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Western Civilization I provides a comprehensive overview of the origins and development of Western societies from the ancient Near East through the Renaissance. The course traces key historical events, cultural achievements, political institutions, philosophical ideas, and religious traditions that have shaped the Western world. Students will explore the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the rise of Christianity, the formation of medieval Europe, and the transformative impact of the Renaissance. Through analysis of primary sources and historical narratives, the course examines the interactions, conflicts, and legacies that continue to influence modern Western culture.
Recommended Textbook
The Western Heritage Combined Volume 11th Edition by Donald M. Kagan
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Q1) By the fifth century b.c.e. ,most Greeks believed that laws should be obeyed because they are ________.
A)divinely established and obedience would appease the gods
B)made by humans and represented the consent of the citizens
C)made by humans and represented the will of the gods
D)established by humans to appease supernatural forces
Answer: B
Q2) Assyrian rulers relied on a system that used governors and military governors because of their empire's ________.
A)use of slavery
B)instability
C)oppressive tax system
D)vast size
Answer: D
Q3) The Jews conceived of their god as ________.
A)human
B)supernatural
C)human in shape but not nature
D)a force of nature
Answer: B
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Q1) An effect of Draco's special authority to codify and publish laws for the first time was the ________.
A)granting of rights of habeas corpus
B)granting of the right of the accused to face their accuser
C)publication of set laws that applied to all of the lower classes
D)publication of laws strengthening the hand of the state against powerful nobles
Answer: D
Q2) The highest virtue in Homeric society was ________.
Answer: arete
Q3) Who was fairly called the "father of Athenian democracy"?
A)Solon
B)Pisistratus
C)Hippias
D)Clisthenes
Answer: D
Q4) Crete was the site of the earliest Bronze Age settlement,and modern scholars have called the civilization that arose there ________ after the legendary king of Crete.
Answer: Minoan
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Q1) The main function and responsibility of a respectable Athenian woman was to produce male heirs for the ________,or household,of her husband.
Answer: oikos
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the steps Aristotle utilizes when dealing with varying academic subjects?
A)the application of reason
B)the introduction of metaphysical principles
C)the observation of the empirical evidence
D)the use of mathematics
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following best describes Greek life,thought,art,and literature in the century and a half prior to Macedonian conquest?
A)serenity
B)chaos
C)tension
D)rewarding
Answer: C
Q4) ________ was considered to be the ablest king in Macedonian history. Answer: Philip of Macedon
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Q1) In the years following the Second Macedonian War,Rome treated Greek cities as ________.
A)tributaries
B)colonies
C)protectorates
D)provinces
Q2) Rome's defeat by Carthage in 216 proved that ________.
A)Carthage had incurred disastrous debt
B)an alliance between the two powers was inevitable
C)Carthage would control the Mediterranean
D)Rome's control of Italy was not unshakeable
Q3) Enemies such as Hannibal knew that the key to a successful war against Rome would be to turn her allies against the Republic.How did Rome earn such loyalty from client states and provinces?
Q4) The Senate began as a powerful body but over time ceded power to both the consuls and the general populace.How did leaders and the masses erode the influence of the Senate?
Q5) Julius Caesar,Crassus,and Pompey formed a private political alliance known as the First ________.
Q6) One of the rewards held out to defeated enemies in Italy was Roman ________.
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Q1) Imperial Rome made great engineering advances,including the use of vaults and domes,both forms adapted from Etruscan semi-circular ________.
Q2) Although differences in doctrine had the potential to splinter the early Christian church into dozens of sects,a unity of belief and ritual was maintained by a ________.
A)single religious leader known as the pope
B)group of secret nuns
C)network of bishops
D)regular publication of current thought
Q3) ________ shared his imperial power with three other men.
A)Aurelian
B)Constantine
C)Constantius II
D)Diocletian
Q4) Jesus of Nazareth was named christos by his followers,meaning "________."
Q5) Augustus reduced the size of the Senate to ________.
A)20
B)1000
C)600
D)100
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Q1) Feudal society developed over time.What were the costs and benefits for lords at the beginning of the Middle Ages? Did these change toward the end of this era?
Q2) Benedict wrote a plan that dictated every activity a monk should undertake each day.This discipline and organization ________.
A)brought the Benedictines economic and political power
B)was adopted by a majority of Christians
C)threatened potential Muslim invaders
D)was seen as heresy by the Eastern Orthodox Church
Q3) "Visigoths" were ________ Germanic Goths.
A)northern
B)southern
C)eastern
D)western
Q4) Christian monastic life pursued the "counsels of perfection," that is,________.
A)truth,justice,and the Roman way
B)reading,writing,and arithmetic
C)faith,hope,and charity
D)chastity,poverty,and obedience

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Q5) ________ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.
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Q1) Pope Urban endorsed the First Crusade because he ________.
A)saw the chance to remove feuding,idle,and restless noble youths from Europe
B)was hoping to gain control of Europe after a victory
C)wanted to end the power of the Eastern emperor
D)desired to drive all Muslims from Egypt
Q2) The church reform movement of the early tenth century was based in ________.
A)Cluny
B)Otto's court
C)Wittenberg
D)the Vatican
Q3) Which of the following movements stressed biblical simplicity in religion and a life of poverty in imitation of Christ?
A)Waldensians
B)Seljuk Turks
C)Beghards
D)Ottonians
Q4) Discuss the rise of the German empire and the accomplishments of Otto I.Why was he able to become so powerful?
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Q5) The High Middle Ages witnessed the peak of Romanesque art and the transition to

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Q1) The church forbade Jews from hiring ________ or having any public authority over them.
A)merchants
B)Muslims
C)Christians
D)serfs
Q2) In the twelfth century,knighthood was legally restricted to men of ________.
Q3) Refer to the image of "The Joys and Pains of the Medieval Joust" on page 236.Based on this image,what could one most accurately deduce?
A)Jousting provided revenue and tourism to the local areas and neighboring towns.
B)Jousting had an important social function.
C)Jousting was an act of payback and revenge.
D)All jousters were considered heroes.
Q4) The one social group that was open to all,regardless of birth or military skill,was the ________.
Q5) What factors help explain the surge in anti-Jewish persecution between the late twelfth and fourteenth centuries?
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Q6) Wergild payments can be used as evidence of _________.
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Q1) The primary reason for early French failure in the Hundred Years' War was
A)poor military strategy
B)internal disunity
C)smaller armies
D)superior English financial resources
Q2) What were the causes of the Hundred Years' War? Could any of these factors have been avoided or was war inevitable? Explain.
Q3) The year 1300 was deemed a __________ year by Pope Boniface VIII,which meant that all Catholics who visited Rome and fulfilled certain conditions had the penalties for their unrepented sins remitted.
Q4) Wealthy landowners in medieval Russia were known as _______.
A)serfs
B)streltsy
C)boyars
D)cossacks
Q5) How did the Hundred Years' War contribute to the growth of nationalism and the centralization of political power in both France and England?
Q6) The _____________ was a French tax,levied directly on the peasantry.
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Q1) Examine Map 10-2.According to the map,which of the following statements is true?
A)By 1600,Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South AmericA.
B)Portugal had the largest claims to land in the New World.
C)Spain claimed all of Central and South America.
D)Spain held claims in both modern India and the Philippine Islands.
Q2) Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?
A)The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
B)Medieval Christian values are important teachings.
C)The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth.
D)Art must be abstract and formulaic.
Q3) The appeal of ________ lay in its flattering view of human nature,which distinguished between an eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived.
Q4) Because despots could not count on the loyalty of the divided populace,they operated through mercenary armies obtained through military brokers known as
Q5) Spanish colonials born in Spain were known as _______,as opposed to the American-born creoles.
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Q1) The Swiss Civil Wars illustrated which of these widespread impacts of the Reformation?
A)the dominance of Protestantism in Germanic lands
B)the violence of the Catholic Church in trying to suppress reform
C)violent conflict based on religious differences
D)the role of the printing press in an age of religious strife
Q2) The order co-founded by Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa in 1524,which sought to groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierarchy,was
A)the Capuchins
B)the Theatines
C)the Barnabites
D)the Ursulines
Q3) Signed in 1555,the Peace of ___________ enshrined regional princely control over religion in imperial law.
Q4) The Reformation broke out first in the cities of ________.
A)Germany and France
B)England and Switzerland
C)Switzerland and Germany
D)England and Germany

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Q1) Who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI's chosen successor in England?
A)Lady Jane Grey
B)Mary Tudor
C)Elizabeth
D)Mary Queen of Scots
Q2) What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue?
A)the death of Coligny,the leader of the French resistance
B)the famous work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women by John Knox
C)the elevation of Henry of Navarre to the throne
D)the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Q3) What sparked the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?
A)Protestants plastering Paris and other cities with anti-Catholic placards
B)the capture of the French king Francis I at the Battle of Pavia
C)the passing of the Edict of Fontainebleau
D)the passing of the Edict of Chateaubriand under Henry II
Q4) Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.
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Q1) Under Hohenzollern rule,________ were allowed almost complete control over the serfs on their estates.
Q2) After the economy declined and shipbuilding was taken over by England,the Dutch remained strong in ________.
A)naval supremacy
B)political prowess
C)fishing industries
D)financial institutions
Q3) The absolutist model is best represented by ________.
Q4) Compare two noble groups in Europe in the early modern period-such as the boyars and junkers-and examine their agendas,their political power,and how they shaped both domestic and foreign policy.
Q5) What was the effect in France of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the ensuing religious repression?
A)Culture in France was at its peak.
B)Universities opened,drawing thinkers from all over the world.
C)A new era of religious conflict opened.
D)Religious toleration brought many to reside in France.
Q6) The Hohenzollern capital was at ________.
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Q1) Baroque painters depicted their subjects in a thoroughly _____________,rather than an idealized,manner.
Q2) Francis Bacon argued that there were two books of divine revelation,the Bible and nature,and that the two books must be compatible because both shared the same ____________.
Q3) Newton relied on the _____________ of Francis Bacon and rejected the rationalism of Descartes.
Q4) Although he invented analytic geometry,whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?
A)René Descartes
B)Francis Bacon
C)Isaac Newton
D)Johannes Kepler
Q5) The method of investigation that relies on evidence,experimentation,and observations derived from sensory experiences to construct scientific theory is the ________ method.
Q6) The condemnation of ___________ by Roman Catholic authorities in 1633 is the single most famous incident of conflict between modern science and religious institutions.
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Q1) Explain the impact of enclosure laws on the growth of agriculture in England at the start of the Industrial Revolution.Explain the causes of the legal changes as well as the social and economic effects on the country.
Q2) The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ________.
A)enclosure laws
B)peasant rebellions
C)bread riots
D)Agricultural Revolution
Q3) Which of the following was a clearly defined long-term result of the shift in female employment?
A)Women,as a group,made little or no economic contribution to Europe's economy.
B)Women's work became associated with the home rather than with places where men worked.
C)Women were closely involved with the new technologies in farming,transportation,and manufacturing.
D)Women's wage-earning potential was valueD.
Q4) Compare the nobility of the 1700s with today's elite.In what ways are they comparable and different?
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Q1) Refer to the passage "Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet." How did the colonization of the Americas affect the demand for sugar? Why did sugar consumption increase so rapidly in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Describe the typical changes in the European diet as detailed in this passage.
Q2) A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century,with most arriving in ________.
A)the Carolinas or Virginia
B)the Caribbean or Brazil
C)Mexico or Florida
D)Granada or Peru
Q3) The defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into German states was the ________.
A)Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
B)Convention of Westminster
C)Treaty of Hubertusburg
D)Treaty of Paris of 1763
Q4) The British architect of the North American theater of war during the Seven Years' War was ________.
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Q1) His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.
A)supported laissez-faire policies
B)was a physiocrat
C)was a proponent of mercantilism
D)was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies
Q2) What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas?
A)Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform.
B)Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.
C)Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.
D)Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the enD.
Q3) Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.
A)democracy
B)independent branches of government
C)a legislative body that would head the government
D)a theocracy
Q4) The centers for discussing ideas and printed material were ________.
Q5) According to Newton and others,nature is ________.
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Q1) How did most French people react to the de-Christianization of France?
A)They largely supported it as a way to further the revolutionary policies.
B)They opposed the de-Christianization and reacted against the revolutionary government in Paris.
C)They violently opposed the policy and took up arms against the deputies of the government.
D)They reacted with solid support and participated in desecrating churches.
Q2) As part of a policy of de-Christianization,the Convention,in November of 1793,decreed the Cathedral of ________ a "Temple of Reason."
Q3) How many émigrés left France after the Revolution?
A)fewer than 1,000
B)10,000
C)over 16,000
D)50,000
Q4) The French term ________ refers to the days on which the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.
Q5) The tempering of the revolution was known as the ________ Reaction.
Q6) The Assembly intended to simplify commercial transactions by imposing a standard of measurement called ________.
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Q1) By the end of 1810,what country had withdrawn from the Continental System?
A)Spain
B)Russia
C)Denmark
D)Italy
Q2) Revolutionary policies regarding what organization garnered the most domestic opposition?
A)the secret police
B)the Napoleonic Code
C)the French Catholic Church
D)the Jacobins
Q3) The long peninsular campaign in Spain ________.
A)led to religious tolerance for Spaniards
B)drained French strength and hastened Napoleon's eventual defeat
C)repaired tensions between France and the pope
D)established new alliances with Egypt and the Ottoman Empire
Q4) Napoleon invited Pope ___________ to take part in his coronation.
Q5) The founder of Methodism was ___________.
Q7) After divorcing Josephine,Napoleon married ___________. Page 21
Q6) Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows was painted by ___________.
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Q1) What event sparked movements for independence from European domination throughout Latin America?
A)the wars of the French Revolution,particularly those of Napoleon
B)the French and Indian War
C)the American Revolution
D)the Crimean War
Q2) The first region of Latin America to assert itself toward independence was ________ or modern Argentina.
Q3) What did the Carlsbad Decree do?
A)It dissolved the Burschenschaften.
B)It established freedom of the press.
C)It opened universities to all students.
D)It imposed liberal ideas on government agencies.
Q4) Compare and contrast the political reforms in Great Britain,Belgium,France,and Russia.What political strategies were successful? Which approaches failed? Was there one universal formula for success? Why or why not? Explain.
Q5) In the mid-1820s,________,which was also a Slav state and Eastern Orthodox in religion,became Serbia's formal protector.
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Q6) Behind the concept of nationalism usually lay the idea of popular ________.
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Q1) Saint-Simonianism is a type of ___________.
Q2) In the domestic system of textile production,hand spinning was performed by ________.
A)women
B)men
C)both men and women
D)unskilled workers
Q3) Which of the following statements about gender roles during the early Industrial Revolution is true?
A)Married males were associated with supporting the family.
B)Married females were expected to contribute wages to the family economy.
C)Unmarried females were rarely factory workers.
D)Married men were associated with family discipline.
Q4) Who was most concerned about crime and criminals during the nineteenth century?
A)political radicals
B)the working class
C)women
D)the elite

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Q5) The practice of making goods,such as shoes,in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order was known in France as _____.
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Q1) The state of ________,the most independent state on the Italian peninsula,led the country's unification effort.
Q2) Who shepherded the Second Reform Act of 1867?
A)Benjamin Disraeli
B)William Gladstone
C)Lord Derby
D)Lord Russell
Q3) At the close of the Crimean War,the image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the close of the ________ Wars was shattered.
Q4) Prussia excluded Austria from German affairs by ________.
A)denying Austrian claims at the Convention of Gastein
B)defeating Austria in the Seven Weeks' War
C)encouraging and succeeding in an Italian defeat of Austria
D)gaining European-wide support for its policies
Q5) Was Bismarck a nationalist? Compare development driven by nationalism in Prussia and the Habsburg empire in the later 1800s.
Q6) In 1866,Prussia went to war with ________,after siding with it against Denmark in 1864.
Q7) Bismarck's values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.
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Q1) Which of these was the major push factor driving migration from Europe in the 1800s?
A)a population boom
B)religious oppression
C)economic opportunity
D)political oppression
Q2) Discuss legal discrimination against Jews before 1848,and describe how their situation changed between 1859 and 1880.Explain what rights they gained and how this progress affected their social and economic opportunities.
Q3) ________ was a wealthy Jewish man from London who was elected to Parliament several times but who failed to be seated because he would not take the Christian oath.
Q4) One of the ways that urban reconstruction in France was political is it ________.
A)was dominated by politically-connected contractors
B)primarily benefited the government and upper classes
C)divided liberals and conservatives
D)created thousands of government and private sector jobs
Q5) Describe the dynamics that influenced prostitution in late-nineteenth-century Europe.
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Q1) ________,written by H.G.Wells,was about a mad surgeon's inhuman experiments on animals.
Q2) Which of these regions of Europe had lower literacy rates in the late 1800s?
A)western and northern
B)southern and eastern
C)northern and eastern
D)southern and western
Q3) Max Weber and Ernest Renan approached Islam as a(n)_________.
A)historical phenomenon
B)spiritual development
C)religion equal to Christianity
D)phenomenon caused by Christian crusaders
Q4) Who contended that the story of Jesus was a myth?
A)David Friedrich Strauss
B)William Robertson Smith
C)Ernst Renan
D)Julius Wellhausen
Q5) Explain how higher literacy rates worked to provide consumers for the Second Industrial Revolution.
Q6) The first person to use race to explain history was ________.
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Q1) India was formally ruled by which of the following until 1857?
A)small local rulers of independent states
B)the Mughal emperor
C)the East India Company
D)the British crown
Q2) The Government of India Act in 1858 ________.
A)increased the authority of native rulers
B)improved the sepoys' wages and working conditions
C)transferred political authority from the East India Company to the British Crown
D)transferred political authority from the East India Company to India
Q3) U.S.support for Cuba's revolt led to the ________.
Q4) In ________,Europeans could experience different parts of their nation's empires in a pleasant setting of flowerbeds,trees,and greenhouses.
Q5) What ended the United States' passive role in foreign affairs?
A)Russian-British rivalry in Asia
B)Cuba's revolt against Spain
C)the Boxer Rebellion in China
D)the sepoy mutiny in India
Q6) Following the first Opium War,Britain gained control of ________.
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Q1) The Second Morocco Crisis brought Britain closer to ________.
A)Belgium
B)Russia
C)France
D)Italy
Q2) Colonel T.E.Lawrence played a key role in the war in ________.
A)the Middle East
B)France
C)West Africa
D)Greece
Q3) What were the most important factors that enabled the Bolsheviks to seize power? In your opinion,could power have been attained in a different,perhaps more peaceful,manner? Why or why not? Explain.
Q4) Bolshevik Russia agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,under which they ________.
A)gained the Baltic States
B)received large amounts of money for reparations
C)agreed to end the civil war
D)yielded Finland,Poland,and Ukraine to Germany
Q5) The Russian Socialist parties organized workers into ________,or councils.
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Q1) The 1935 Nuremberg laws ________.
A)stripped German Jews of their citizenship
B)established a police state in Germany
C)were modeled after the Soviet New Economic Policy
D)nationalized all banks and factories
Q2) Support for Hitler was particularly strong among groups such as ________.
A)farmers,war veterans,and the young
B)merchants,politicians,and the elderly
C)the aristocracy,Calvinists,and the military
D)conservatives,the Roman Catholic Church,and the middle class
Q3) Describe how nationalism created social and political tensions in the successor states in eastern Europe.Do you believe they were inevitable,or could they have been prevented? Explain why,and what recommendations you would have given the negotiators in Paris if you had been an advisor to the settlement talks.
Q4) Italy became a single-party,dictatorial state in ________.
Q5) The victorious powers demanded that the Treaty of Versailles be ________;the other side demanded that it be ________.
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Q6) The ________ set production goals for every area of economic life and attempted to organize the economy to meet them.
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Q1) Blitzkrieg means ________.
A)war propaganda,which is how Hitler hoped to win
B)air war,which is how the Allies hoped to win
C)lightening warfare,which is how Hitler hoped to win
D)trench warfare,which is how the Allies hoped to win
Q2) At the time of the Yalta Conference,Eastern Europe was occupied by ________.
A)Nazi Germany
B)Great Britain
C)the United States
D)the Soviet Union
Q3) The French believed that ________.
A)France could do worse than be ruled by Hitler
B)the Maginot Line would protect them from a German assault
C)World War I had no relevance to contemporary military planning
D)they were ready for blitzkrieg
Q4) Hitler decided on ________ as the "final solution of the Jewish problem."
A)enslavement
B)extermination
C)excommunication
D)banishment

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Q1) The Reagan era saw both _______ of the Cold War.
A)hardening and softening
B)the beginning and the end
C)the height and the end
D)escalation and intensification
Q2) Discuss the causes of the shift from colonization to decolonization.What factors set the stage for decolonization? What role did the United States play in this development?
Q3) The U.S.and the Soviet Union came closest to outright war during _________.
A)the Berlin blockade
B)the Cuban missile crisis
C)Tehran conference
D)the invasion of Iraq
Q4) The founding of ________ resulted from the British withdrawal from India in 1947.
Q5) During his presidency,Vladimir Putin renewed the war against rebels in ________.
Q6) The first two countries to declare their independence from the central Yugoslav government were ________.
Q7) Under President Putin,Russians had ________ political freedom and ________ prosperity.
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Q1) What was the influence of Margaret Thatcher's term in office as British Prime Minister? Was she more important for her politics or as the first female prime minister?
Q2) What was the three-pronged policy of Pope John Paul II? What stance did Pope John Paul II take against communism? How did Pope John Paul II's homeland in Poland play an integral part in his role as pope after the fall of communism?
Q3) In the late 1960s,which of the following inventions transformed computer technology?
A)invention of the microchip
B)invention of vacuum tubes
C)invention of the transistor
D)invention of the internet
Q4) A shopkeeper's daughter,________ became the first female prime minister of Great Britain from May 1979 through November 1990.
A)Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
B)Rachel Whiteread
C)Margaret Thatcher
D)Mary Chestnut
Q5) Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.
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