposes as well as for its aesthetic value.
C) All of the greatest accomplishments in Western art have been commissioned by formal religions.
D) Since nonstate societies lack permanent buildings dedicated to art (museums) or religion (temples, churches), there is no link between art and religion in these societies.
E) Western art is divorced from religion.
Q3) Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups,thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) Belgian colonial administrators were careful to use culturally significant differences to distinguish between the Hutus and Tutsis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939.Standards of comfort rose,as did prosperity for all but a select few.
A)True B)False
Q3) Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ethnographic research in postsocialist societies is thriving.What are some of the common problems typical of these societies? Why would an ethnographic approach be advantageous to addressing these problems?
Q5) What is the world system perspective,and why is it important in anthropology?
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Chapter 24: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when the alien programming comes from the United States,Great Britain,or France.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the difference between postmodernity and postmodernism? How has postmodernity affected the units of anthropological study?
Q3) How can the perspective of an ethnographer,who carries out research at the local level of communities,contribute to large-scale environmental concerns such as climate change and deforestation?
Q4) How does acculturation differ from diffusion,or cultural borrowing?
A) It can occur without firsthand contact.
B) It only affects one of the two groups.
C) It can occur when two nonindustrial societies come into contact.
D) It requires firsthand contact.
E) It affects both groups equally.
Q5) What is environmental anthropology? What can be its contribution to addressing environmental threats around the world?
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