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Vertebrate Zoology provides an in-depth exploration of animals with backbones, examining their evolution, classification, anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behavior. The course covers major vertebrate groups fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals emphasizing their structural diversity, adaptation strategies, and ecological roles. Students will gain an understanding of comparative vertebrate biology, survey key fossil discoveries, and analyze contemporary issues in conservation and biodiversity. Through lectures, labs, and fieldwork, students develop practical skills in identifying, observing, and studying vertebrate species in both natural and laboratory settings.
Recommended Textbook
Zoology 10th Edition by Stephen A Miller Dr
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Q1) The study of birds is known as A)ornithology.
B)herpetology.
C)mammalogy.
D)ichthyology.
E)entomology.
Answer: A
Q2) Ecology is the study of A)taxonomic relationships.
B)fossil organisms.
C)the development of organisms.
D)the worldwide distribution of organisms.
E)the interaction of organisms with each other and their environment.
Answer: E
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Q1) The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure was developed by
A)Singer and Nicolson.
B)Garth and Richardson.
C)Schleiden and Schwann.
D)Singer and Schleiden.
E)Johnson and Garth.
Answer: A
Q2) The ability of a membrane to regulate passage of materials into and out of a cell is called
A)selective permeability.
B)innate regulation.
C)active transport.
D)membrane uniformity.
E)homeostasis.
Answer: A
Q3) The basic function of neurons is to conduct a nerve impulse.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) During anaphase of mitosis
A)replicated chromatids align in the center of the cell.
B)the mitotic apparatus is formed.
C)daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
D)nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear.
E)chromosomes replicate.
Answer: C
Q2) A classic example of multiple allele inheritance is
A)the incomplete dominance of coat color in cattle.
B)red and white flower color in garden peas.
C)A, B, AB, and O human blood types.
D)continuous variation in human height.
E)All of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following pairings is correct?
A)Chromosomes and cell division
B)Euchromatin and inactive DNA
C)The fifth histone and nucleosome formation
D)Heterochromatin and active DNA
Answer: A
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Q1) Microevolution is described by which of the following?
A)Changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
B)Changes in the frequency of alleles in an individual
C)Changes in anatomical structures found in a population when compared to ancestral forms of the species
D)Changes in anatomical structures found in an individual when compared to ancestral forms of the species
Q2) At the beginning of his voyage on the H.M.S.Beagle,Darwin read Charles Lyell's book
A)Principles of Geology.
B)Evolution.
C)The Theory of Natural Selection.
D)The Uniformitarian Principle.
E)The Age of Catastrophy.
Q3) An adaptation
A)only occurs as a result of need.
B)is not a heritable change.
C)may be behavioral, physiological, or morphological.
D)is never perpetuated by natural selection.
E)will lead to enhanced reproductive success in any given environment.
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Q1) A requirement for speciation is that subpopulations
A)continue to interact with one another.
B)become reproductively isolated from one another.
C)never experience mutations.
D)exhibit balanced polymorphism.
Q2) One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem is that
A)mating within the population is nonrandom.
B)the size of the population is small.
C)gene frequencies change by chance alone.
D)migration into and out of the population occurs regularly.
E)mutations must not occur or a mutational equilibrium must exist.
Q3) The unusual gene frequencies of the Dunker population of eastern Pennsylvania are due to this phenomenon,which is seen frequently when small groups with unrepresentative gene frequencies break off from a larger population.
A)unidirectional selection
B)population bottleneck
C)neutral allele
D)disruptive selection
E)founder effect
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Q1) Environmental factors such as severe weather or deforestation which limit the growth of populations are said to be
A)regulative factors.
B)density independent factors.
C)density dependent factors.
D)r-selective factors.
E)inherent factors.
Q2) Because they must ingest other organisms to supply their energy needs animals are categorized as
A)heterotrophs.
B)autotrophs.
C)producers.
D)commensals.
E)mutualists.
Q3) On a survivorship curve,the Y-axis records
A)numbers of survivors.
B)inherent mortality.
C)population growth.
D)life-style.
E)proportion of survivors.
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Q1) Radially symmetrical organisms typically lack a head; the points of reference used are:
A)oral and aboral.
B)dorsal and ventral.
C)anterior and posterior.
D)proximal and distal.
E)top and bottom.
Q2) Formation of a distinct head is called A)ventralization.
B)anteriorization.
C)lateralization.
D)dorsalization.
E)cephalization.
Q3) The classification system used today began with the work of A)Charles Darwin.
B)Alfred Russel Wallace.
C)Gregor Mendel.
D)Karl von Linnè.
E)Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
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Q1) Which of the following explains why precise evolutionary relationships are difficult to determine for the protozoa?
A)The fossil record is sparse.
B)What fossils do exist, are not helpful.
C)There is no ribosomal sequence comparisons available.
D)Both A and B
Q2) An important parasitic ciliate that lives in the large intestines of humans,pigs,and other mammals is
A)Entamoeba gingivalis.
B)Trypanosoma brucei.
C)Balantidium coli.
D)Plasmodium falciparum.
E)Entamoeba histolytica.
Q3) Ciliates have a distinct "cell mouth" called a A)protostome.
B)cytostome.
C)picnostome.
D)phagostome.
E)cytopore.
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Q1) Contractile pinacocytes that can regulate water circulation in some sponges are called
A)spongiocytes.
B)choanocytes.
C)porocytes.
D)archeocytes.
E)amebocytes.
Q2) Sensory structures located in 8 notches around the bell of jellyfish medusae are A)statoliths.
B)colloblasts.
C)manubri.
D)nematocysts.
E)rhopalia.
Q3) Cnidarians possess a ____________ skeleton.
A)calcium carbonate
B)silicon based
C)spongin
D)hydrostatic
E)cartilagenous
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Q1) Nemerteans differ from flatworms in that they have a complete gut and a A)reproductive system.
B)circulatory system.
C)well-developed head.
D)well-developed bilateral symmetry.
E)nervous system.
Q2) Among the flatworms,when a digestive tract is present,it has
A)a single opening, the mouth.
B)two openings, mouth and anus.
C)a single opening, the anus.
D)no external opening.
E)a nephridiopore opening.
Q3) Blood flukes of the genus __________ are important human parasites.
A)Fasciola
B)Clonorchis
C)Opisthorchis
D)Schistosoma
E)Plasmodium
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Q1) In the bivalves,final digestion occurs
A)in the adductor muscles.
B)in the coelom.
C)in the labial palps.
D)in the crystaline style.
E)in the digestive gland.
Q2) In some gastropods,a(n)__________ is found on the dorsal,posterior margin of the foot and when the foot is drawn into the shell,seals the opening.
A)radula
B)operculum
C)tentacles
D)siphons
E)osphradium
Q3) Tooth shells belong to the molluscan class
A)Bivalvia.
B)Cephalopoda.
C)Polyplacophora.
D)Gastropoda.
E)Scaphopoda.
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Q1) Annelids convert ammonia to urea in
A)the metanephridia.
B)calciferous glands.
C)nuchal glands.
D)clitellar tissue.
E)chloragogen tissue.
Q2) Clitellates may be characterized as __________ with respect to reproduction.
A)monoecious
B)dioecious
C)asexual
D)protandric
E)parthenogenic
Q3) The region of the polychaete head that is dorsal and anterior to the mouth,and is sensory in function,is the __________.
A)gnathostome
B)prostomium
C)peristomium
D)protostome
E)pygidium
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Q1) The pinworm,Enterobius vermicularis,is the most common nematode parasite in developed countries because the life cycle of this parasite is relatively easy to complete and reinfection and transmission between hosts readily occurs.All of the following,EXCEPT ONE,are attributes of the life cycle that help this parasite thrive.
A)There is no intermediate host.
B)Eggs are very small and easily contaminate bed clothes and linens.
C)Eggs are ingested after sewage contaminates drinking water.
D)Gravid females deposit eggs in the perianal area at night creating an itching sensation.
Q2) Adult nematomorphs are free living; the larvae are
A)found in benthic marine habitats.
B)parasitic in the respiratory systems of vertebrates.
C)found in the lymph system of humans.
D)parasitic in arthropods.
E)encysted in muscle tissue of mammals.
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Q1) Arthropods belong to the ecdysozoan clade Panarthropoda.What other phylum (phyla)are also members of this clade? Check all that apply.
A) Annelida
B) Tardigrada
C) Nematoda
D) Onychophora
Q2) The arthropod exoskeleton must be shed to allow growth.The shedding process is called
A)sclerotization.
B)ecdysis.
C)calcification.
D)articulation.
E)metamorphosis.
Q3) The extinct arthropod subphylum Trilobitomorpha was named for A)the three known stages of the life cycle.
B)the three known larval forms.
C)the three geologic ages which were dominated by trilobites.
D)the three longitudinal body divisions.
E)the three species which have been identified.
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Q1) Crustaceans are unique among living arthropods as they possess A)chitin in their exoskeleton.
B)one pair of antennae.
C)only two pairs of walking legs.
D)a carapace.
E)two pairs of antennae.
Q2) Reproductive females in a social insect colony are the A)drones.
B)queens.
C)workers.
D)ogivers
E)mothers.
Q3) The portion of the crustacean exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax is the A)locomotor tagma.
B)carapace.
C)telson.
D)opisthosoma.
E)uropod.
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Q1) Sea stars typically feed
A)on suspended materials.
B)on kelp.
C)on detritus in the sediments.
D)on bivalves.
E)on small fishes.
Q2) Sea urchins and sand dollars belong to the echinoderm class
A)Crinoidea.
B)Asteroidea.
C)Ophiuroidea.
D)Holothuroidea.
E)Echinoidea.
Q3) All of the following are true of members of the Pterobranchia except one.
A)They live in secreted tubes.
B)They live mostly deep water in Southern Hemisphere oceans.
C)Their bodies are divided into three regions: proboscis, collar, and trunk.
D)Their excretory products are eliminated via blood sinuses called a glomerulus.
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Q1) In chordates,the __________ is a dorsal rod,with a sheath of connective tissue,functioning in support.
A)spinal column
B)endostyle
C)hemichord
D)backbone
E)notochord
Q2) Tentacles,known as __________ surround the oral hood of the cephalochordate.
A)cirri
B)lophophores
C)apical tufts
D)villi
E)cilia
Q3) Which of the following is not one of the five characteristics seen in all chordates at some time in their life history?
A)tubular nerve cord
B)mouth developed from blastopore
C)notochord
D)pharyngeal slits
E)postanal tail
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Q1) Some elasmobranchs,including hammerhead sharks,and guppies are A)oviparous.
B)ovoviviparous.
C)omniviparous.
D)viviparous.
E)aviviparous.
Q2) The closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates is probably A)Squalus.
B)Raja.
C)Latimeria.
D)Neoceratodus.
E)Carcharodon.
Q3) The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are A)flame bulbs.
B)nephridia.
C)malpighian tubules.
D)green glands.
E)nephrons.
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Q1) Which of the following has been suggested as a likely reason for global amphibian decline?
A)ultraviolet radiation
B)environmental pollutants
C)acid deposition
D)urban sprawl
E)all of the answers are correct
Q2) The ilium,ischium,and pubis comprise the __________ of amphibians.
A)hind limbs
B)front limbs
C)neck
D)pectoral girdle
E)pelvic girdle
Q3) __________ act to amplify the calls of frogs that are produced by the vocal cords.
A)Pulmonary diverticulae
B)Vocal sacs
C)Amphibian tongues
D)Spiral valves
E)Vocal valves
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Q1) Turtles belong to the reptilian order
A)Squamata.
B)Caudata.
C)Rhynchocephalia.
D)Crocodilia.
E)Testudines.
Q2) The skin of reptiles
A)lacks chromatophores.
B)is never shed.
C)functions in respiration.
D)is shed in order to grow.
E)has mucus glands.
Q3) In snakes and some lizards,upper and lower eyelids become fused in the embryo to form a protective window of clear skin,the
A)nictitating membrane.
B)iris.
C)fovea.
D)ciliary body.
E)spectacle.
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Q1) The eyes of some birds have two focal points or __________ per eye.
A)foveae
B)cones
C)rods
D)optic tecta
E)pectens
Q2) A bird species is found in a region where food resources are relatively abundant,but patchy in distribution.Nests are found near these resource patches.Many individuals are attracted to these nesting and feeding areas.Which of the following reproductive patterns is likely to be true of this species?
A)The parents are probably polygynous and the young are altricial.
B)The parents are probably polyandrous and the young are altricial.
C)The parents are probably monogamous and the young are precocial.
D)The parents are probably polygynous and the young are precocial.
Q3) Birds,dinosaurs,and crocodilians are all
A)pterodactyls.
B)saurentians.
C)pterosaurs.
D)archosaurs.
E)plesiodactyls.
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Q1) __________ glands are associated with hair follicles and secrete oil.
A)Eccrine
B)Sebaceous
C)Sudoriferous
D)Apocrine
E)Musk
Q2) Opossums belong to the group of mammals known as A)therapsids.
B)monotremes.
C)cynodonts.
D)marsupials.
E)placentals.
Q3) A common opening for excretory,reproductive,and digestive products is called a A)cecum.
B)ilium.
C)duodenum.
D)cloaca.
E)carpus.
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Q1) In the epidermis of hagfishes are __________,which produce large amounts of mucus that cover the body surface.
A)sweat glands
B)sudoriferous glands
C)multicellular slime glands
D)poison glands
E)sebaceous glands
Q2) A(n)__________ is composed of a core of liquid surrounded by a tension-resistant sheath containing muscles.
A)bony skeleton
B)cartilaginous skeleton
C)hydrostatic skeleton
D)endoskeleton
E)exoskeleton
Q3) Ultraviolet rays convert a chemical in the skin into
A)urea.
B)keratin.
C)melanin.
D)iridin.
E)vitamin D.
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Q1) Receptors that respond to potentially harmful stimuli that produce pain are called A)exteroreceptors.
B)proprioceptors.
C)interoceptors.
D)nociceptors.
E)mechanoreceptors.
Q2) __________ is perceived when the skin is touched,but not deformed.
A)Deep pressure
B)Light touch
C)Touch pressure
D)Vibration
E)Heat
Q3) Bundles of neuronal fibers in the central nervous system are called A)tracts.
B)nuclei.
C)ganglia.
D)nerves.
E)plexi.
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Q1) What is the function of the hormone aldosterone?
A)regulates sodium and water balance
B)maintains secondary sexual characteristics
C)stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
D)promotes erythrocyte production
E)promotes spermatogenesis
Q2) The group of hormones known as __________ helps to regulate menstrual and estrus cycles.
A)androgens
B)cortisols
C)estrogens
D)parathormones
E)mineralocorticoids
Q3) Hormones that are biochemically __________ usually involve a "second messenger" to accomplish their action.
A)steroids
B)aldehydes
C)amines
D)phospholipids
E)glycerides
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Q1) __________ dilates and causes blood vessels to leak fluid at the site of an inflammation.
A)Heparin
B)Histamine
C)Fibrinogen
D)Gamma globulin
E)Amphetamine
Q2) In a young human adult,normal systolic blood pressure is about
A)70 mm Hg.
B)120 mm Hg.
C)190 mm Hg.
D)220 mm Hg.
E)500 mm Hg.
Q3) The oxygen-carrying pigment found in the erythrocytes of vertebrates is A)hemoglobin.
B)chlorocrurin.
C)hemocyanin.
D)hematoprotein.
E)hematocrit.
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Q1) Which of the organisms listed below has a crop?
A)nematode
B)Hydra
C)planarian
D)tiger
E)grasshopper
Q2) Pancreatic __________ converts polysaccharides into disaccharides and monosaccharides.
A)trypsin
B)pepsin
C)lipase
D)amylase
E)lactase
Q3) Glycoproteins called mucins help bind food in the mouth into a moist mass called the
A)sphincter.
B)oligosaccharide.
C)bolus.
D)mucoid.
E)mucosaccharide.
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Q1) Which type of insect is capable of endothermy?
A)beetle
B)fly
C)grasshopper
D)honeybee
E)cockroach
Q2) Excretion is best described as the elimination of __________ from an animal's body.
A)metabolic waste products
B)indigestible materials
C)digested food
D)unneeded food
E)excess water
Q3) A physiological state that allows certain mammals to survive long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies is
A)aestivation.
B)winter sleep.
C)summer sleep.
D)torpor.
E)hibernation.
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Q1) Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)is produced in the A)ovarian follicle.
B)corpus luteum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)pituitary.
E)uterine wall.
Q2) Organisms that reproduce parthenogenetically experience relatively
A)less reproductive success.
B)greater problems in finding a mate.
C)less genetic variation in the population.
D)less success in stable environments.
E)less effect of deleterious mutations.
Q3) Within which group of animals has parthenogenesis NOT been shown?
A)fish
B)reptiles
C)mammals
D)insects
E)flatworms
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