Western Civilization to 1648
Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the development of Western civilization from its origins in the ancient Near East through the Renaissance and the upheavals of the early modern period up to 1648. Students will examine the key political, cultural, religious, and intellectual movements that shaped Western societies, including the rise and fall of classical Greece and Rome, the spread of Christianity, the formation of medieval European kingdoms, and the transformative effects of the Renaissance and Reformation. Emphasis will be placed on major events, influential individuals, and the interactions between different societies that contributed to the unique character of Western civilization prior to the end of the Thirty Years War.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization A Brief History Volume I 11th Edition by Marvin Perry(check images and others
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) On the map of the Near East, trace the location of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mark and identify the sea into which the rivers flow.
Answer: I'm sorry, but as a text-based AI, I'm unable to view or interact with physical objects or images, including maps. However, I can tell you that the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are located in the eastern part of the Near East, flowing through countries like Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. They both empty into the Persian Gulf.
Q2) Humankind during the Paleolithic Age illustrated each of the following developments except
A) improvements through natural selection.
B) ability to form abstractions.
C) evidence that they could analyze and problem solve difficulties relating to hunting.
D) concern for providing for the weak members of the community.
E) groups of families formed bands and learned to plan, organize, cooperate, trust, and share.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Hebrews: a New View of God and the Individual
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Q1) King Cyrus
Answer: King Cyrus was a Persian ruler who reigned from 559-530 BCE. He is known for founding the Achaemenid Empire and is considered one of the most influential and benevolent rulers in ancient history.
Who: King Cyrus was a Persian ruler and founder of the Achaemenid Empire.
What: He is known for his conquests and for establishing one of the largest empires in history.
Where: He ruled over the Persian Empire, which encompassed modern-day Iran and parts of the Middle East and Asia.
When: King Cyrus reigned from 559-530 BCE.
Why Important: King Cyrus is important because of his benevolent and tolerant rule, as well as his role in establishing the Persian Empire and his influence on future rulers and empires. He is also known for his famous Cylinder, which is considered one of the first human rights declarations in history.
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Chapter 3: The Greeks: From Myth to Reason
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Q1) Herodotus
Answer: Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who is often referred to as the "Father of History." He was born in Halicarnassus, which is now modern-day Bodrum, Turkey, around 484 BC. Herodotus is best known for his work "The Histories," which is considered one of the earliest examples of historical writing and provides a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. He traveled extensively throughout the ancient world, visiting places such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece, and collecting information for his writings. Herodotus' work is important because it laid the foundation for the study of history as a discipline and introduced the concept of critical inquiry and analysis of historical events. His writings also provide valuable insights into the cultures, societies, and political dynamics of the ancient world. Overall, Herodotus' contributions to the field of history have had a lasting impact and continue to be studied and revered by historians and scholars.
Q2) On the map of the Hellenistic World, transform Alexander's Empire into modern day states, areas, and nations. Please shade and identify.
Answer: The modern-day states, areas, and nations that were once part of Alexander's Empire include Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. I will shade and identify these areas on the map accordingly.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Rome: From City-State to World Empire
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Q1) The creation of a Roman constitution derived from the A) Struggle of Orders
B) Punic Wars
C) Greek traditions
D) Patricians
E) barbarian invasions
Q2) The plebeians were represented in the
A) Tribal Assembly
B) Centuriate Assembly
C) Agrippa Congress
D) Senate
E) Twelve Tables
Q3) Virgil's epic The Aeneid was written because
A) Virgil wanted to protest against the tyrannous rule of Augustus.
B) the Senate commissioned it to commemorate victory in the Punic Wars.
C) Augustus commissioned it to glorify his role in founding the Empire.
D) Pontius Pilate commissioned it to please Augustus.
E) Cicero used it to promote Roman virtues.
Q4) Nero
Q5) Horace
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Chapter 5: Early Christianity: a World Religion
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Q1) How did Christianity reject classical humanism? What elements did Christianity retain?
Q2) Sadducees
Q3) The Rule of Saint Benedict called monks to do all of the following except
A) pray often
B) talk little
C) work hard
D) convert pagans
E) surrender private property
Q4) Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official religion of Rome?
A) Marcus Aurelius
B) Diocletian
C) Septimius Severus
D) Theodosius I
E) Nerva
Q5) Diaspora
Q6) Saint Augustine
Q7) Koine
Q9) Logos Page 7
Q8) Describe the Jewish society into which Jesus was born.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Rise of Europe: Fusion of Classical, Christian, and Germanic Traditions
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Q1) Boethius contributed to European civilization by
A) writing The City of God.
B) rejecting philosophy for more pragmatic approaches to contemporary needs.
C) translating into Latin Aristotle's treatises on logic.
D) urging that philosophers abandon the classical tradition.
E) helping to start the monastic practice of copying classical texts.
Q2) All of the following brought about the revival of trade in the Middle Ages except A) expanding agricultural production.
B) the end of the Viking attacks.
C) greater political stability.
D) increasing population.
E) unwillingness of serfs to move from their customary homes and fields to new lands.
Q3) "People of the book"
Q4) On a map of Europe, locate the two Christian capitals at the end of the Roman Empire.
Q5) Abbasid caliphs
Q6) Concordat of Worms
Q7) guilds
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Chapter 7: The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval
Civilization
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Q1) Philip IV
Q2) Which work is sometimes called "the Iliad of the Germans"?
A) Beowulf
B) The Divine Comedy
C) Siegfried
D) Nibelungenlied
E) The Song of Roland
Q3) How might Aristotle's philosophy imperil Christian thought? How successful was the church in banning Aristotelian ideas?
Q4) The supporters of John Wycliffe were known as
A) Waldensians
B) Lollards
C) Dominicans
D) Aristotelianism
E) Lutherans
Q5) Discuss the idea of "courtly love" and how this idea transformed the role of knights in medieval society.
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Q6) How was learning revived in the Middle Ages? What was the role of the first universities in this educational revival?
Chapter 8: Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation
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Q1) The humanist spirit in France is exemplified by
A) Lorenzo Valla.
B) Mario De Como.
C) Francisco Franco.
D) Francois Rabelais.
E) Erasmus.
Q2) Which of the following is considered the greatest playwright the world has ever produced?
A) Machiavelli
B) Sir Thomas More
C) William Shakespeare
D) Rabelais
E) Lorenzo Valla
Q3) Did the Reformation begin with Martin Luther? How did writers, thinkers, dissenters, and events prior to 1517 help prepare the way for Luther?
Q4) On the map of Italy, locate each of the following: Florence, where the revolt of the Ciompi occurred; Venice, which served as a model of republican government; and Lodi, where a peace treaty was signed.
Q5) Jesuits
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Chapter 9: Political and Economic Transformation: National
States, Overseas Expansion, Commercial Revolution
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Q1) The French monarchy of the seventeenth century has become virtually symbolic of royal absolutism. List some elements of the growth of royal power during the seventeenth century.
Q2) open-field system
Q3) Francisco Pizarro
Q4) What are the main factors that explain the expansion of Europe during the 15-17th centuries?
Q5) Which of the following sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean to India?
A) Ferdinand Magellan
B) Vasco da Gama
C) Bartholomeu Dias
D) Christopher Columbus
E) Henry the Navigator
Q6) the Tudor dynasty
Q7) The Bloodless Revolution.
Q8) Cardinal Richelieu
Q9) Putting-out system
Page 12
Q10) Vasco da Gama
Q11) Private enterprise
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Chapter 10: Intellectual Transformation: the Scientific
Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Which enlightenment thinker argued that humans are born with a mind that was a blank slate?
A) Descartes
B) Hume
C) Rousseau
D) Locke
E) Hobbes
Q2) heliocentric theory
Q3) Who published The Social Contract?
A) Locke
B) Hobbes
C) Diderot
D) Rousseau
E) Adam Smith
Q4) ______________ wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
A) Locke
B) Hobbes
C) Hume
D) Bacon
E) Smith
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Chapter 11: The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality
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Q1) Corsica
Q2) Concordat of 1801
Q3) The collapse of the alliance between France and Russia could be blamed on all of the following except
A) Russia's support of Spanish rebels
B) Russia's illicit trade with Britian
C) France's growing influence in Central Europe
D) the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
E) Napoleon's craving for glory
Q4) Banalities
Q5) The Continental System may be best associated with
A) the attempt to destroy Britain's economy.
B) the placement of Napoleon's relatives on thrones.
C) conscription for the Grand Army.
D) control of inflation on the European continent.
E) the attempt to defeat Italy.
Q6) "crowned Jacobin"
Q7) nationalism
Q8) "hundred days"
Page 15
Q9) émigrés
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Chapter 12: The Industrial Revolution: the Transformation of Society
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Q1) Manchester
Q2) All of the following are true of the working class in the nineteenth century except that A) they usually arrived in the city from agricultural areas.
B) they moved to the city without their families.
C) they worked for long hours, sometimes fifteen a day.
D) working and living conditions were terrible.
E) their labor barely contributed to industrialization.
Q3) The Municipal Corporations Act (1835)
Q4) The Education Act of 1870
Q5) Laissez faire
Q6) Samuel Crompton
Q7) Discuss how the classes of this era changed and affected society?
Q8) An early utopian reformer who preached the opportunity to create a new society was
A) Saint-Simon.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Frederick Engels.
D) Lenin.
E) Robert Owen.
Page 17
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Chapter 13: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century
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Q1) Conservatives view of society included all of the following except A) society needed Christianity or else it became brutalized.
B) the community is the building block of society.
C) society worked best when individuals were free and autonomous.
D) individualism could imperil stability.
E) religion is the basis of civil society.
Q2) Conservatism
Q3) Why was history a very important part of the work of Hegel? In what way did Hegel's view of freedom actually limit man's freedom of action? How did his ideas contrast with the ideas of the philosophes?
Q4) John Constable
Q5) George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Q6) John Keats
Q7) Volksgeist
Q8) Edmund Burke
Q9) William Wordsworth
Q10) Victor Hugo Page 19
Q11)
Q12) Absolute Spirit
Q13) Explain the connection between romantic thought and the growth of nationalism.
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Chapter 14: Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism:
Revolution, Counterrevolution, and Unification
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Q1) Bismarck believed that war with Austria was inevitable because
A) of religious differences between the two countries.
B) Austria was fomenting liberal reforms within Prussia.
C) Russia was encouraging Prussia to attack Austria.
D) Austria was preventing Prussia from dominating German Affairs.
E) the Kaiser William I had insulted Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria.
Q2) Which European leader ordered the collection of taxes without parliamentary approval?
A) Cavour
B) Mazzini
C) Bismarck
D) King William
E) Napoleon III
Q3) South Slavs
Q4) Trace the main events of the unification of either Italy or Germany. Discuss how great leaders influence such developments.
Q5) How did Bismarck use war to further his plan for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?
Q6) Risorgimento
Q7) Young Italy Page 21
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Chapter
15: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century: Realism, Positivism, Darwinism, and Social
Criticism
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Q1) The author of War and Peace is ___________.
A) Honore' de Balzac
B) Ivan Turgenev
C) Leo Tolstoy
D) Charles Dickens
E) Emile Zola
Q2) Positivism
Q3) Émile Zola
Q4) According to Karl Marx, how does history unfold? How is the movement of history connected to Marx's larger view of human society?
Q5) Which does NOT match up the author and book correctly?
A) David Friedrich Strauss and Life of Jesus
B) Karl Marx and Communist Manifesto
C) Sarah Grimke and Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
D) Harriet Martineau and Appeal of One Half of the Human Race
E) Charles Lyell and Principles of Geology
Q6) proletariat
Q7) How would you describe the relationship of Social Darwinism to Enlightenment Page 23
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Chapter 16: Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century:
Modernization, Nationalism, Imperialism
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Q1) Lydia Becker
Q2) Russo-Japanese War
Q3) Which of the following established an Open Door Policy in China?
A) The United States
B) Britain
C) Russia
D) France
E) russia
Q4) Who were the "Captains of Industry?"
A) Owners of small firms
B) railroad lines that controlled the movement goods
C) Owners of medium size firms that specialized in consumer goods
D) Owners of shipyards with extensive ties to global trade
E) Owners or managers of large firms with extraordinary economic and political power
Q5) Reform Bill of 1867
Q6) Ulster Volunteers
Q7) Discuss the meaning of the following terms: colony, protectorate, spheres of influence, and extraterritoriality.
Q8) Russo-Japanese War Page 25
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Chapter 17: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature,
Human Nature, and the Arts
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Q1) Georges Sorel
Q2) Pareto may be associated with which of the following concepts?
A) Even in a so-called democracy, power rests with a few individuals.
B) In the crowd, the individual loses one's identity.
C) Modern man suffers from a "disenchantment of the world."
D) A utopian community in which all are equal and in which all share equally will be possible through education.
E) Democracy constitutes a rule by the people.
Q3) Max Weber's steel cage referred to the
A) depersonalization that results from the proliferation of modern bureaucracy.
B) evils of Communism and its destruction of individuality.
C) commoditization of dissent and the dictatorship of democracy.
D) punishment of creativity and the modern penal system.
E) dehumanization of industrialization and the evils of capitalism.
Q4) How did the writings of philosophers like Nietzsche help to set the stage for the rise of totalitarian government of the twentieth-century?
Q5) Modernism
Q6) Wassily Kandinsky
Q7) Pablo Picasso
Page 27
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Chapter 18: World War I: the West in Despair
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Q1) Designate the following on a map of Europe: Polish Corridor, Danzig, Saar Basin, and Brest-Litovsk.
Q2) Which event triggered the outbreak of World War I?
A) Discovery of anti-Austrian messages of the Black Hand Society
B) A violent border clash of customs agents
C) A belligerent telegram of Kaiser Wilhelm to the Russian tsar
D) The internal crisis of Bosnia
E) The assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Q3) Which of the following statements does NOT describes how European nations viewed the reign and actions of Wilhelm II?
A) Britain was concerned that Germany was a major trade rival.
B) German emphasis on colonial territory threatened England's colonial power
C) Wilhelm was set on having the greatest navy in the world overtaking England.
D) Europe saw Germany as the greatest potential in stopping the spread of communism.
E) France allied with Russia giving it potential military ability to surround Germany.
Q4) Tannenberg
Q5) Alfred Von Schlieffen
Q6) Greater Serbia
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Chapter 19: An Era of Totalitarianism
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Q1) Joseph Stalin
Q2) List some of the main elements of twentieth-century existential thought.
Q3) Max Beckmann
Q4) What types of economic difficulties faced Italy and Germany before the fascist takeovers? Was there a radical shift in economic power structure as the Fascists and the Nazis responded to economic concerns when they achieved power?
Q5) Jean-Paul Sartre
Q6) Kristallnacht
Q7) How might different policies of the victorious powers towards Germany in the 1920s have forestalled the rise of Nazism?
Q8) Pablo Picasso's Guernica
A) memorialized a Spanish village bombed during the Spanish Civil War.
B) condemned the brutality of collectivization in the Ukraine.
C) depicted the Holocaust.
D) was the first anti-war novel published after WWI.
E) was an allegory of the failures of communism.
Q9) In what ways did the work of Lenin contribute to an ideology of world revolution?
Q10) Karl Jaspers
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Chapter 20: World War 2: Western Civilization in the Balance
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Q1) Of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, one may say that it
A) was really a minor victory.
B) was part of Japan's general interest in expanding into Southeast Asia.
C) was followed by Hitler's invasion of Poland.
D) destroyed carriers, but no battleships.
E) was a Japanese attempt to enforce the treaty of Versailles.
Q2) What was the fate of the majority of Soviet POWs held by the Nazis?
A) Death in the POW camps
B) Resettlement in the Balkans
C) Enlistment in Vlasov's army
D) Transport to Britain
E) Enlistment in the German army
Q3) Adolf Hitler's policy objectives included the destruction of the Versailles treaty, the conquest and colonization of Eastern Europe, and the
A) domination and exploitation of racial inferiors.
B) destruction of the United States.
C) destruction of England.
D) destruction of Italy.
E) destruction of France.
Q4) Battle of Midway
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Chapter 21: Europe After World War 2: Recovery and Realignment, 1945-1989
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Q1) Describe the major points of development that led to the establishment of the European Community.
Q2) The Truman Doctrine was the centerpiece of the new policy of A) consensus.
B) concentric.
C) containment.
D) co-operation.
E) contradiction.
Q3) Chancellor Schroder
Q4) Mikhail Gorbachev
Q5) Warsaw Pact
Q6) The initial cause of America's involvement in Vietnam was America's fear of ____ effect that would occur with the loss of South Vietnam to the north.
A) the domino
B) the spread of nuclear weapons
C) Asiatic military force led by Cambodia.
D) decolonization in Asia
E) nuclear war between China and the Soviet Union.
Q7) OPEC
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Chapter 22: The Troubled Present
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Q1) During the twentieth century, the world's population has virtually
A) doubled.
B) tripled.
C) quadrupled.
D) declined because of Aids in Africa.
E) declined because of the one child rule in China.
Q2) Slobodan Milosevic
Q3) According to the textbook, rising anti-Semitism is similar to Nazi anti-Semitism for all of the following except
A) efforts to blame Jews for all the problems in the country or region.
B) media images that portray Jewish people as sinister, devil like creatures.
C) dehumanizing efforts that label them as rats, bacteria, pigs, or apes.
D) accusations of conspiracies blaming them for numerous historical tragedies.
E) propagation of an ideal Aryan race in contrast to the Jews.
Q4) What prompted the American invasion of Afghanistan?
A) Fear that the Taliban were on the verge of developing a nuclear weapon
B) Fear that the Taliban possessed a stock of chemical weapons
C) The Taliban's refusal to surrender Osama bin Laden
D) To prevent the Afghans from invading Pakistan
E) The attack on the American interests in the Pacific by the Al Qaeda
Page 32
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