Victimology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Victimology explores the study of victims of crime and the psychological effects of criminal acts on individuals and society. The course examines the historical development of victimology, the typologies and patterns of victimization, and the interactions between victims, offenders, and the criminal justice system. It also emphasizes victim rights, the role of advocacy organizations, and relevant legal, policy, and ethical considerations. Students will analyze case studies, existing research, and prevention strategies, gaining insight into issues such as trauma, secondary victimization, restorative justice, and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors on victimization.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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16 Chapters
1159 Verified Questions
1159 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The General Theory of Crime suggests that all types of criminal and deviant behavior can be explained by a lack of self-control. This is an example of a(n) ______________ theory.
A) integrated
B) unicausal
C) bicameral
D) complete
Answer: B
Q2) Seeing crime as the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups is the basis of the __________ perspective on crime.
Answer: political
Q3) A _______________ studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
A) scientist
B) criminal justice professional
C) criminologist
D) criminalist
Answer: C
Q4) ___________ criminology proposes explanations for criminal behavior.
Answer: Theoretical
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study's major findings. What ethical issue applies here?
A) Protection of human subjects
B) Informed consent
C) Objectivity
D) Data confidentiality
Answer: C
Q2) What is a theory? What is the role of theories in the field of criminology?
Answer: Responses should define theory, based on the description in the textbook, as a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. Answers should connect the role of theory building in the field as one that helps construct models to allow for better understanding of criminal behavior, and in turn, better development of social policies to reduce criminal behavior.
Q3) Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method. Answer: experimental/scientific
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The recent decrease in crime, in the wake of "get tough on crime" policies inspired by neoclassical principles clearly supports the effectiveness of the neoclassical approach.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to A) spiritual shortcomings.
B) the exercise of free will.
C) hard determinism.
D) positivist outlooks.
Answer: B
Q3) Punishment imposed for the purpose of retribution would be an example of Cesare Beccaria's views on crime and punishment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) _________exists to provide individuals with benefits they would not receive in isolation.
Answer: Society
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The creation of street gangs and separatist groups is an example of the sociobiological principle of
A) altruism.
B) tribalism.
C) tokenism.
D) territoriality.
Q2) Konrad Lorenz's greatest contribution to the study of human behavior is his claim that all human behavior is adapted instinctive behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _________ theories explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, genetics, or external physical characteristics.
A) Psychological
B) Sociobiological
C) Constitutional
D) Somatotyping
Q4) A belief in genetic determinism leads to the belief that attempts to __________ offenders will have little positive effect on recidivism.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has found a clear __________ correlation between temperature and violent crime.
Q2) Biosocial criminologists explain gender differences in criminal involvement by arguing that there is something about gender itself that is responsible for the observed differences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Genes ___________ human action.
A) determine B) produce C) enable D) cause
Q4) Discuss the relationship between weather and crime, including how various types of weather affect different types of crime, how other factors may mediate the relationship, and the theory underlying the relationship.
Q5) Cultural changes in our society have resulted in a significant increase in female involvement in crime.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dangerousness is an ascribed quality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Behavioral theory explains crime as the result of inappropriate __________.
Q3) When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation.
A) alternative
B) autoplastic
C) antiplastic
D) alloplastic
Q4) Psychological theories see __________ as the major motivational element within individuals.
Q5) ___________ are dynamic risk actors of offenders that are associated with rates of recidivism.
Q6) Reducing the length of a prison sentence by granting parole to inmates who behave in socially approved ways is an example of a positive punishment.
A)True
B)False
8
Q7) Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the three major sociological approaches to crime causation and the major principles or assumptions of sociological theories.
Q2) Broken windows theory encourages police to focus on combatting serious crime.
A)True B)False
Q3) Social _______ theories explain crime by reference to the economic and social arrangements of society.
Q4) ___________theory suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.
Q5) A young male teen with an absent father may be likely to emphasize Miller's focal concern of __________.
Q6) What are some of the ways social structure theories help explain crime? What informal and formal arrangements do these theories look at?
Q7) Nonutilitarian delinquency, which involves destroying things of value, is the result of turning lower-class subculture values upside down.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not an example of a total institution?
A) A convent
B) A university
C) A prison
D) A mental hospital
Q2) According to labeling theory, a negative self-image precede delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Social development theories have been criticized for ________ issues.
Q4) Children who do not develop adequate verbal coping skills are more likely to commit aggressive acts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should emphasize prosocial bonds.
A)True
B)False
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Q6) The ____________ program, operated by Boys and Girls Clubs of America, focuses on providing positive alternatives to gangs for vulnerable youth.
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extreme radical-Marxist criminologists feel that the only effective way to reduce conflict is to replace the existing capitalist system with a socialist economic structure.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The prototype convict criminologist is
A) John Irwin.
B) Richard Quinney.
C) John Braithwaite.
D) Harold Pepinsky.
Q3) What are the five strands of feminist thought that inform feminist criminology today? Outline the main ideas of each of these perspectives.
Q4) Which is not a component of the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model?
A) Community protection
B) Deconstructionism
C) Competency development
D) Accountability
Q5) __________criminology is a body of writings by convicted felons.
Q6) The primary goal of restorative justice is ____________.
Q7) According to George Vold, laws are a(n) __________ statement
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Secondary victimization refers to an individual who is not directly affected by a crime but who suffers unintended consequences as a result of the victimization of a family member or friend.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If a researcher is attempting to obtain data on crimes reported to the police in Los Angeles, the most appropriate source of data would be
A) the Uniform Crime Reports.
B) the National Crime Victimization Survey.
C) a local self-report survey of crime in Los Angeles.
D) None of these options would provide the required information
Q3) Which federal law requires judges to consider victim-impact statements at federal sentencing hearings?
A) The 2001 USA PATRIOT Act
B) The 2004 Crime Victims' Rights Act
C) The 1984 Victims of Crime Act
D) The 1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act
Q4) ____________ victim precipitation occurs when a victim unknowingly encourages an offender towards criminal action.
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is child sexual abuse and what are the main types of abusers?
Q2) Robberies occurring in commercial settings are known as ___________ robberies.
Q3) The most likely felony to result in a homicide is
A) robbery.
B) aggravated assault.
C) grand theft.
D) arson.
Q4) _________refers to how robbers who target drug dealers devote a significant amount of resources to minimize the likelihood of coming into contact with their victims after the crime.
A) Anonymity
B) Intimidation
C) Hypervigilance
D) Selective disinhibition
Q5) Premeditated murder is
A) first degree murder.
B) second degree murder.
C) third degree murder.
D) negligent homicide.
Q6) Most workplace homicides are committed with a(n) _______.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) The majority of professional fences are involved in a legitimate business that acts as a cover for criminal activities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The goal of a(n) __________ burglar may be only to look around, not to actually take anything.
Q3) Larceny and burglary are legally the same crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following statement about professional auto theft is false?
A) Professional auto thieves engage in more planning in target selection
B) Professional thefts have the lowest recovery rates
C) Professionals are a significant part of the vehicle theft problem
D) Professional thefts are less common than joyriding
Q5) Regardless of motive, the vast majority of individuals involved in arson are
Q6) ________account fraud occurs when identity thieves use personal information to open accounts in the victim's name and make charges indiscriminately.
Q7) According to Mike Maguire's typology, ________ burglars are professionals.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the five types of activities that may qualify as organized crime
Q2) Despite the globalization of crime, U.S. law enforcement activities have not had to expand beyond national borders.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Edwin Sutherland applied elements of ________ theory to white-collar crime.
A) differential association
B) strain
C) corporate culture
D) control
Q4) The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing organized crime activities was the __________ Act.
A) Hobbs
B) RICO
C) BCCI
D) Organized Crime Control
Q5) List and define three types of financial crimes
Q6) According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crime benefits the employing organization, not the individual employees.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A U.S. Customs and Border Protection agent stationed at a major international airport seizes a large supply of cocaine found hidden in an airline passenger's baggage. This is an example of which drug-control strategy?
A) Forfeiture
B) Crop control
C) Interdiction
D) Antidrug legislation
Q2) Federal law enforcement agencies focus on reducing drug trafficking by preventing the smuggling of illegal drugs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Designer drugs are usually manufactured in basement laboratories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Some feminists see prostitution as liberating and are redefining it as legitimate
Q5) Psychoactive substances affect emotions and mental processes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phishing is usually done via calls and texts made on cell phones
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the characteristics of hackers and explain the categories of the basic typology that is based on psychological characteristics.
Q3) Which of the following best describes the average hacker?
A) A 20-year-old man living in San Francisco
B) A 23-year-old woman living in Chicago
C) A 35-year-old woman living in Paris
D) A 40-year-old man living in New York
Q4) The Supreme Court case of Reno v. ACLU focused on whether the Communications Decency Act abridged First Amendment protections.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How might similarities between hacking and playing computer games blur the lines between entertainment and crime?
Q6) ____________are malicious hackers who deliberately cause damage with no apparent personal gain.
Q7) Computer __________ involves remote access to targeted machines.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, transnational crime is becoming a less serious issue.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ____________terrorism refers only to acts of terrorism that occur outside the United States.
A) Domestic
B) International
C) Anarchist
D) Foreign
Q3) The United Nations annually conducts official crime surveys at the international level.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define human smuggling and trafficking and explain the differences between them.
Q5) An organization based in the United States may still be designated as a foreign terrorist organization if it has members who are not U.S. citizens.
A)True
B)False
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