Victimology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Victimology is the scientific study of crime victims, focusing on the psychological, social, and legal aspects of victimization. This course explores the patterns, causes, and consequences of victimization, examining the relationships between victims, offenders, and the criminal justice system. Students will analyze different typologies of victims, understand the impact of crime on individuals and communities, and assess the effectiveness of support services and victim rights initiatives. The course also addresses emerging debates and challenges within the field, including victim blaming, restorative justice, and the role of advocacy in shaping policy and practice.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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18 Chapters
1385 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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77 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following reflects the belief that criminal laws represent an agreement by most people in a society that certain acts are harmful and should be treated as crimes?
A)the sociological perspective
B)the conflict perspective
C)the legalistic perspective
D)the consensus perspective
Answer: B
Q2) What is the term for the established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct in a given society?
A)beliefs
B)conventions
C)norms
D)values
Answer: C
Q3) The criminalization of marijuana is a good example of the consensus perspective of criminal law-making.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) Max Weber saw power as the ability to realize one's goals despite resistance from others.Which of the following best characterizes power in small-scale societies compared to more modern,complex societies?
A)The power to make decisions and affect group life was not institutionalized in social structures.
B)The power to make decisions was not shared by members of the group.
C)Power becomes formally encoded in law and authority.
D)The legitimate use of power is bestowed by social institutions.
Answer: A
Q2) In hunting and gathering societies,the social status of an individual was typically based on which of the following?
A)the number of close kin relations
B)influence within that group
C)religious status
D)wealth
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes regulatory offences?
A)They can be enacted only by the Parliament of Canada.
B)They involve prohibited conduct that is also a serious breach of community values.
C)They are created by legislation (federal,provincial,or territorial)that regulates inherently legitimate activities.
D)They can only be enacted by provincial governments.
Answer: C
Q2) Subjective mens rea may consist of intention and knowledge;recklessness;or wilful blindness.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms gives judges the power to invalidate criminal law that unjustifiably infringes on an accused person's rights.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the basic unit of count for the court surveys?
A)the offence
B)the case
C)the individual
D)the judge
Q2) In the 1960s and 1970s,what did social scientists begin to suggest regarding official records of crime?
A)They were basically good measures.
B)They were systematically biased.
C)They were poor measures of how the criminal justice system works to create crime.
D)They only small parts of the country.
Q3) An offender goes on a break-and-enter spree and hits six houses in one evening.Which of the following refers to the question of whether one or six offences should be included in the official crime rate?
A)counting procedures
B)level of aggregation
C)data elements
D)unit of count
Q4) What are the strengths and limitations of self-report surveys?
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Q1) What is meant by collective efficacy and why does it often translate into lower crime rates for neighbourhoods?
Q2) Canada's three largest cities have lower crime rates than other smaller cities in the country
A)True
B)False
Q3) A basic explanation for the theory of maturational reform is that adolescence is a period of transition marked by ambiguity and nonconformity,which contributes to more criminal and delinquent behaviour
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following statements is false regarding the relationship between criminal and violent behaviour,and socio-economic status?
A)Most violent men are overwhelmingly from high SES.
B)Employment reduces recidivism.
C)There is a high correlation between dropping out of high school and violence.
D)Older and better educated people generally commit more sophisticated crimes.
Q5) Identify and describe some of the ways that illicit drug use leads to crime and violence.
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) One of the main critiques of conservative theories of women and crime is that they failed to consider how the structured features of society prescribe gendered roles for men and women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Breaking the silence around male violence against women has meant questioning the ways in which societal and legal responses reinforce and reproduce the problem. A)True
B)False
Q3) Canada's rape laws prior to 1983 granted husbands immunity from rape charges. A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what is meant by "pathways research" and its findings with respect for understanding the causes of female criminality.What are some of the implications for dealing with female offenders that have resulted from this research?
Q5) Describe the role of the law in condoning violence against women.
Q6) Construct the biographical history of a fictitious person who illustrates what feminist criminologists refer to as "the criminalized woman."
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and describe the four steps that Canadian police forces must take to reach international standards in their response to victims of crimes.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a means through which a victim of a crime can seek restitution in Canada?
A)an order of restitution made in a criminal court
B)a civil suit brought against the perpetrator of the crime
C)the wages of a criminal offender are garnished
D)a restorative justice (victim-offender mediation)process
Q3) Why has there been a decline in the percentage of victims of crime who report their victimization to the police in recent years? Examine this decline in the context of critiques of victims' rights and services in Canada.
Q4) Which of the following groups does this chapter refer to as the "orphans" of the criminal justice system?
A)convicted offenders
B)victims
C)alleged offenders
D)witnesses
Q5) Explain what a victim fine surcharge is and how it works.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) Prior to the 18th century,theories about crime causation were largely based on which of the following?
A)superstition and religious beliefs
B)biology and heredity
C)heredity and religious beliefs
D)natural causes and the environment
Q2) Which of the following categories of people were most likely to be executed for witchcraft in Europe?
A)unwanted wives of powerful men
B)the elderly,the infirm,and children
C)economically independent men
D)economically independent single women
Q3) Which of the following ideas do NOT reflect the Classical School's theory?
A)Society is based on a social contract.
B)The state can provide protection but cannot violate the rights of citizens.
C)Crime is an irrational and non-utilitarian activity.
D)There should be equal punishment for equal crime.
Q4) Explain how elites used religious ideas to combat challenges to their power.
Q5) What types of people were most likely to be executed for witchcraft in Western Europe during the 15th century? Why?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) According to Warren and Hindelang,which of the following is NOT an interpretation of criminal behaviour derived from psychoanalytic theory?
A)Criminal behaviour is an expression of displaced hostility.
B)Criminal behaviour results from a compulsive need for punishment.
C)Criminal behaviour is a calculated response to external stimuli.
D)Criminal behaviour is a form of neurosis.
Q2) Which of the following theories is based on the assumption that deviant behaviour such as aggression can be learned by modelling the behaviour of others?
A)personality theory
B)social learning theory
C)moral development theory
D)operant conditioning theory
Q3) The most effective deterrent to antisocial behaviour,according to Bandura,is the provision of more attractive pro-social alternatives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The criminal justice system is serving as an alternative to mental hospitals.Discuss the validity of this statement.
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11
Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Q1) According to Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional-anomie theory,which institution dominates all others in America?
A)the family
B)the economy
C)religion
D)education
Q2) Strain theory fits the general orientation of the conflict perspective.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Summarize Cloward's contribution to theories about the relationship between individual strain and criminal behaviour.
Q4) According to Merton,which of the following best describes the accumulation of money and the status that results from it in America?
A)an illegitimate means
B)a culturally prescribed aspiration
C)a culturally approved means
D)a conventional means
Q5) What is meant by the term "subculture of power abuse"? Provide a Canadian and an American illustration of this term.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Q1) What is an honour killing? How do honor killings fit into Sellin's culture conflict theory.
Q2) For which of the following reasons has the instrumental Marxist position been criticized?
A)interpreting the base/superstructure metaphor too loosely
B)being unable to account for laws implemented by the State that are not in the immediate interest of the ruling class
C)overemphasizing how ruling class's actions may be affected by structural causes
D)portraying the ruling class as a complex,shifting group
Q3) Which of the following does the structural Marxist perspective contend?
A)The law exclusively represents the interests of the dominant capitalist class.
B)The notion of "equality before the law" reflects the substantive equalities of class,race,and gender in the economic sphere.
C)Enacted laws that benefit the less powerful reflect an ideological need to develop a widespread consent for the existing social order.
D)The formal equality of each individual in the legal sphere extends to the economic sphere.
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What social theorist complained that criminology's "garrulous discourse" and "endless repetitions" relieved judges and police officers of their guilt for delivering pain and suffering on the guilty?
A)Bourdieu
B)Foucault
C)Derrida
D)Agamben
Q2) For Agamben,naked life refers to a state of total protection akin to a fetus developing in its mother's womb.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The primary focus of critical criminology is judging existing criminal justice policies,programs,and institutions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Critical criminology seeks ways to better manage the poor and dangerous classes that make up most of the criminal offenders.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Q1) One of the basic premises of symbolic interactionism is that people act according to objects in their lives and to the meanings those objects have for them.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Summarize the main tenets of the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism and how it has influenced criminology.
Q3) Which of the following is a critique of interactionist theory offered by empiricists?
A)It fails to relate crime and other forms of deviance to the larger society.
B)It fails to indicate how people make sense of their social world.
C)It fails to account for historical and contemporary political and economic interests.
D)It examines only labelled deviants (those officially identified as having deviated).
Q4) Define primary and secondary deviation and explain how primary deviation transforms into secondary deviation.
Q5) Define the concept of a criminal career and describe some of the typical characteristics of a deviant career.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Linden and colleagues' attempt to explain the role of delinquent peers incorporates which of the following?
A)social learning theory and social control theory
B)differential association theory and social learning theory
C)social control theory and feminist theory
D)social control theory and differential association theory
Q2) According to research,which of these family variables is strongly associated with delinquency?
A)parental supervision
B)parental role modelling
C)harsh discipline
D)disapproval of unwanted behaviour
Q3) Ties to primary groups such as the family are considered essential to fostering social control,according to Reiss.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe and analyze the relevance of the family to social control theory and how the family can both promote and prevent delinquent and criminal behaviour.
Q5) What challenges face social control theory when explaining "upper-world crime"?
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Q1) According to chapter 15,which of the following theories have been particularly useful for developing ways to prevent crime that are not premised on penalties?
A)deterrence theories
B)interactionist theories
C)group conflict theories
D)routine activity theory
Q2) Which of these theories acknowledges that not everyone has the same way of life and that some people place themselves at more risk of victimization than others?
A)environmental criminology
B)lifestyle/exposure
C)lifestyle/situational
D)rational choice
Q3) An underlying assumption of rational choice theory is that offenders are irrational decision-makers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe Project Hope and the main results of its evaluation.What implications does this project have for individualized deterrence?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Q1) Which of the following contradicts what the textbook says is the current state of organized crime in Canada?
A)There is a decreasing diversity of criminal groups.
B)The number of criminal groups is increasing.
C)Modern organized crime is increasingly characterizes as a fluid network of individuals.
D)Ethnicity is no longer the main binding force for organized crime groups.
Q2) Unlawfully obtaining money,property or services from an individual or entity through coercion and intimidation is the definition of which of the following?
A)extortion
B)fraud
C)theft
D)robbery
Q3) Which of the following criminal activities exemplifies the difference between consensual and predatory criminal activities?
A)drug trafficking and gambling
B)gambling and extortion
C)kidnapping and extortion
D)drug trafficking and counterfeiting
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18
Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) Based on an understanding of white-collar crime,we can no longer assume that the poor are necessarily more criminal than the rich.
A)True
B)False
Q2) While costly to society,there are few deaths or injuries stemming from corporate crime and irresponsibility.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of these refers to white-collar crimes committed with the support and encouragement of a formal organization and intended to,at least in part,advance that organization's goals?
A)professional crime
B)business crime
C)occupational crime
D)organizational crime
Q4) Losses to companies from theft by employees are almost as much as losses from shoplifting.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) Which of the following best represents a goal of applying routine activity theory to cybercrimes?
A)to better understand guardianship that protects potential online victims
B)to better understand the paths and nodes used by offenders online
C)to better understand the rational decision making process of online offenders
D)to better understand the social environment of cyber offenders and how this contributes to their criminal offending
Q2) Describe how cyberdeviance often encompasses one or more of the traditional offline paraphilias.Identify three examples of traditional (offline)paraphilias and describe how they have been adapted to the online world.
Q3) Cyberdeviance rarely encompasses one or more of the traditional offline paraphilias.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Differentiate between cybercrime and cyberdeviance providing one hypothetical example of each.
Q5) Describe what is meant by the term "deviant cybercommunities." Provide at least two examples of a deviant cybercommunity.
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