Western Cultural Traditions
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Course Introduction
Western Cultural Traditions explores the development of cultural, intellectual, artistic, and social ideas that have shaped Western civilization from antiquity to the present. By examining key philosophical texts, literary works, historical events, artistic movements, and religious influences, students will gain an understanding of the foundation and evolution of Western thought and values. The course encourages critical analysis of concepts such as democracy, individualism, rationalism, and humanism, while also considering their impact on contemporary society and global interactions.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization A Brief History 11th Edition by Marvin Perry
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) cuneiform
Answer: Cuneiform is a system of writing that was used in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. It is one of the earliest known forms of writing, dating back to around 3200 BCE. Cuneiform was created by pressing a reed stylus into clay tablets to create wedge-shaped characters. It was used for recording administrative, economic, and religious information, as well as literature and poetry. Cuneiform was primarily used in the region of Mesopotamia, which is modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Syria, and Turkey. It was in use for over three thousand years, until it was eventually replaced by the alphabet. Cuneiform is important because it represents one of the earliest forms of written communication and played a crucial role in the development of human civilization. It allowed for the recording and preservation of knowledge, history, and culture, and contributed to the advancement of society in ancient Mesopotamia.
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3
Chapter 2: The Hebrews: a New View of God and the Individual
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Q1) The kingdom of Israel split into Israel and Judah after the death of Solomon owing to A) Judah's refusal to resist the Assyrian invasion.
B) Solomon's onerous taxes and his favoritism toward Judah, the southern part of the kingdom.
C) Solomon's failure to designate a successor.
D) conflicts over water rights.
E) Israel's refusal to accept Solomon's designated successor.
Answer: B
Q2) The first Hebrew King was
A) David
B) Solomon
C) Saul
D) Moses
E) Joseph
Answer: C
Q3) Israel
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Greeks: From Myth to Reason
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Q1) Which of the following tragic poets subjected the problems of human life to critical analysis and challenged human conventions?
A) Sappho
B) Sophocles
C) Aristophanes
D) Aeschylus
E) Euripides
Answer: E
Q2) The Mycenaean Greeks
A) predated the Minoan Civilization
B) settled in Peloponnesus
C) defeated the Persians at the Battle of Troy
D) did not possess a written language
E) were a mythic people created by Homer
Answer: B
Q3) Aristotle
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Q1) The Roman discovery of this building material helped in the construction of roads,bridges,aqueducts,and fortifications
A) steel
B) concrete
C) cement
D) arches
E) redwood
Q2) Which Roman emperor allowed the Goths to cross the Danube frontier?
A) Vespasian
B) Diocletian
C) Constantine
D) Valens
E) Trajan
Q3) Which of the following Roman historians denounced imperial rule and described the Germanic people as heroic?
A) Marcus Aurelius
B) Mithridates
C) Tacitus
D) Salvianus
E) Seneca
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Chapter 5: Early Christianity: a World Religion
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Q1) On the map of Europe,trace the missionary activities of Paul of Tarsus.
Q2) Saint Ambrose was renowned for each of the following except
A) his status as bishop of Milan.
B) defending church authority versus the state.
C) expressing concern for the poor and oppressed.
D) his dictum that "the emperor is within the church, not above it."
E) reminding the clergy that the rich should be courted since they would buttress church power.
Q3) Diaspora
Q4) The writer of the book City of God was
A) St Augustine
B) St Benedict
C) St Ambrose
D) St Jerome
E) St Francis
Q5) Pharisees
Q6) Synoptic Gospels
Q7) Explain why persecutions erupted against the Christians.Did the persecutors achieve their goals?
Q8) Arius
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Chapter 6: The Rise of Europe: Fusion of
Classical,christian,and Germanic
Traditions
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Q1) Saladin
Q2) All of the following brought about the revival of trade in the Middle Ages except
A) expanding agricultural production.
B) the end of the Viking attacks.
C) greater political stability.
D) increasing population.
E) unwillingness of serfs to move from their customary homes and fields to new lands.
Q3) Pope Urban II
Q4) Abbasid caliphs
Q5) All of the following are true of William the Conqueror except A) was descended from the Normans that had settled in France
B) divided England into shires
C) ordered the writing of a Domesday Book
D) was followed by Henry I
E) kept all of England as his own fiefdom
Q6) On a Map of Europe,label the modern day nations resulting from the Treaty of Verdun.
Q7) Philip Augustus
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Chapter 7: The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval
Civilization
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Q1) Which two medieval thinkers studied the refraction of light and optics
A) Thomas Aquinas and Albert Magnus
B) Roger Bacon and Robert Grosseteste
C) Adelard of Bath and Albert Magnus
D) Heloise and Peter Abelard
E) Robert Grosseteste and Thomas Aquinas
Q2) ____ wrote The Defender of the Peace.
A) John of Paris
B) Giles of Rome
C) Marsiglio of Padua
D) Abelard of Clairvaux
E) None of these
Q3) Irnerius
Q4) Gothic architecture
Q5) How did the Hundreds Year War lead to social turmoil in France?
Q6) Crystalline Heaven
Q7) Calais
Page 9
Q8) How might Aristotle's philosophy imperil Christian thought? How successful was the church in banning Aristotelian ideas?
Q9) Jacquerie
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation
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Q1) Pope Julius II
Q2) Did the Reformation begin with Martin Luther? How did writers,thinkers,dissenters,and events prior to 1517 help prepare the way for Luther?
Q3) Petrarch was an advocate of an education that emphasized
A) rhetoric and moral philosophy.
B) mathematics and science.
C) history and geography.
D) philosophy and architecture.
E) literature and grammar.
Q4) Giotto's contributions to art include
A) using alterations in light and shade.
B) creating a three dimensional figure to show space.
C) using space in a painting to tell a story.
D) using illusion of movement for dramatic effect.
E) All of these were Giotto's contributions to the art of painting.
Q5) Lorenzo Valla
Q6) How may one argue that the Italian city-states contributed to the advance of political concepts?
Page 11
Q7) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Q8) Leonardo da Vinci
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Chapter 9: Political and Economic Transformation: National
States, overseas Expansion, commercial Revolution
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Q1) The Spanish King that faced a bankrupt economy in 1596 was
A) Charles V
B) Ferdinand and Isabella
C) Phillip I
D) Phillip II
E) Charles 1V
Q2) English trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were centered the production of
A) pottery and watches.
B) raw wool and woolens.
C) iron and steel.
D) cotton and silk.
E) sugar and cotton.
Q3) The English ruler that attempted to restore Catholicism was
A) Henry VIII
B) Edward VI
C) Elizabeth I
D) Mary I
E) Oliver Cromwell
Q4) Vasco da Gama
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Chapter 10: Intellectual Transformation: the Scientific Revolution
and the Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Who developed the theory of universal gravitation?
A) Kepler
B) Newton
C) Galileo
D) Brahe
E) Copernicus
Q2) salons
Q3) Which enlightenment thinker argued that humans are born with a mind that was a blank slate?
A) Descartes
B) Hume
C) Rousseau
D) Locke
E) Hobbes
Q4) Show the widespread nature of the Scientific Revolution by locating on a map of Europe some areas where significant achievements occurred.List the place and the achievement.
Q5) Johannes Kepler
Q7) Thomas Hobbes Page 14
Q6) How did the Scientific Revolution cause a reorientation in Western thought?
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Page 15
Chapter 11: The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality
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Q1) On the eve of the Revolution the peasantry were suffering from all of the following problems except
A) landholding were barely large enough to survive on
B) rising birthrates increased the population but also further divided land possessions
C) unjust taxation squeezed peasants further
D) serfdom was expanding as the Old Regime ended
E) labor services were still required by many landowners
Q2) The goal of the Continental System was to
A) create a European hegemony.
B) establish a more democratic educational system in France.
C) make Napoleon the Holy Roman Emperor.
D) defeat Britain by destroying its economy.
E) sell the Louisiana area to the United States.
Q3) The less liberal side of the Code Napoleon included all of the following except
A) denial of equal treatment to workers dealing with their employers.
B) retention of serfdom in some parts of France.
C) provisions giving the husband nearly absolute power over his wife.
D) provisions giving the father absolute power over his children.
E) the restoration of slavery in the French colonies.
Page 16
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Chapter 12: The Industrial Revolution: the Transformation of Society
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Q1) As commerce and industry developed,which of the following does NOT correctly describe the middle class?
A) Bourgeois politicians shared more power with the landed aristocracy.
B) Rich bourgeois made it a point not to emulate aristocratic manners and pleasures.
C) Industrial wealth gave the middle class greater influence in all aspects of society.
D) Like the aristocratic and proletariat classes, the bourgeois class had many internal levels
E) The virtues of work, thrift, and ambitions were landmark characteristics of the middle class bourgeois.
Q2) Fearing potentially a revolutionary situation,____ attempted to defuse discontent in cities and among workers by encouraging the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832
A) the House of Commons.
B) King William IV
C) the House of Lords.
D) Feargus O'Conner
E) Thomas Malthus
Q3) John Kay
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Page 17
Chapter 13: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth
Century
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Q1) Lord Byron
Q2) What is meant by the term liberalism? How did the liberals seek to promote the gains of the French revolution in the nineteenth century?
Q3) Who conceived the idea of the Volksgeist?
A) John Stuart Mill
B) John Locke
C) Johann Gottfried Herder
D) G.W.F. Hegel
E) Immanuel Kant
Q4) Why was history a very important part of the work of Hegel? In what way did Hegel's view of freedom actually limit man's freedom of action? How did his ideas contrast with the ideas of the philosophes?
Q5) The most important of the Young Hegelians was
A) Feuerbach.
B) Kierkegaard.
C) Hume.
D) Marx.
E) Kant.
Q6) Freud
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Chapter 14: Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism:
Revolution, counterrevolution, and Unification
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Q1) Otto von Bismarck
Q2) The ultimate reason that newly unified Italy was able to occupy Rome and make the city its capital was
A) withdrawal of the French garrison during the Franco-Prussian War.
B) the Pope's excommunication of Napoleon III.
C) the Pope's agreement to accept Italian rule in exchange for Italian government subsidies for the Vatican.
D) Austrian withdrawal following the 1866 defeat by Prussia.
E) withdrawal of German soldiers.
Q3) Which of the following supported the Prussian throne?
A) The liberals
B) The Junkers
C) The peasants
D) The serfs
E) The lawyers
Q4) Victor Emmanuel
Q5) Magyars
Q6) Metternich
Q7) Junkers
Q8) Giuseppe Mazzini
Page 19
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Chapter 15: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century: Realism, positivism, darwinism, and Social
Criticism
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Q1) What arguments were used to challenge Marxism?
Q2) Gustave Flaubert
Q3) Anna Karenina
Q4) A Doll's House
Q5) Pillars of Society
Q6) The H.M.S.Beagle may be associated with
A) the transport of Courbet's artistic work to the London Exposition.
B) interest in a voyage to the North Pole.
C) Charles Darwin's trip to collect specimens of plant and animal life.
D) laying of the transatlantic cable.
E) Émile Zola's novels.
Q7) "law of the three stages"
Q8) Ivan Turgenev's Sketches describes
A) conditions in rural Russia.
B) the life of the Saint Petersburg aristocracy.
C) a big-game hunting expedition in Siberia.
D) rowing on the Moscow River. Page 21
Q9) Albert J.Beveridge
Q10) Leo Tolstoy
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Page 22
Chapter 16: Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century:
Modernization, nationalism, imperialism
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Q1) the Samurai
Q2) Battle of Adowa
Q3) suffragette
Q4) Home rule was enacted in England when
A) the Irish Revolt occurred.
B) women engaged in protests for home rule.
C) the Irish republican army struck against England.
D) English peace advocates protested and agitated for home rule.
E) the Irish made peace with England.
Q5) What was the Meiji Restoration? How did it transform Japan to make it a modern state?
Q6) Which of the following established an Open Door Policy in China?
A) The United States
B) Britain
C) Russia
D) France
Q7) Communards
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Q8) What was the Berlin conference? How did it impact on the colonization of Africa?
Q9) Explain what is meant by the Second Industrial Revolution.To what degree was it
involved with technological and scientific developments?
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Page 24
Chapter 17: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, human
Nature, and the Arts
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Q1) Emile Durkheim
Q2) Analyze Freud's ideas in relationship to the Enlightenment framework.Comment on points of agreement or disagreement.
Q3) Modern artists would agree with each of the following except
A) the audience must be participants in the spirit of artistic creation.
B) there was more to be found in artistic creations than had been discovered by the old masters.
C) one should scatter complacent views of the traditions of western cultural forms.
D) there is no objective reality of space, motion, and time that has the same meaning to all observers.
E) reason must be the primary force in structuring a work of art and its message.
Q4) One may associate which of the following with the works of Nietzsche?
A) Encouragement of a social policy
B) Buttress of Christian thinking
C) Concern for the average man
D) Concern with social community and social injustice
E) Perishing of the weak
Q5) Werner Heisenberg
Page 25
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Chapter 18: World War I: the West in Despair
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Q1) Explain the two phases of the Russian Revolution. How did the failures of the Provisional Government set the stage for the Bolshevik Revolution?
Q2) The Fourteen Points referred to
A) the main aspects of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
B) President Wilson's declaration of peace settlement goals.
C) Germany's explanation of why it needed to resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
D) the American denunciation of the blockade against Germany.
E) the French program for peace in Europe after World War I.
Q3) At the battle of Belleau Wood,
A) the American forces checked the German advancement.
B) German troops stopped the first French offensive of the war.
C) British and French troops countered the German invasion into Belgium.
D) German military used poison gas for the first time.
E) French troops collapsed under intense shelling.
Q4) Greater Serbia
Q5) the Dardanelles
Q6) Trench Warfare
Q7) unrestricted submarine warfare
Q8) Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Chapter 19: An Era of Totalitarianism
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Q1) How would you explain the basic outlook of Oswald Spengler?
Q2) grain requisitions
Q3) The authors of your text refer to each of the following as components of fascism except
A) the abandonment of individual freedom.
B) rejection of Western civilization by intellectuals.
C) theories supporting the equality of all groups in a fascist state.
D) a stress on action.
E) exaltation of the leader.
Q4) Which of the following was an anti-war novel?
A) The Road to Wigan Pier
B) For Whom the Bell Tolls
C) The Grapes of Wrath
D) All Quiet on the Western Front
E) The Trial
Q5) What are the distinctive features of a totalitarian state?
Q6) Otto Dix
Q7) Dadaism
Q8) Collectivization
Q9) Leader State Page 27
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Chapter 20: World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance
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Q1) The "miracle of Dunkirk" was
A) the defeat of German Panzer units outside of Paris.
B) the defeat of the Luftwaffe by the British air force during the Battle of Britain.
C) the evacuation of 338,000 British and French troops across the English Channel.
D) the invention of radar to notify English cities of approaching German bombers.
E) the successful landing of Allied troops in France on D-Day.
Q2) On a map of Europe,fill in the following areas using colored pencils: Hitler's Greater Germany,states allied with Germany,and areas occupied by Germany and its allies.
Q3) The German general in charge of forcing at the Battle of El Alamein was
A) Rudolf Hess
B) Hermann Georing
C) Friedrich Paulus
D) Erwin Rommel
E) Claus von Stauffenberg
Q4) On a map of East Asia,note the following sites: Midway Island,Iwo Jima,Okinawa,Tokyo,Hiroshima,and Nagasaki.
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Chapter 21: Europe After World War II: Recovery and Realignment, 1945-1989
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Q1) Polish citizens resisted Soviet rule after WWII for all of the following reasons except A) historic memories of being under Russian rule before WWI.
B) Soviet invasion of eastern Poland in 1939
C) assisting Germans round up Jewish Poles in 1939.
D) strong Catholic traditions challenged atheistic communism.
E) massacring thousands of Polish officers during the war.
Q2) The author summarizes Margaret Thatcher's program as British Prime Minister as A) expanding women's rights and assuring the entire population's access to health care.
B) challenging the nuclear superiority of the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.
C) reduction of inflation and promotion of individual initiative and private enterprise.
D) nationalization of the coal, steel, and railroad industries, and of the banks.
E) encouraging and promoting big government.
Q3) On blank map of Europe,label the countries in present day Europe since the demise of the Soviet Union.
Q4) Truman Doctrine
Q5) Fidel Castro
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Chapter 22: The Troubled Present
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Q1) The Russian oligarchs who financed Boris Yeltsin's reelection in 1996 became wealthy by
A) entrepreneurship in producing software for overseas clients.
B) acquiring former state enterprises at bargain-basement prices.
C) extorting protection money from Russian and foreign businesses.
D) foreign investments, particularly in China.
E) taking over private businesses seized by the government.
Q2) Because of the inefficient factory and economic system in East Germany,unemployment reached ____ percent.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50
E) 30
Q3) Taliban
Q4) Slobodan Milosevic
Q5) Bosnian Serbs
Q6) Al Qaeda
Q7) Osama bin Laden
Q8) Vladimir Putin
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