Victimology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Victimology is the scientific study of crime victims, focusing on the relationships between victims and offenders, the psychological effects of crime on individuals and communities, and the responses of the criminal justice system. This course explores the historical development of victimology, victim typologies, patterns of victimization, and the role of victims in the legal process. Students examine issues such as victim rights, advocacy, services, and the societal factors that contribute to vulnerability. Through case studies and theoretical frameworks, the course equips students with an understanding of the complexities of victimization and strategies for prevention and support.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Behavior A Psychological Approach 11th Edition Curt R. Bartol
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociological criminology would be LEAST concerned with which of the following?
A) Personality characteristics of rapists
B) Age characteristics of murderers
C) Gender of victims of aggravated assault
D) Relationship of victim to offender
Answer: A
Q2) Which perspective on crime is most closely linked with the humanistic perspective?
A) Conformity
B) Strain
C) Learning
D) Determinism
Answer: A
Q3) 2013 UCR data indicate that the most frequently occurring Part I crime was murder.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Truancy and running away are examples of ________ offenses.
Answer: status
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of a protective factor?
A) Exposure to chemical toxins
B) Parental substance abuse
C) Supportive caregivers
D) Poverty
Answer: C
Q2) The cause of ADHD is unknown.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is central to the cumulative risk model?
A) Socioeconomic status
B) The past criminal behavior of the primary caregiver
C) Family size
D) The number of risk factors
Answer: D
Q4) According to the cumulative risk model,an accumulation of risk factors in the absence of sufficient ________ factors results in negative behavioral,emotional,and cognitive outcomes.
Answer: protective
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Chapter 3: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Biological Factors
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Q1) Prenatal and life experiences affect that both twins in the same way are known as ________ environments.
Answer: shared; or common
Q2) All of the following statements are true of the amygdala except
A) it is small and almond shaped.
B) it is located in the limbic system.
C) it is especially hardy and unaffected by developmental experiences.
D) it is associated with impulsive aggression.
Answer: C
Q3) Define the terms dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
Answer: Dizygotic DZ twins (also called fraternal twins)develop from two different fertilized eggs and are no more genetically alike than non-twin siblings.Monozygotic (MZ)twins (or identical twins)develop from a single egg; they are always the same sex and share the same genes.
Q4) Which of the following reflects an assumption of most adoption studies?
A) Adoptive parents and their adopted children are not genetically related.
B) Adoptive children have no information about their biological make-up.
C) Most adopted children are placed with stable and loving parents.
D) Genetics have little influence on human behavior.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational
Factors
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Q1) If Bandura's position is essentially correct,then aggressive and violent behavior can be substantially reduced by
A) providing appropriate models.
B) physically punishing children for aggressive behavior.
C) controlling the sale of guns and weapons in our society.
D) reducing high school truancy.
Q2) In order to understand criminal behavior in some depth,it is crucial that we regard all individuals-whether or not they violate the rules of society-as ________ problem solvers who perceive,process,interpret,and respond uniquely to their environments.
Q3) The September 11,2001 attack on the Pentagon is an example of a frustration-induced riot.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which individual is associated with the bystander effect?
A) Rodney King
B) Freddie Gray
C) Susan Darley
D) Kitty Genovese
Page 6
Q5) Learning the consequences of one's behavior is the basis of ________ learning.
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Chapter 5: Human Aggression and Violence
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Q1) Aggression is a simple,direct way of solving immediate conflicts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which statement most accurately reflects research findings on gender differences in aggression?
A) Boys are more overtly aggressive than girls during the pre-school years, then aggression rapidly decreases.
B) Gender differences in aggression are primarily due to biology.
C) Gender differences are due to cultural and socialization processes that promote different kinds of aggression.
D) Girls are more aggressive than boys during the pre-school years only.
Q3) All of the following offenses are considered violent except
A) cyberstalking.
B) murder.
C) rape.
D) robbery.
Q4) All violent behavior is aggressive behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The revised frustration-aggression hypothesis was proposed by ________.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Juvenile Delinquincy
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Q1) Some researchers recommend that prevention preferably begin no later in life than ________ grade.
Q2) In studies examining gender differences and juvenile crime,recent research has shown that the gender gap for drug and violent offenses is getting smaller.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A child delinquent is between the ages of
A) 7 and 12.
B) birth and 7.
C) 6 and 13.
D) birth and 14.
Q4) Compare and contrast Moffitt's Developmental Theory with Patterson's Coercion Theory.
Q5) Steinberg and his associates have demonstrated that adolescents as a group reach a peak of logical reasoning at approximately age 16,a time when their ________ maturity is far less developed.
Q6) Why is it so difficult to gather complete data on the national incidence of juvenile delinquency?
Q7) The typical juvenile is far more likely to be the ________ of a violent crime.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Criminal Psychopathy
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Q1) Describe at least one concern about using the PCL across racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Q2) According to Robert Hare,antisocial individuals who display aggressive behavior learned from their subculture are ________ psychopaths.
A) secondary
B) neurotic
C) symptomatic
D) dissocial
Q3) Why is it so difficult to properly evaluate the effectiveness of programs designed to treat psychopaths?
A) Because they do not habituate to stimuli easily.
B) Because they are skilled at manipulation.
C) Because they rarely comply with treatment.
D) Because they have difficulty adjusting to new situations.
Q4) Cleckley's book The Mask of Sanity describes in clear and empirically useful terms the major behaviors demonstrated by the ________ psychopath,as distinct from the other psychopathic types.
Q5) Name and describe five instruments used to measure psychopathy.
Q6) Briefly describe the core characteristics of the criminal psychopath.
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Chapter 8: Crime and Mental Disorders
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Q1) Adjudicative competence involves competence to proceed and ________ competence.
Q2) Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) Most criminals are mentally ill.
B) Most criminals have a mental disorder.
C) Most mentally disordered individuals are not violent.
D) Most murderers cannot help themselves because of mental illness.
Q3) A rare but severe mental disorder believed to be linked to childbirth and similar to serious bipolar depression is postpartum
A) blues.
B) psychopathy.
C) delusions.
D) psychosis.
Q4) Structured professional judgment is also referred to as structured ________ judgment.
Q5) The ________ case was the impetus for duty to warn/protect statutes.
Q6) How has the media affected public perception of mental disorder and violence? Include information on the history and prevalence of mental disorder and violence.
Q7) A major criticism of drug treatment is the ________ they often produce.
Q8) Schizophrenia typically begins ________ in life.
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Chapter 9: Homicide, Assault, and Family Violence
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Q1) Discuss four ways juveniles are able to access guns,despite the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.
Q2) The likeliest candidates for elder abuse appear to be
A) African American women ages 75-85, upper class.
B) African American women ages 55-65, lower class.
C) white women ages 75-85, upper class.
D) white women ages 75-85, lower class.
Q3) How may the availability heuristic account for our perception of violence?
Q4) Families that are characterized by continuous cycles of physical aggression and violence inside the family are called
A) multiassaultive.
B) genetically imbalanced.
C) multiaggressive.
D) maladaptively violent.
Q5) Males are more likely than female to perpetrate which act of family violence?
A) Munchausen Syndrome by proxy
B) Neonaticide
C) Elderly abuse
D) Abusive head trauma
Q6) The primary perpetrators of elder abuse are ________ members.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Multiple Murder, School, and Workplace
Violence
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Q1) An organized crime scene indicates that the offender maintained ________ of him/herself and the victim.
Q2) Research has found that the two consistent characteristics of school shooters are A) cruelty to animals and easy access to weapons.
B) desire for revenge and history of drug use.
C) interest in unusual hobbies and history of drug use.
D) peer rejection and social rejection.
Q3) Design a program that could be offered in schools to address school violence.Include details about what research tells us about the perpetrators of these attacks.
Q4) Research by Fox and Levin found that most mass killings are motivated by A) profit.
B) fear.
C) power.
D) revenge.
Q5) Children are more likely to be victims of violence away from school,as opposed to in school.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 11: Psychology of Terrorism
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Q1) A terrorist who writes a good-bye letter to his parents immediately before carrying out a suicide mission is engaging in
A) a fail-safe procedure.
B) martyrdom.
C) a point-of-no-return ritual.
D) dehumanization.
Q2) List and describe briefly the characteristics of lone wolf terrorists.Provide an example.
Q3) Compared to other violent criminals,research shows that terrorists are often
A) reactively depressed.
B) sexually sadistic.
C) emotionally stable.
D) mentally disordered.
Q4) Terrorists may view their actions as stemming from the dictates of authorities and leaders rather than from their own personal responsibility.This process is called A) dehumanization.
B) deindividuation.
C) dichotomy of the identity.
D) displacement of responsibility.
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Chapter 12: Sexual Assault
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Q1) Compare and contrast the Groth typology of rape and the Massachusetts Treatment Center's Classification Systems of rapists.
Q2) Research shows that a major motivation for rape is to A) harm or derogate the victim.
B) instigate sexual arousal in the victim.
C) act out a sexual fantasy.
D) satisfy a biological impulse.
Q3) Many persons who have been sexually assaulted,particularly as adults,prefer to refer to themselves as ________ rather than victims.
Q4) Instrumental sexual aggression is when the offender uses just enough coercion to gain ________ from his victim.
Q5) In the revised definition of rape,force is presumed.Most adolescent sex offenders have a diagnosed mental disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Most of the recent research on date and acquaintance rape and sexual assault has concentrated on ________ women.
Q7) Describe three of the rape myths discussed in the chapter.
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Chapter 13: Sexual Assault of Children and Youth
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Q1) Define emotional congruence with children.Include why this concept is becoming increasingly important in CSO risk assessment.
Q2) Adult CSOs most frequently use a ________ setting to commit their sexual abuse.
Q3) Many survivors of child sexual abuse will never tell their stories or will delay revealing the incident.
A)True
B)False
Q4) JSOs who sexually victimize peers or adults are more likely to have a more extensive criminal history compared to JSOs who victimize children.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which question is a key of child pornography research?
A) Do those involved in child pornography have legitimate access to the child?
B) Is child pornography a crime?
C) Are the victims of child pornography harmed?
D) Do those persons interested in child pornography online also seek physical sexual contact with children?
Q6) Describe the psychological effects of child sexual victimization.
Q7) Most chronic criminal offenders are ________ rather than specialists.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Burglary, Home Invasions, Thefts, and White
Collar Offenses
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Q1) Describe how dehumanization makes victimization easier for identity thieves to commit their crimes.
Q2) Discuss the conceptual difficulty in defining white collar crime.
Q3) The standards,perceptions,and values the work group establishes for itself with or without approval by the organization is referred to as
A) work ethic.
B) employee principle.
C) unionization.
D) normative support.
Q4) Of all property crimes,burglary probably offers the greatest probability of success with the least amount of risk.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Research suggests that the majority of burglary victims report minimal psychological effects of the crime.
A)True
B)False
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Q6) Do you believe kleptomania is fact or fiction? Support your answer with research described in the text.
Chapter 15: Violent Economic Crime, Cybercrime, and
Crimes of Intimidation
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Q1) Research by Wright et al.(2006)found that all of the following are characteristics of American street culture except
A) hedonistic pursuit of sensory stimulation.
B) disdain for conventional living.
C) future orientation.
D) image and status.
Q2) Which type of robbery occurs in urban areas and is less likely to be planned?
A) Commercial robbery
B) Bank robbery
C) Street robbery
D) Amateur robbery
Q3) At which age range is fascination with fire typical?
A) Between ages 1 and 3
B) Between ages 5 and 7
C) Between ages 10 and 12
D) Between ages 13 and 15
Q4) Define Stockholm Syndrome and London Syndrome.Provide examples of each.
Q5) Cyberbullying is not considered a form of cybercrime.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime
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Q1) According to the tripartite conceptual model,________ compulsive crime refers to criminal behavior that supports an expensive drug addiction.
Q2) In general,heavy drug users
A) are polydrug users.
B) do not commit crimes.
C) are usually women.
D) do not use alcohol.
Q3) Some experts regard ________ as the most addictive drug available on the street,but other experts have questioned this assumption in recent years.
A) crack
B) heroin
C) dexedrine
D) PCP
Q4) Following a "run" of speed,the person often feels
A) violent.
B) deeply depressed.
C) hyperactive.
D) uncharacteristically paranoid.
Q5) Persistent crack users are often ________ users.
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