Course Introduction
Western Civilization II
Pre-Test Questions
Western Civilization II explores the development of Western societies from the seventeenth century to the present. The course examines key political, cultural, intellectual, and economic changes in Europe and the wider world, including the Enlightenment, revolutions, industrialization, imperialism, the world wars, and the Cold War era. Through the study of primary documents and historical interpretations, students gain insight into the forces that have shaped modern Western identity, the challenges of modernization, and the complex interactions between Europe and other regions in an increasingly global context.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
2141 Verified Questions
2141 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) For administrative purposes in the Old Kingdom, Egypt was
A)divided into provinces called nomes and governed by nomarchs.
B)totally ruled by the pharaoh in all facets of government.
C)divided into military districts directly responsible to an army commander.
D)a parliamentary government with representatives from each district.
E)ruled by hereditary governors.
Answer: A
Q2) The cave in southern France, discovered in 1994 and that contains three hundred paintings of animals, is known as the ____ cave.
A)Lascaux
B)Chauvet
C)Andalusia
D)Pyrenees
E)Poitiers
Answer: B
Q3) The Egyptians fought the Sea Peoples at the Battle of Kadesh.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) The elite infantry of the Persian army were known as the A)Immortals.
B)Marines.
C)Praetorian Guard.
D)Assassins.
E)Invisibles.
Answer: A
Q2) The sun god, who became a helper of Ahuramazda and later, in Roman times, the source of another religion, was A)Avesta.
B)Osiris.
C)Buddha.
D)Vishnu.
E)Mithra.
Answer: E
Q3) Most Hebrews believed that monogamy was the preferred form of marriage. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the Greeks, the term arete described the A)moral failure of cowards.
B)striving for excellence.
C)avoidance of destructive competition.
D)duties of a citizen.
E)essential virtues of ordinary women.
Answer: B
Q2) Homer's Iliad points out the
A)exalted position of women in Greek society.
B)Greeks' rejection of slavery.
C)absolute abhorrence of violence by the Greeks.
D)superiority of the military phalanx over the aristocratic cavalry.
E)honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle.
Answer: E
Q3) The establishment of the hoplite military system based upon the phalanx formation was entirely a military phenomenon, having no impact on the political or social life of the Greek city-state.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Sample Questions
Q1) By the 1st century B.C.E., which of the following was the largest city in the Mediterranean?
A)Antioch
B)Rome
C)Athens
D)Carthage
E)Alexandria
Q2) What made Alexander such a successful general? Give examples from his military campaigns.
Q3) Discuss the major characteristics of Hellenistic cities.How did these urban centers differ from the Greek city-states of the classical era?
Q4) Seleucus was especially active in founding new cities after Alexander's death.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did Greek religious practices in the Hellenistic era differ from those in the classical era?
Q6) Did women's lives improve during the Hellenistic Era? Why or why not?
Q7) Discuss the rise of Macedonia and its successful takeover of the Greek world, in regards to both Macedonian strengths and Greek weaknesses.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Q1) The main achievement of the Hortensian law in Roman constitutional history was its
A)removal of patricians from civic government.
B)establishment of the death penalty for treason against the state.
C)ruling that all plebiscita passed by the plebeian assembly had the force of law and were binding even upon the patricians.
D)banishment of all Greek law from the Roman legal system.
E)giving citizenship to non-Romans.
Q2) Which of the following statements best applies to Roman education?
A)Foreigners were not allowed to become teachers.
B)Boys and girls were educated through a rigorous public school system borrowed from the Spartans.
C)The wealthy classes wanted training in Greek and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking, for their children.
D)Study of foreign languages was prohibited to purify the Latin language.
E)There were many public schools, with scholarships made available to the poor.
Q3) Discuss the role of the Senate, powerful generals, and politicians in the collapse of the Roman Republic.
Q4) Was Julius Caesar a man of the common people, or was he a tyrant in the making?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the correct relationship between "golden age" author and his major work:
A)Virgil-Amores
B)Ovid-Aeneid
C)Horace-History of Rome
D)Cicero-The Georgics
E)Ovid-The Art of Love
Q2) Augustus's social legislation
A)meant a social revolution at every level of Roman society.
B)made adultery a criminal offense and outlawed wasteful expenditures for feasts.
C)penalized couples for having too many children.
D)encouraged the development of the nuclear family.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) Trade and commerce in the Early Empire
A)hindered the development of manufacturing.
B)was focused mainly in the provinces of Gaul and Britain.
C)was secondary in importance to agriculture.
D)was unaffected by the building of roads.
E)never was as fully developed as it was during the republican period.
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Byzantine armies from Constantinople were responsible for the destruction of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare and contrast Byzantine and Islamic civilizations of the east with the civilization developing in western Europe.
Q3) The famous Hagia Sophia is recognizable by
A)a large dome, symbolizing the sphere of heaven.
B)massive columns, symbolizing the power of the state.
C)high spires, symbolizing aspiration to the divine.
D)statues of monsters and snakes, representing the underworld.
E)a simple flat roof, symbolizing the temple of Solomon.
Q4) Jerome is known for all of the following EXCEPT
A)his mastery of Latin prose.
B)his skills as a linguist.
C)his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
D)his final return to pagan heresy and rejection of key Christian doctrines.
E)becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was
A)his creation and effective government of a new "Roman Empire" with the aid of the eastern Slavs.
B)refusing to employ high church officials as royal administrators.
C)defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern Europe.
D)his conversion to Orthodox Christianity.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the A)Basques.
B)Avars.
C)Saxons.
D)Lombards.
E)Ostrogoths.
Q3) Compare and contrast Islamic civilization with the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries.How did they mutually affect one another?
Q4) Was European civilization from 750 to 1000 characterized more by continuity or change?
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Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages
A)were frequently motivated by the love brides and grooms felt for one another.
B)still included violent blood rituals of betrothal dating back to pagan times.
C)usually occurred when both bride and groom were in their teens.
D)were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth.
E)required to be always performed by archbishops and popes.
Q2) Students in medieval universities
A)came strictly from the upper class.
B)usually started their instruction while in their late twenties.
C)often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.
D)were both male and female.
E)learned in the vernacular.
Q3) What burdens did medieval female aristocrats have to confront, and what freedoms did they enjoy?
Q4) What were some of the reasons for the revival of Classical antiquity in the High Middle Ages?
Q5) What practices, ideas, requirements, and activities shaped the life of a medieval peasant family?
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) How does the behavior of Saint Francis of Assisi exemplify a return to early Christian ideals of church organization and operation? What does his great popularity and veneration among ordinary Europeans indicate about popular religion in medieval times?
Q2) Dominic de Guzman, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers, A)was chiefly concerned with limiting papal power.
B)did not embrace the necessity of poverty for the members of new church orders.
C)was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.
D)worked most closely with popes to reform the College of Cardinals.
E)preached on street corners to common people.
Q3) Within Europe, the most popular sites for Christian pilgrims were Rome and Paris. A)True B)False
Q4) What accounted for the frequent discords between popes and monarchs? Was there a universal cause of friction?
Q5) Explain the importance of the veneration of saints, the use of relics, and the act of pilgrimage for ordinary people in the High Middle Ages.
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) How did the adversities of the fourteenth century affect urban life and medical practices at the time?
Q2) The Decameron is set
A)in London during the Hundred Years' War.
B)in Rome during the Great Schism.
C)in German lands after the Golden Bull.
D)in Paris during the Avignon papacy.
E)in Florence at the time of the Black Death.
Q3) The Great Schism reflected the divisions
A)among the Italian city-states.
B)between the French and the Burgundians.
C)among the German territorial princes.
D)between the English and the French in the Hundred Years' War.
E)between Christians and Muslims in Spain.
Q4) What changes occurred in the political life of Italy during the fourteenth century?
Q5) Evaluate the social, military, economic, and political consequences of the introduction and use of cannons and gunpowder.
Q7) What led to the papacy's decline during the fourteenth century? Page 13
Q6) What were the greatest short-term and long-term consequences of the Black Death?
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" EXCEPT
A)Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)Henry VII of England.
C)Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain.
D)Louis XI the Spider of France.
E)Isabella of Castile.
Q2) Who painted The Last Supper?
A)da Vinci
B)Michelangelo
C)Caravaggio
D)van Eyck
E)Botticelli
Q3) Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must
A)strive to earn the love of his people.
B)follow Christian principles in all his endeavors.
C)care for the weak, poor, and helpless.
D)kill all opposition immediately without consideration of the consequences.
E)act without scruples for the good of the state.
Q4) How did the artistic Renaissance differ in Italy and northern Europe?
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Reformation in England under Henry VIII
A)was triggered by Henry's desire for a male heir.
B)enacted a total renunciation of Catholic doctrine.
C)was organized and enacted by Thomas More.
D)resulted in Parliament's authority over all matters of religious doctrine and discipline. E)stemmed from overwhelming discontent with the Catholic Church in England.
Q2) Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in A)England.
B)France.
C)Italy.
D)Spain.
E)Scandinavia.
Q3) Calvin's success in which city enabled it to become the vibrant center of Protestantism?
A)Geneva.
B)Paris.
C)Edinburgh.
D)London.
E)Worms.
Page 16
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Chapter
1500-1800
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Q1) Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at
A)one million.
B)two million.
C)five million.
D)ten million.
E)twenty-five million.
Q2) The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was
A)Paris.
B)London.
C)Rome.
D)Vienna.
E)Amsterdam.
Q3) The man who established the first school for mariners was
A)King Henry II of France.
B)Prince Henry of Portugal.
C)King Henry VIII of England.
D)Prince Henry of Orange in the Netherlands.
E)Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.
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Q4) What was "exchanged" in the Columbian exchange, and who gained the most?
Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by A)any member of the Sejm.
B)the Holy Roman Emperor.
C)the King of Poland.
D)the Polish Supreme Court.
E)the King of Russia.
Q2) Peter the Great's ambition was to make Russia more like
A)Austria.
B)Poland.
C)Prussia.
D)its former self.
E)western Europe.
Q3) The Austrian monarchy never became a highly centralized, absolutist state, in part because it included too many different national groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Thirty Years' War has often been called the "last of the religious wars."
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
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Q1) The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly overthrew traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Maria Sibylla Merian
A)gained fame as an important entomologist.
B)was trained at the University of Berlin.
C)earned her a place in the Royal Academy of Science.
D)completed much of her scientific work in Africa.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because
A)as a Protestant, he felt free to interpret Scripture in a non-literal fashion.
B)it earned him entrance into the Royal Academy of Science.
C)it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.
D)he wanted to prove the theories of his patron, the prince of Parma
E)he argued that the sun is the source of all energy on earth.
Q4) How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?
Page 19
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of laissez-faire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?
A)Scotland and Ireland
B)France and Austria
C)Italy and Spain
D)Sweden and Poland
E)England and Germany
Q3) The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
A)carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court.
B)less severe than the crime would merit.
C)the responsibility of the army.
D)public and very gruesome.
E)carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.
Q4) What ideas and values defined the Enlightenment?
Q5) John Wesley and Methodism
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Although Enlightenment intellectuals attacked many elements of their society, they enthusiastically supported the divinely sanctioned division of society into traditional "estates" or "orders."
A)True
B)False
Q2) The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
A)Transylvania.
B)Bavaria.
C)Silesia.
D)Bohemia.
E)Haupstadt.
Q3) The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
A)Catherine.
B)Elizabeth.
C)Marie Antoinette.
D)Maria Theresa.
E)Anna.
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Q4) Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?
Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?
A)Much autonomy was given to the provincial departments, as the previous system of prefects was overhauled.
B)His "new aristocracy" was actually little different from the old, as it was based on privilege and wealth.
C)His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.
D)As a devout Catholic, he reestablished Catholicism as the official state religion.
E)He abolished most of the civilian bureaucracy, preferring to govern by military rule.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?
A)Each month consisted of three ten-day weeks.
B)Most Christian holidays were kept.
C)No efforts were made to enforce it.
D)It was meant to signal a new beginning for the nation.
E)It was part of the government's program of de-Christianization.
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Page 22
Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) By 1860 the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?
A)10 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 to 80 percent
E)90 to 95 percent
Q2) By 1850, the European population
A)could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
B)was close to figures from 1800.
C)was over 58 million.
D)was over 173 million.
E)was over 265 million.
Q3) In Britain, the Industrial Revolution was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while industrialization on the Continent was led by the cotton industry.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Did governments do more to promote the interests of workers or of employers during the Industrial Revolution, and why?
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward
A)the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies.
B)appeasing the public outcry against the barbarism of the ordeal and the rack.
C)protecting the poor from exploitation by rich businessmen.
D)adding an element of fear to society for psychological manipulation of mass populations.
E)ensuring the continuance of oligarchic government.
Q2) The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is
A)José de San Martín.
B)Simón Bolívar.
C)Guillermo Pelgrón.
D)Simón Carreño.
E)Pancho Villa.
Q3) Klemens von Metternich
A)supported much of the revolutionary ideology after Napoleon's defeat.
B)thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
C)had little influence because of his extreme conservatism.
D)was anti-religious and supported atheistic causes.
E)believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.
Page 24
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Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The American Civil War (1861-1865)
A)was ended by the Missouri Compromise.
B)was highly destructive due to the equal balance of forces between North and South.
C)was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.
D)did not completely eradicate slavery in all of the states due to local referendums on the question.
E)led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.
Q2) By 1870, by far the largest producer of pig iron was A)the United Sates.
B)Great Britain.
C)Imperial Germany.
D)France.
E)Russia.
Q3) Canada largely gained its independence in
A)1802 in the Provinces of Canada Act.
B)1812 as a result of the War of 1812.
C)1860 as a consequence of the American invasion of Ontario and Quebec.
D)1867 with the Dominion of Canada Act.
E)1848 with the publication of the Communist Manifesto.
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Page 25
Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) Emigration from Europe was spurred by
A)economic opportunities in the Americas.
B)cheap shipping fares.
C)religious persecution.
D)the persecution of ethnic minorities.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
A)were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty line.
B)offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
C)were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.
D)viewed progress with distrust, as they did not wish to lose their economic gains. E)were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.
Q3) Discuss the structure of European society between 1870 and 1894.Why do historians focus so much attention on the middle class during this period?
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1894-1914
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Q1) According to relativity theory
A)space is absolute but time is relative to the observer.
B)time is absolute but space is relative to the observer.
C)neither time nor space is absolute but relative to the observer.
D)time and space are both absolute.
E)both time and space had an existence independent of human experience.
Q2) Modernism in music included all of the following elements EXCEPT
A)attraction to the exotic.
B)the exclusive use of extremely regular rhythms.
C)nationalist themes.
D)folk music.
E)the lure of the primitive.
Q3) Theodor Herzl, the leader of the Zionist movement,
A)advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
B)advocated the development of separate Jewish communities in European cities.
C)argued that Jewish assimilation into western European society would only be complete when Jews renounced their religious beliefs.
D)argued that living conditions for Jews were better in eastern Europe than in western Europe.
Page 27
E)demanded that war be declared against the Ottoman Empire.
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Chapter 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) The chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to
A)punish Germany and gain security for France.
B)help Germany become a democracy.
C)maintain a demilitarized Europe.
D)limit Britain's influence on the continent.
E)establish the League of Nations.
Q2) The 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany resulted in Russia's loss of
A)Finland.
B)Poland.
C)Ukraine.
D)the Baltic provinces.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917
A)gave the nearly-defeated Allied Powers a psychological boost.
B)was greatly feared by the German naval staff.
C)was a response to Turkey's entrance into the war on the side of the Central Powers.
D)put an end to Germany's use of unlimited submarine warfare.
E)was an attempt to keep Russia in the war after the February Revolution.
Page 28
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) James Joyce's famous novel featuring "stream-of-consciousness" was
A)Ulysses
B)Steppenwolf.
C)Mrs.Dalloway.
D)Jacob's Room.
E)Demian.
Q2) The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed
A)the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture.
B)real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically. C)millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps.
D)an abundance of permissive social legislation.
E)an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.
Q3) Sixty-three nations pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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Q1) The nation that experienced the greatest population losses in World War II was
A)the Soviet Union.
B)Nazi Germany.
C)the United States.
D)Great Britain.
E)France.
Q2) Japan's attack on Manchuria resulted in condemnation by the League of Nations and Japan's withdrawal from the League.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Chief among the reasons for Japanese expansion in the 1930s were
A)an expanding population and severe lack of natural resources on the island nation.
B)intense hatreds for the Chinese and Chinese culture.
C)desires by ruling military leaders to test their newly developed and newly organized armed forces.
D)beliefs among the Japanese that they were a "master race" destined to rule all of Asia.
E)fear of Chinese imperial aggression unless the Japanese struck first.
Q4) When and why did the initiative in World War II pass out of Germany's hands?
Page 30
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Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was
A)Scandinavia.
B)Western Europe.
C)North Africa.
D)Eastern Europe.
E)East Asia.
Q2) Yugoslavia from World War II through 1960 was characterized by
A)its close alliance with the West in the Cold War.
B)a strict adherence to Stalinist-style Communism.
C)the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union.
D)its adoption of a Maoist rather than the Stalinist model of communism.
E)its complete rejection of Marxian economics.
Q3) In 1961, the West constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent East German communists from emigrating to western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How and why did the Cold War in Europe differ from the Cold War in Asia?
Q5) In what ways were Khrushchev's policies a departure from those of Stalin?
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) The American president Jimmy Carter proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "Star Wars."
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the late 1970s, punk rock music was exemplified by A)the Sex Pistols.
B)the Rolling Stones.
C)the Beatles.
D)Grandmaster Flash.
E)U2.
Q3) The Soviet launch of Sputnik occurred in A)1949.
B)1952.
C)1955. D)1957.
E)1960.
Q4) Is "Americanization" the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
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Q5) What major economic problems and consequences plagued the West during the 1970s?
Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global
Age Since 1985
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Q1) Dmitry Medvedev was succeeded as president of Russia in 2012 by
A)Boris Yeltsin.
B)Nikolai Patrushev.
C)Vladimir Putin.
D)Nikolay Kovalyov.
E)Viktor Zubkov.
Q2) All of the following are true of Pope John Paul II EXCEPT
A)being the first non-Italian pope since the sixteenth century.
B)holding liberal views on birth control and women in the priesthood.
C)condemning nuclear weapons and war.
D)being a strong believer in social justice.
E)traveling widely.
Q3) The justifications that George W.Bush used for invading Iraq in 2003 were agreed upon by most members of the United Nations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) European debt crisis
Q5) World Bank, multinational/transnational corporations, GATT, and the WTO
Q6) Is capitalism the dominant force on the planet today?
Q7) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since 1985? Page 33
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