Vision Science
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Vision Science explores the biological, psychological, and computational principles underlying visual perception. The course examines how the human visual system processes light and interprets information from the environment, covering topics such as the anatomy and physiology of the eye, neural pathways, visual coding, color vision, depth perception, object recognition, and visual development. Integrating research from neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and computer vision, Vision Science provides a comprehensive understanding of how we perceive, interpret, and interact with the visual world.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 9th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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15 Chapters
750 Verified Questions
750 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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49 Verified Questions
49 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The image projected on the retina is best described as a ______ of the actual stimulus.
A) representation.
B) environmental stimulus.
C) replication.
D) scale model.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a category of the stages in the perceptual process?
A) Stimuli
B) Neural Processing
C) Serendipity
D) Behavioral Responses
Answer: C
Q3) The study of perception can overlap with A) medicine.
B) computer science.
C) philosophy.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The upper limit of a neuron's firing rate is estimated to be ____ impulses per second.
A) 20
B) 100
C) 800
D) 4400
Answer: C
Q2) Rods and cones synapse with ______ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells.
A) ganglion; bipolar
B) bipolar; ganglion
C) amacrine; unipolar
D) amacrine; bipolar
Answer: B
Q3) The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the A) iris.
B) pupil.
C) cornea.
D) lens.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing and Perception
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46 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hartline et al. (1956) selected the Limulus to demonstrate lateral inhibition because A) it was possible to illuminate a single receptor without illuminating its adjacent receptor.
B) it was a non-verbal species.
C) the Limulus eye contained more cones than rods.
D) the Limulus has excellent color vision.
Answer: A
Q2) ______ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles.
A) Complex
B) Simplex
C) End-stopped
D) Edge
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Savig et al. (2008) monitored individual MTL neurons while displaying video clips of a variety of stimuli. They were able to identify neurons that respond preferentially to a visual stimulus. Later they asked participants to ________ and found preferential activation of the same neuron to the video clip concept.
A) view pictures from various viewpoints
B) view the same video clips, but with an altered color pallet.
C) try to remember the video clips they had seen.
D) draw a picture representing the video clip.
Q2) The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as
A) columns for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn.
B) columns for the left eye residing in the left hemisphere and for the right eye in the right hemisphere.
C) groupings of several left eye columns adjacent to groupings of several right eye columns.
D) concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding columns for the right eye.
Q3) Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al.'s (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study.
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it. When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceived as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to A) figure-ground reversal.
B) the oblique effect.
C) accidental properties of light.
D) the "light-from-above" heuristic.
Q2) State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) for each of five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Q3) The principle of similarity can account for grouping of stimuli that are similar in A) orientation.
B) shape.
C) size.
D) orientation, shape, and size.
Q4) Name and describe five "global image features".
Q5) Discuss three reasons why object perception is difficult for computer vision.
Q6) Summarize two research studies that show the influence of semantic regularities on perceptual organization.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the "I'm a Believer" scene at the end of the movie "Shrek," the three blind mice are turned into the horses in one frame, but the next time we see them, they are dancing on a piano as mice. This is an example of __________, which can be a "real-life" example of _________ if you do not notice the switch.
A) a contingency break; inattentional blindness
B) a continuity error; change blindness
C) an attentional lapse; illusory contingency
D) a unity break; illusory sequencing
Q2) The important finding of Carrasco et al.'s (2004) research was that
A) two physically identical gratings will always be perceived the same.
B) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating.
C) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a lower contrast than another, identical grating.
D) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast when compared to a non-identical grating.
Q3) Describe Posner et al.'s (1978) precueing procedure, the classic results obtained using this procedure, and the implications for attention theory.
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Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is
A) movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement.
B) movement creates flow, but this information does not affect further movement.
C) flow and self-produced movement are related, but both are independent of guiding further movement.
D) flow and movement are not related.
Q2) Describe the role landmarks play in wayfinding. Support your claims with evidence from the studies discussed in the chapter.
Q3) Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?
A) It always occurs at the point you are fixated on.
B) It always occurs at the point you are moving toward.
C) It continues in the same direction once established.
D) It always contains the fastest flow of information.
Q4) According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by
A) looking directly at the FOE.
B) looking directly at the road.
C) using a complex combination of affordances.
D) using information in addition to optic flow.
Q5) Discuss research that shows how vision is important in performing a somersault.
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture a fist is located behind a board; in the other, the fist is located in front of the board at the same height. When rapidly alternating between these pictures, what apparent motion would result?
A) The fist would appear to go around the side of the board.
B) The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the board.
C) The fist would appear to smash the board.
D) No apparent motion would occur; it would look like two still pictures.
Q2) The __________ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.
A) Kinetic Depth Effect
B) structure-from-motion phenomenon
C) correspondence problem
D) aperture problem
Q3) What is the aperture problem? How does the visual system "solve" this problem?
Q4) Discuss three types of illusory motion. Be sure to give an example of each.
Q5) Describe the case of the woman with akinetopsia. What does this case tell us about the importance of motion perception?
Q6) Review the evidence for the physiological basis of perceiving biological motion.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by red lights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone A) chromatic adaptation.
B) re-adaption.
C) isomerization.
D) corticalization.
Q2) The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n) A) reflectance edge.
B) illumination edge.
C) ratio edge.
D) Ishihara border.
Q3) In order to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light intensity, one must have at least ______visual pigment(s).
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) no visual pigments are required.
Q4) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not coloured."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity, because it has _______ eyes.
A) rabbit; frontal
B) rabbit; lateral
C) cat; frontal
D) monkey; lateral
Q2) If you hold one quarter about 12 inches from your eyes, and another quarter at arm's length, the two quarters will be perceived to be about the same size when
A) both eyes are open.
B) only the left eye is open.
C) only the right eye is open.
D) viewed either binocularly or monocularly.
Q3) Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is ___________ than accommodation.
A) less effective
B) more effective
C) equally effective
D) less automatic
Q4) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
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Chapter 11: Hearing
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research supports that an infant's ability to recognize the mother's voice is due to A) genetics.
B) the mother's diet during pregnancy.
C) hearing the mother talk while in the womb.
D) a well-developed auditory cortex at birth.
Q2) The outer hair cells respond to sound by slightly tilting and changing length. Because of the consequence of this, the action of the outer hair cells is called the A) the tuning response.
B) the cochlear amplifier.
C) phase lock mechanism.
D) the traveling wave.
Q3) DeCasper and Fifer used ______________ as the dependent variable to test if Two-day-old infants could identify the sound of the mother's voice.
A) eye movements
B) head tilts
C) pattern of nipple sucking
D) eye blinks
Q4) Discuss the structures and functions of the middle ear.
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Chapter 12: Auditory Localization and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Warren et al. presented listeners with tones that were either (1) interrupted with silent gaps; or (2) interrupted with silent gaps with noise. The results showed
A) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
B) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing bursts of separate tones.
C) the noise condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
D) the silent gap condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
Q2) Describe how dominant stress patterns of your native language can affect perception of meter. When does this influence develop?
Q3) The precedence effect is
A) the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker.
B) the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lag speaker.
C) the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lead speaker is too loud.
D) the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lag speaker is too loud.
Q4) Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Micelli et al. (1980) found that brain damage to the parietal lobe caused the patient to have difficulty discriminating between syllables. Micelli et al found that A) all these patients could not understand words. B) all these patients had "word deafness."
C) some of these patients could not hear pure tones.
D) some of these patients could still understand words.
Q2) Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashlee's lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?
A) /ga-ga/
B) /ba-ba/
C) /da-da/
D) /pa-pa-joe/
Q3) What is the McGurk effect? What evidence exists for the physiological basis for this effect?
Q4) Discuss the methods and results of two studies of the phonemic restoration effect.
Q5) Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuropathic pain : __________ :: Inflammatory pain: _______.
A) tumor cells; phantom limb syndrome
B) tumor cells; carpal tunnel syndrome
C) carpal tunnel syndrome; azimuth burn
D) carpal tunnel syndrome; tumor cells
Q2) Lucy, a heterosexual female, would be able to keep her hand immersed in cold water longer if she was
A) looking at pictures of a refrigerator.
B) looking at pictures of accidents, since she would feel that other people have worse trouble than cold hands.
C) looking a pictures of attractive males.
D) visualizing images of war.
Q3) Endorphins
A) are morphine-like substances found in the body.
B) are receptors that are stimulated by extreme temperature on the skin.
C) the active agent in placebos.
D) have no analgesic effects.
Q4) Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.
Q5) Discuss four ways that cognitive factors can influence pain perception.
Q6) Name and discuss the differences between the four types of mechanoreceptors.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Uchida's optical imaging research showed that larger carbon chains activate areas on the olfactory bulb that are
A) more centrally located.
B) located more to the right.
C) located more to the left.
D) randomly distributed across the glomeruli.
Q2) What is the difference between tasters and non-tasters? What is the proposed cause(s) for this difference?
Q3) Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to A) the insula and the frontal operculum cortex.
B) only the nucleus of solitary tract.
C) the orbitofrontal cortex.
D) the parietal cortex.
Q4) Evidence for ______ is provided by an Erickson (1963) study in which rats appeared to be unable to discriminate between two different solutions that produce a similar taste.
A) distributed coding.
B) specificity coding.
C) olfactory decoding.
D) common coding.
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