World Cultures
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
World Cultures is an exploration of the diverse societies, traditions, and belief systems that shape human experience across the globe. Through the study of art, literature, history, religion, and social practices, students gain an understanding of how cultural values influence individual and collective identities. The course encourages appreciation for cultural diversity and fosters critical thinking about issues such as globalization, intercultural communication, and cultural preservation. By examining case studies from various continents, students are equipped to analyze the complexities of cultural interactions in a globalized world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology An Applied Perspective 9th Edition by Gary Ferraro
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Anthropology?
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Q1) Which of the following specialties would be most involved in studying the effects of building a new nanotechnology factory in a small,rural community?
A) educational anthropology
B) economic anthropology
C) political anthropology
D) medical anthropology
E) developmental anthropology
Answer: E
Q2) An important skill for the twenty-first century will be the ability to balance contradictory needs and demands rather than trying to eliminate them.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What does the holistic approach in anthropology involve?
Answer: The study involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity,the deepest possible time frame,study of all people wherever they may be found,and studying many different aspects of the human experience.
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Chapter 2: The Concept of Culture
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Q1) In situations of cultural diffusion:
A) the two cultures do not exchange every cultural item.
B) one culture borrows and the other one does not.
C) it is the stronger culture which borrows, or steals, from the other.
D) the recipient culture does not have a choice regarding the item exchanged.
E) it is common for the two cultures to merge and become integrated.
Answer: A
Q2) In Hacienda Heights,California,a MacDonald's restaurant has incorporated the ancient Asian practice of feng shui in the design of one of its restaurants.Which principle of culture change does this illustrate?
A) cultural diffusion
B) innovation
C) invention
D) acculturation
E) ethnocentrism
Answer: A
Q3) Acculturation is a type of cultural diffusion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist conducts a fairly specialized type of research designed to determine whether a proposed program or project is needed is that of:
A) advocate.
B) needs assessor.
C) impact assessor.
D) expert witness.
E) cultural broker.
Answer: B
Q2) The study of the socioeconomic barriers to biogas in China is within which specialized approach in cultural anthropology?
A) Environmental anthropology
B) Development anthropology
C) Medical anthropology
D) Urban anthropology
E) Postmodern anthropology
Answer: B
Q3) Why is applied anthropology associated with problem-oriented research?
Answer: The goal is to assist in addressing societal problems.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Growth of Anthropological Theory
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Q1) Leslie White argued that the driving force of cultural evolution was:
A) the complexity of language.
B) political complexity.
C) religion.
D) ideological progress.
E) the amount of energy available.
Q2) Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by:
A) Clifford Geertz.
B) Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict.
C) Ruth Benedict and Franz Boas.
D) Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan.
E) Marvin Harris and Claude Levi-Strauss.
Q3) Which of the following anthropologists is not associated with the school of Feminist Anthropology which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s?
A) Annette Weiner
B) Ruth Benedict
C) Louise Lamphere
D) Sherry Ortner
E) Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo
Q4) What is the significance of binary oppositions in French Structuralism?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Methods in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Genealogical mapping is very important in small-scale societies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Jamaica Agroforestry Project encouraged farmers to plant nitrogen-fixing trees instead of food products.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Quantitative data is much more reliable than qualitative data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the five stages of fieldwork?
Q5) Which of the following is not part of the advice that Ferraro gives for conducting participant-observation fieldwork?
A) proceed slowly
B) secure permission from the top down in the political hierarchy
C) never eat the local food unless you've seen it prepared
D) be consistent in how you explain who you are
E) communicate to the local people that you are there to be a student
Q6) List four techniques for the collection of cultural data.
Q7) What are some new technologies useful for gathering anthropological data?
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Chapter 6: Language and Communication
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Q1) When he is at school,a Hispanic teenager will likely use English as his primary language,while at home,his family may encourage him to speak Spanish.This linguistic process is known as:
A) linguistic borrowing.
B) language doublespeak.
C) cultural emphasis.
D) diglossia.
E) code switching.
Q2) Language,according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
A) causes all people to perceive the world in the same way.
B) causes all humans to construct reality in similar ways.
C) establishes in our minds categories that affect our perception.
D) determines how well-formed our brain will be.
E) is the sole force of cultural innovation.
Q3) Researchers estimate that as much as 70% of all messages sent and received by humans are nonverbal in form.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define a language family.
Q5) Describe how a culture's values are reflected in its language.Be specific.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns
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Q1) Which of the following events was most devastating to the pastoral Maasai?
A) deforestation
B) colonialism
C) drought
D) independence
E) advent of the automobile
Q2) The Ju/'hoansi (!Kung San)inhabit:
A) the Gobi desert of inner Asia.
B) the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa.
C) the Ituri forest of the Congo.
D) the Great Plains of the western United States.
E) the Amazon jungle.
Q3) Horticulture refers to the type of farming that:
A) relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers.
B) relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption.
C) uses human and animal energy to bring high yields of crops.
D) produces a large surplus for market.
E) involves hired labor or cooperative fields.
Q4) What are some noticeable changes in food-getting strategies since the late eighteenth century?
9
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Chapter 8: Economics
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Q1) What forms of informal (unregulated)economic activity can you find in industrialized societies like Canada and the United States? With what kinds of informal economies have you been involved?
Q2) Substantivism is the view that classic economic theory can be applied to all human societies and cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Food collecting communities' control of land rights:
A) is uniform in all food collecting societies.
B) is learned from contact with the surrounding societies (they tend to follow the same rules).
C) varies because in some societies territorial boundaries between bands or families are rigorously maintained.
D) is likely to continue long into the future in spite of contact with outside societies.
E) tends to be more legalistic when these communities are part of a state society.
Q4) What is one of the major negative consequences of globalization?
Q5) Name and describe three types of reciprocity.
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10
Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the family?
A) provides for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children
B) regulates the sexual division of labor
C) regulates sexual mating and reproduction
D) characterized by economic cooperation
E) creates profit with low-cost overhead for long-term reinvestment
Q2) Although the nuclear family has been the ideal in the U.S.for most of the 20th century:
A) now only slightly more than half of American families are nuclear families.
B) families today look like the households portrayed in the 1950s sitcoms.
C) now families prefer to be extended and not nuclear.
D) now only about one household in four is nuclear.
E) now only about one household in three is nuclear.
Q3) In extended family systems,marriage is usually viewed more as bringing a daughter into the family than acquiring a wife.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe and discuss the differences between American-style marriage and a typical marriage in India today.
Q5) List four of the functions of bridewealth that anthropologists have identified?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent
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Q1) Patrilineal descent groups:
A) are the most common of the unilineal descent groups.
B) are found only in North and South America.
C) trace descent through lines of females; for example, the mother, mother's mother, sister's daughter, and so on.
D) are ones in which a woman's children are members of her descent group.
E) are ones in which a woman's female children are members of her descent group, while her male children are always allied with their father.
Q2) Societies in which parents can choose their children's kinship affiliation are classified as:
A) bilateral descent.
B) double descent.
C) matrilineal descent.
D) ambilineal descent.
E) patrlineal descent
Q3) Descent groups are convenient devices for solving a number of problems human societies commonly confront. Identify the problems and describe how a descent group solves them.
Q4) Contrast consanguineal and affinal kinships ties.
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Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
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Q1) What historical and social difficulties do anthropologists face as they study human sexuality?
Q2) What is the relationship between subsistence and gender? Consider at least three different types of societies (hunting and gathering,horticultural,pastoral,or agrarian)and compare and contrast the effects of subsistence on male and female status.
Q3) List three types of exploitation caused by gender ideology.
Q4) Recently,in agrarian societies:
A) women's status has declined because there is less value put on agricultural subsistence.
B) women's status has improved because of job opportunities off the farm.
C) women have begun outnumbering men as the primary subsistence earners on the farm.
D) gender stratification has become increasingly divided.
E) Women have become world leaders.
Q5) Occupational segregation is common in the United States,even though it has changed significantly over the last decades.Make a list of "traditional" male and female occupations and those that are shared somewhat equally by both.Can you defend this separation? Why or why not?
Q6) What is the significance of sexual dimorphism in humans?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Social Stratification
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Q1) The U.S.Census data on race and ethnicity:
A) is the only completely accurate measure of race in the United States.
B) is constantly changing because of problems of definition and categorization.
C) has become increasingly accurate over the last four decades.
D) is completely wrong and has no use at all as national data.
E) is no longer collected.
Q2) Assimilation is best illustrated by:
A) Palestinians in Israel.
B) Chechens in Russia.
C) various Pacific Island cultures living in Hawaii.
D) French Canadians living in Quebec.
E) Hispanics migrating to the U.S
Q3) Which of the following are types of societies based on levels of social inequality?
A) band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
B) stratified, ascribed, and achieved
C) egalitarian and state societies
D) egalitarian, rank, and stratified
E) hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural
Q4) What are common characteristics of caste societies?
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Chapter 13: Political Organization and Social Control
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Q1) Although there has been a trend toward increasing democracies,in 2009 all of the following were reported except:
A) in countries that showed a decline in democratization, there was also more persecution of dissidents.
B) in countries that showed a decline in democratization, there was also more persecution of journalists.
C) declines in democratization occurred primarily in Africa.
D) declines in democratization occurred in countries with military and economic power.
E) declines in democratization occurred in countries that, until quite recently, had been moving towards democratization.
Q2) List five informal mechanisms of social control.
Q3) Name four reasons that foraging societies rarely go to war.
Q4) Discuss the three major theories of state formation by Childe,Wittfogel,and Carneiro.What are the premises and assumptions of each? Which theory offers the most complete explanation of state formation? Why?
Q5) On what three dimensions do societies differ in their political organization?
Q6) What are the four types of political structure?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Supernatural Beliefs
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Q1) Separatist Christian churches in South Africa during apartheid played a role in conflict resolution because Black South Africans:
A) gained real political power through their churches.
B) created an illusion of power by manipulating their own set of religious symbols and forming their own unique churches.
C) gained real economic power through their churches.
D) expressed their resentment against the apartheid government in their religious activity.
E) created a social network that provided security and charity when they most needed it.
Q2) Handsome Lake,a New York state Seneca Indian,did all of the following except:
A) prescribe new moral principles and rules of behavior.
B) receive a vision to stop drinking and start a revitalizing religion.
C) free the Seneca Indians from government reservations.
D) urge the adoption of European agricultural practices.
E) lead a revitalization movement in New York State.
Q3) Witchcraft and sorcery are only found in small-scale non-Western societies.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Art
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Q1) MPAC is a Muslim rap band from Detroit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Through music,Bert,Ernie,and Kermit of Sesame Street:
A) entertain the bored children of a complex society.
B) are not part of an aesthetic process.
C) are forms of art that educate children about conflict resolution and race relations.
D) are forms of representational art that are produced for a single class segment in society.
E) are types of plastic art because they are interpreted differently by everyone who sees them.
Q3) Which of the following is not true about Liberation Theater?
A) It is based on the philosophies of Franz Boas.
B) It is designed to focus on the involvement of the audience.
C) It is used for social change.
D) It started in the 1960s.
E) It focuses specifically on issues of social justice.
Q4) List five forms of art included in graphic and plastic arts.
Q5) Define and discuss liberation theater.
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Chapter 16: The Modern World Order, Global Challenges, and the
Role of Applied Anthropology
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Q1) How does the impact of globalization differ between a state society and a foraging society? Provide a model to explain what you mean by your answer.
Q2) Globalization is defined by:
A) a revolution in high-speed information technology.
B) privatizing and deregulating national economies.
C) the lowering of tariff barriers worldwide.
D) the rise of fundamentalism in some countries.
E) all of these choices.
Q3) What four factors does Thomas Friedman believe to be essential to the full and beneficial development of globalization?
Q4) The estimated world population was ____________ people in 1500 and ______________ people in 1974.
A) 1 billion; 5 billion
B) 10,000; 1 billion
C) 500,000; 800 million
D) 500 million; 4 billion
E) 2 million; 5 billion
Q5) What is an indigenous population?
Q6) Discuss some of the "leading indicators" of globalization.
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