Course Introduction
Western Civilization II Study Guide Questions
Western Civilization II explores the major political, cultural, economic, and social developments in Europe and the wider Western world from the seventeenth century to the present. The course examines pivotal events such as the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, industrialization, the rise of nationalism, imperialism, the world wars, the Cold War, and the transformation of Western societies in the modern era. Through critical analysis of primary sources and historical interpretations, students will gain a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped contemporary Western civilization and their global implications.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first modern Homo sapiens
A) first appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago.
B) was a skilled hunter who had mastered the bow and arrow.
C) lived mostly in small groups near the sea.
D) mastered the art of making bronze tools and weapons.
E) appeared in Europe about one million years ago.
Answer: A
Q2) The cave in southern France, discovered in 1994 and that contains three hundred paintings of animals, is known as the ____ cave.
A) Lascaux
B) Chauvet
C) Andalusia
D) Pyrenees
E) Poitiers
Answer: B
Q3) Persian is not a Semitic but an Indo-European language.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) The founder of the Persian Empire, who defeated Babylon and freed the Jews from captivity in 539 B.C., was
A) Cyrus the Great.
B) Artaxerxes.
C) Cambyses.
D) Nebuchadnezzar II.
E) Solomon.
Answer: A
Q2) The Assyrian army was able to conquer and maintain an empire due to its A) ability to use diversified military tactics.
B) avoidance of siege warfare.
C) lenient treatment of rebellious subjects.
D) Assyria's naturally protected boundaries.
E) reliance exclusively upon massive armies of infantry soldiers.
Answer: A
Q3) The historian of The Persian Wars was Thucydides.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The strategoi in Athens
A) made the laws that governed the city.
B) was the judicial body.
C) administered the laws and was the day-to-day government.
D) kept the numerous slaves under control.
E) was a board of ten generals.
Answer: E
Q2) The rise of tyrants in the poleis in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.
A) had little to do with the development of the hoplite fighting force.
B) often encouraged the economic and cultural progress of the cities.
C) meant the increased oppression of the peasants.
D) crushed for good the power of the democratic oligarchies.
E) were supported by the aristocracy in order to control the merchant and artisan classes.
Answer: B
Q3) Aristotle
Answer: Not answer
Q4) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stoicism
A) was formed by Epicurus.
B) later became very popular with the Celts and Germans.
C) maintained that people could gain inner peace by seeking virtue and living according to nature.
D) believed in a material afterlife.
E) argued that one should free oneself from public activities and responsibilities.
Q2) upper-class women in Hellenistic society
Q3) How did Greek religion change during the Hellenistic period?
A) It changed to various kinds of emperor worship.
B) Fertility gods took the place of the classical Greek gods.
C) The Greeks became very receptive to the eastern religious mystery cults.
D) The Greeks reverted back to a form of animism.
E) It was deeply influenced by Buddhism, brought to the west by Alexander and his successors.
Q4) Antiochus IV
Q5) To what extent was Hellenistic civilization a hybrid of various Greek poleis's cultures accreted to traditions from farther east?
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) The Struggle of the Orders
A) was a violent conflict between Rome's citizens and their slaves.
B) was a violent struggle between the patricians and plebeians.
C) was a peaceful struggle between the patricians and plebeians, won completely by the patricians.
D) was a peaceful revolution in which the plebeians were completely victorious.
E) was a peaceful struggle which resulted in political compromise.
Q2) After the Latin revolt (440-338 B.C.E.) Rome
A) sacked, plundered, and destroyed the Latin cities.
B) gave the Latin cities complete independence.
C) isolated itself from other societies on the peninsula.
D) enrolled the Latin cities as military allies.
E) asked the Latin cities to be more understanding.
Q3) The Carthaginian general who marauded through the Italian peninsula during the Second Punic War was Hamilcar Barca.
A)True
B)False
Q4) paterfamilias
Q5) First Triumvirate
Q6) equites and nobiles
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) The "good emperor" Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of
A) Epicurianism.
B) Stoicism.
C) Platonism.
D) Christianity.
E) Zoroastrianism.
Q2) Identify the correct relationship between "golden age" author and his major work:
A) Virgil Amores
B) Ovid Aeneid
C) Horace History of Rome
D) Cicero The Georgics
E) Ovid The Art of Love
Q3) bishops
Q4) One historian has said that the Romans became Christians and the Christians became Romans. Discuss. Be specific.
Q5) Virgil's Aeneid
Q6) Septimius Severis
Q7) Mithraism
Page 8
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) By 395, the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire became virtually two independent states.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Augustine's Confessions was written as
A) a response to pagan philosophers' attacks on Christianity.
B) a warning to unbelievers that damnation awaited the unbaptized.
C) an epic poem to rival the works of the greatest pagan poets.
D) an account of his own miraculous personal conversion.
E) a tool to convert the German barbarians.
Q3) Cassiodorus
Q4) The best example of Hiberno-Saxon art is
A) a Viking war ship.
B) a long sword.
C) the Book of Kells.
D) the architecture at the monastery of Whitby
E) the Hagia Sophia
Q5) jihad
Q6) caliph
Q7) Saint Anthony Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter
8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) Carolingian society was marked by all of the following except
A) the use of bleeding to cure illness.
B) a total disinterest in bodily cleanliness.
C) different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor.
D) the vices of gluttony and drunkenness.
E) considerable violence.
Q2) The best-known of the Abbasid caliphs was
A) al-Ma'mun.
B) Ibn Fadlan.
C) Abu al-Abbas.
D) al-Mas'udi.
E) Harun al-Rashid.
Q3) scriptoria
Q4) In feudal Europe, a manor was
A) a wheeled plow used to turn heavy clay soils.
B) a light chain mail vest, worn over a hauberk.
C) a traditional way of cultivating relationships between ruler and ruled.
D) an agricultural estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants.
E) a polite way of treating a man of low birth.
Q5) Alcuin of York
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from A) mountain streams, piped in by aqueducts.
B) rivers.
C) evaporation mats and holding tanks.
D) rainwater.
E) wells.
Q2) pointed arch and flying buttress
Q3) The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in A) England.
B) the Netherlands.
C) Spain.
D) Sweden.
E) France.
Q4) In northern Europe, the center of trade and manufacturing in the Middle Ages was Flanders, famous for its production of high-quality woolen cloth.
A)True
B)False
Q5) horse collar
Q6) Flanders
Q7) Gothic Page 12
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) Robert Guiscard
Q2) Canossa
Q3) Cistercians
Q4) Alexander Nevsky
Q5) Scandinavia by the twelfth century
A) remained largely pagan and resistant to European culture.
B) contained the continent's most powerful nation, Sweden.
C) entered into a period of relative peace within and between local kingdoms.
D) had accepted Christianity through the agency of local kings who wished to better organize and govern their states.
E) abandoned their marriage alliances with the Holy Roman Empire.
Q6) Parliament in England originally arose from the
A) popular demand of the people.
B) insistence of the nobles.
C) military victory over France.
D) old Celtic tradition of Druidic councils.
E) king's need to collect new taxes.
Q7) Pope Urban at Clermont
Q8) Teutonic Knights
Page 14
Q9) Aragon and Castile
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Page 15
Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) How did the adversities of the fourteenth century affect urban life and medical practices at the time?
Q2) The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death
A) were instigated at the calling of the Catholic church.
B) led to the execution of nearly all of the Jews in eastern Europe.
C) was the result of the decline in popular religious movements and manifestations.
D) had little to do with financial motives.
E) reached their worst excesses in German cities.
Q3) France's "first woman of letters" was
A) Pope Joan.
B) Joan of Arc.
C) Heloise.
D) Christine de Pizan
E) Simone de Beauvoir.
Q4) What major problems did European states face in the fourteenth century? How are these problems evident in the history of England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire?
Q5) "little ice age"
Q6) Black Death
Page 16
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was
A) Battista Sforza.
B) Isabella d'Este.
C) Christina of Milan.
D) Catherine de Medici.
E) Christine de Pizan.
Q2) The word "Renaissance" means
A) rebirth.
B) new world.
C) maturation.
D) escape.
E) culture.
Q3) Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to
A) ignore nature and paint for expression.
B) experiment in areas of perspective.
C) copy the works of previous artists.
D) move away from the study of anatomical structure.
E) focused entirely upon the natural landscape in reaction to the spiritual ideals of the Middle Ages.
Q4) condottieri
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Union of Utrecht
Q2) What were the sources of discontent among the Catholic clergy on the eve of the Reformation? What were the manifestations of popular religious piety on the eve of the Reformation?
Q3) Luther's ideas were spread primarily through
A) his translation of the Bible into Latin.
B) word of mouth by merchants.
C) sermons.
D) imperial edicts and proclamations.
E) German princes.
Q4) Discuss the chief ideas of Calvinism and show how they were similar to the ideas of Lutheranism. How did they vary from the ideas of Lutheranism? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?
Q5) In his On the Freedom of a Christian Man, Martin Luther wrote, "Good works make a good man."
A)True
B)False
Q6) Charles V
Q7) Ignatius Loyola
Page 18
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Chapter 14: europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800
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Q1) "sugar factories"
Q2) the asiento
Q3) compass and astrolabe
Q4) Britain's Navigation Acts
Q5) Afonso de Albuquerque
Q6) Tokugawa Ieyasu established the longest-lasting of the Japanese shogunates, which retained power from the early sixteenth century until 1868.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Given its relatively small population and lack of obvious resources, why was the Dutch Republic so successful in establishing a profitable overseas empire?
Q8) the Gold Coast
Q9) Hernan Cortés and Moctezuma
Q10) Christopher Columbus
Q12) Why did the slave trade come to rely on the peoples of West Africa, and with what Page 19
Q11) Compare and contrast Portuguese and Spanish reasons and methods of exploration and expansion.
consequences for all parties involved?
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The War of Spanish Succession ended when Philip V of Spain
A) moved to Cuba.
B) was killed in battle.
C) united the thrones of France and Spain.
D) retired to a monastery.
E) conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones.
Q2) What was "new" about Baroque art, and how did it reflect or impact the culture of the seventeenth century?
Q3) Versailles
Q4) the Orthodox Church
Q5) Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Q6) Edict of Fontainebleau
Q7) the Restoration
Q8) As a result of the Glorious Revolution, by the beginning of the eighteenth century, Parliament was absolutely supreme and the monarch had become merely a figurehead.
A)True
B)False
Q9) Levellers
Page 21
Q10) Baroque
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Q1) The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
A) fund-raising events for medical research.
B) scientific journals appearing regularly.
C) code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals.
D) college departments for scientific study.
E) international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.
Q2) Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories
A) Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
B) Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun.
C) Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe.
D) Galileo and Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging.
E) Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.
Q3) alchemy and hermetic magic
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) deism
Q2) Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?
A) Bach
B) Handel
C) Haydn
D) Beethoven
E) Mozart
Q3) The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
A) scientific theism.
B) an abandonment of the scientific method.
C) intellectual stagnation.
D) the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E) the social sciences.
Q4) Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
Q5) Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling
Q6) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Q7) John Locke's tabula rasa
Q8) Carnival Page 24
Q9) Realschule and Volkschulen
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Compare the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states, France and Great Britain? How were they alike? How were they different?
Q2) France in the eighteenth century
A) thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B) suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C) was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D) lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E) brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.
Q3) partitions of Poland
Q4) Robert Walpole
Q5) Who benefited the most from the Seven Years' War?
Q6) Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?
A) fish.
B) tomatoes.
C) wheat.
D) rice.
E) potatoes.
Q7) the United Kingdom
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) Did Napoleon embody the Enlightenment?
Q2) Napoleon has been considered the greatest general of all time. Using examples from the text, defend or refute this statement.
Q3) Napoleon said that perhaps the world would have been better off if neither he nor Rousseau had ever lived. What did he mean?
Q4) the Tennis Court Oath
Q5) The French economy of the eighteenth century was
A) growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
B) stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade.
C) declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land.
D) based largely on the silk industry.
E) was entirely based upon agricultural production.
Q6) What caused the French Revolution?
Q7) Prior to the revolution in France, the peasants owned only 10 percent of all land, though they constituted approximately 80 percent of the population.
A)True
B)False
Q8) the Concordat
Q9) Declaration of Pillnitz Page 27
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) trade unions
Q2) cotton industry
Q3) the American system
Q4) Britain's Poor Law Commission
Q5) Discuss the concept of the 'middle-class' and its relation to the Industrial Revolution.
Q6) Many of the exhibits shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851 were housed in the Crystal Palace, a giant building constructed of glass and iron.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
A) Britain had more unskilled laborers.
B) there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S.
C) there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.
D) there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
E) there was a labor surplus in the U.S.
Q8) agricultural revolution
Q9) Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Page 29
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Q2) Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for A) freedom of religion.
B) economic liberalism.
C) the sanctity of marriage.
D) constitutional monarchy.
E) unfettered monarchy.
Q3) Thomas Malthus
Q4) the congress system
Q5) The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was
A) European economic collapse.
B) the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C) the sheer size of South America.
D) growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E) British naval power.
Q6) neo-Gothic architecture
Q7) Greek Revolt
Q8) utopian socialism
Page 31
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867
A) created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
B) freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory labor services with the Austrian Empire.
C) made Austria part of the North German Confederation.
D) granted the Czechs and Slovenes home-rule.
E) created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
Q2) The Russian group People's Will
A) was the nickname for zemstvos.
B) was the nickname for the Tsar's secret police.
C) assassinated Tsar Alexander II.
D) tried, but failed, to assassinated Tsar Alexander II.
E) was a popular children's theater in Moscow.
Q3) The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
A) France.
B) Spain.
C) Papal States.
D) Savoy.
E) Austria.
Q4) Reform Act of 1867
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Between 1850 and 1910, European population
A) increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B) actually decreased slightly.
C) increased from 140 to 190 million.
D) stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E) declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.
Q2) Marxist "revisionism"
Q3) domestic servants
Q4) The English Reform Act of 1884
A) enfranchised women.
B) gave English agricultural workers the right to vote.
C) did not dramatically increase the size of the electorate.
D) increased the total number of members in the House of Commons.
E) increased middle-class representative in Parliament.
Q5) Discuss the structure of European society between 1870 and 1894. Why do historians focus so much attention on the middle class during this period?
Q6) Michael Bakunin and anarchism
Q7) Bismarck's welfare legislation
Q8) Octavia Hill
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) The basis of the Bismarckian System was
A) the acquisition of a huge overseas empire.
B) the isolation of France through a series of military alliances.
C) an enhanced civil service.
D) the creation of a German war college.
E) the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.
Q2) Inquiry into the disintegrative processes within atoms became a central theme in the new physics in part due to the experimental work of
A) Einstein on cosmic rays and gravity.
B) Marie and Pierre Curie on radium and radiation.
C) Planck on quanta.
D) Pasteur on microbes and infection.
E) Bergson on time and the "life force."
Q3) Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors
Q4) Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Q5) trasformismo
Q6) Ernst Renan's Life of Jesus
Q7) Suez Canal
Q8) Boer War
Page 35
Q9) Emile Zola and Leo Tolstoy
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Chapter
25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century
Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) V.I. Lenin
A) was a central figure in the establishment of a provisional government.
B) denounced the use of revolutionary violence in his "April Theses."
C) with strong middle-class support, led the formation of a new, democratic labor party.
D) remained in neutral Switzerland until the Armistice was signed.
E) as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "peace, land, and bread."
Q2) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
Q3) In the Balkans crisis of the summer of 1914, Russia gave diplomatic support to Austria-Hungary in the hope of restraining Germany's William II from ordering an invasion of Russia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Petrograd
Q5) Bolsheviks
Q6) Discuss the course of the first two years of World War I: Why did many people expect a short war? Why was it not a short war? Why did World War I become a "war of attrition"? Why did the warring nations, worn out by the end of 1916, not make peace?
Page 37
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) German Expressionism
Q2) What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the European states respond to the Great Depression?
Q3) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States
A) were successful by 1932.
B) virtually eliminated unemployment.
C) brought about government ownership of most industries.
D) brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament.
E) were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Q4) The settlement in 1925 by which Germany agreed to accept its border with France was known as the
A) Berne Protocol.
B) Treaty of Versailles.
C) Rapollo Agreement.
D) Geneva Accord.
E) Treaty of Locarno.
Q5) Louis H. Sullivan and the Chicago School
Q6) "stream of consciousness"
Q7) Nuremberg laws Page 38
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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Q1) The official reason for dropping atomic bombs on Japan was
A) to punish Japan for Pearl Harbor.
B) to test out the new weapon to see how powerful it was.
C) a shortage of conventional explosive materials in the United States.
D) to save the hundreds of thousands of American lives it was calculated that a U.S.-led invasion of Japan would cost.
E) to force the Japanese emperor to give up his claims to divinity and to abdicate.
Q2) J. Robert Oppenheimer
Q3) Battle of Kursk
Q4) Between April and June, 1940, Nazi Germany captured all of the following countries except
A) the Soviet Union.
B) Norway.
C) France.
D) Belgium.
E) the Netherlands.
Q5) "diplomatic revolution"
Q6) Battle of Midway
Q7) "peace for our time"
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Q1) Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic
Q2) African independence parties were usually led by A) Western-educated intellectuals.
B) unemployed urban workers.
C) Moscow-trained Communists.
D) disgruntled peasants, fearful of being besieged by western agricultural surpluses.
E) religious leaders, both Christian and Muslim.
Q3) the "consumer society"
Q4) Great Leap Forward
Q5) The Indonesian president who was suspicious of the West, sought economic aid from China and the Soviet Union, and relied at home on a native communist party was A) Suharto.
B) Sukarno.
C) Nehru.
D) Gandhi.
E) Sukarnoputri.
Q6) PLO, al-Fatah, and Yasir Arafat
Q7) Mahatma Gandhi and an "orgy of blood"
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) Nixon and Zedong and a "strategic relationship"
Q2) The European writer who used fantasy to examine more issues and who remained confident about the human condition was
A) Albert Camus.
B) Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
C) Thomas Mann.
D) James Joyce.
E) Milan Kundera.
Q3) Grace Hopper and COBOL
Q4) Would it be accurate to say that all, or at least most, of the popular culture of this period was Postmodern?
Q5) In the late 1970s, punk rock music was exemplified by
A) the Sex Pistols.
B) the Rolling Stones.
C) the Beatles.
D) Grandmaster Flash.
E) Achtung Baby.
Q6) "magic realism" and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude
Q7) "equivalence"
Q8) the Prague Spring Page 42
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
(Since 1985)
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Q1) The first independence movements among the Soviet republics during Gorbachev's rule occurred in the Baltic area of
A) Afghanistan.
B) Azerbaijan.
C) Lithuania.
D) Georgia.
E) Chechnya.
Q2) Under perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev
A) intended to frighten the United States with more military spending.
B) intended to create a more free and open political culture in the USSR.
C) intended to turn all power over to the people.
D) intended to restructure the economic and political systems.
E) intended to do nothing substantial.
Q3) Apple's iPod was introduced in
A) 1975.
B) 1985.
C) 1991.
D) 2001.
E) 2005.
Q4) Commonwealth of Independent States
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