Urban and Rural Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Urban and Rural Sociology explores the social structures, cultural patterns, and dynamics of communities in both urban and rural environments. The course examines how factors such as industrialization, migration, population growth, and economic development influence life in cities, suburbs, and countryside areas. Students analyze the differences and similarities in social relationships, institutions, and challenges faced by urban and rural populations, including issues related to housing, employment, inequality, public services, and community organization. Through comparative analysis, the course aims to provide a deeper understanding of spatial and social transformations shaping modern society.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 4th Edition by Anthony Giddens
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1239 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Q1) Sarah has been collecting intensive interviews with women who organize in grassroots movements for wages for housework.At the moment,she is looking over the interviews and trying to find common themes within them.What part of the research process is she in?
A)defining the research problem
B)reviewing the evidence
C)working out a design
D)interpreting the results
E)reporting the findings
Answer: D
Q2) Following C.Wright Mills,sociologists refer to breaking free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and putting things in a wider social context as the:
A)accumulation of capital
B)psychologization process
C)emergence theory
D)recognition of self
E)sociological imagination
Answer: E
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Q1) The book asserts that material goods can carry with them powerful cultural and social meanings.What are some ways that clothing expresses social values and culture?
Answer: Students could go in many directions with this question.Students might write about the social significance of the niqab (the veil worn by many Muslim women that covers face and hair,leaving only the eyes showing)in various contexts,as the book does.Some might consider the niqab a sign of women's position in certain social groups.Others might view it as a sign of nationalism or anti-imperialism,particularly in the French context where it has been outlawed.But clothes communicate a wide swath of values.We perform our gender through our clothing.Subcultural identity can be communicated with clothes.Some clothes carry with them explicit political messages (shirts with the American flag,for example,or with slogans)while others might show loyalty to various brands-both in terms of companies and in terms of ideology and belief.The best responses will be creative and likely combine any number of these things.
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups is more likely to live past age sixty-five in U.S.society?
A)blacks
B)whites
C)foreign-born people
D)people born in two-parent households
E)Asian Americans
Answer: B
Q2) Pointing to medieval paintings in which children were portrayed with mature faces and participating in the same work and play activities as adults,French historian Philippe
Ariès made the argument that:
A)children were considered nuisances
B)childhood did not exist in medieval times
C)children had the same rights as adults
D)children often married very young
E)childhood lasted much longer in medieval times
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Q1) According to Erving Goffman,one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because:
A)it helps with national security
B)it makes us informed voters
C)we can learn a great deal about ourselves as human beings
D)it can inform us about political and military strategy
E)we can learn how to make more money
Q2) According to Harold Garfinkel,people use __________ to structure and organize everyday conversation.
A)formal grammar
B)background expectancies
C)deceptive tactics
D)facial expressions
E)political motives
Q3) The social positions that a person occupies determines that person's:
A)social roles
B)ideas
C)gender
D)racial identity
E)status markers
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Q1) According to sociologists,what is the smallest size that can make up a social group?
A)a dyad
B)an ego and an alter ego
C)a triad
D)a family
E)a bureaucracy
Q2) Which of the following would be considered a social category?
A)African Americans
B)a group of soldiers who recently returned from war
C)neighbors that are both Mexican-American
D)two friends who are freshmen at the same college
E)two sisters
Q3) Give an example of a dyad,a triad,and a larger group.In which groups are the relationships more intense? In which are they more stable? Use your examples to explain why.
Q4) According to George Ritzer,what is the McDonaldization of society? Explain the four guiding principles of McDonaldization,using the example of one of the following: your college or university,the healthcare system,or the movie industry.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following statements concerning the Uniform Crime Reports is NOT true?
A)The reports contain official data reported to law enforcement agencies.
B)The reports focus on "index crimes."
C)The reports accurately reflect crime rates.
D)The reports include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.
E)The reports exclude fraud and embezzlement.
Q2) Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment?
A)The majority of Americans have always supported capital punishment.
B)The majority of Americans have always opposed capital punishment.
C)Most adults supported capital punishment in 2010.
D)Most adults supported capital punishment in 1965.
E)Fewer Americans support capital punishment today than a generation ago.
Q3) Which of the following is affected by our desire not to be socially ostracized?
A)the clothes we wear
B)the hobbies we engage in
C)the romantic partners we choose
D)our future careers
E)all of the above
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) When a person moves from one position in a class structure to a nearly identical position,the person is said to experience:
A)short-range downward mobility
B)long-range downward mobility
C)declining mobility
D)across-position mobility
E)bi-position mobility
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of all systems of social stratification?
A)People are ranked according to social categories such as race and gender.
B)A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her social category.
C)Ranks of social categories tend to change slowly over time.
D)If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his or her category, he or she is no longer classified at that level.
E)Social rankings reflect social inequality.
Q3) Compare and contrast slavery,caste,and class as systems of stratification.What is the basis of inequality in each? How much social mobility exists in each? What system of stratification best describes the United States?
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Q1) Sociologists cite all of the following as reasons for the recent economic advances of the East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs)EXCEPT:
A)Most were part of colonial situations that, while imposing many hardships, also helped to pave the way for economic growth.
B)The East Asian region benefited from a long period of world economic growth between the 1950s and the mid-1970s.
C)Economic growth in this region took off at the high point of the cold war, when the United States and its allies, in erecting a defense against communist China, provided generous economic aid that fueled investment in such new technologies as transistors, semiconductors, and other electronics, which contributed to the development of local industries.
D)Dictatorial controls allowed for smoothly run, centrally planned economies that eschewed democratic planning as well as market mechanisms.
E)Many of the East Asian governments followed strong policies that favored economic growth: keeping labor costs low, encouraging economic development through tax breaks and other economic policies, and offering free public education.
Q2) What are some ways we might address exploitative child labor practices?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Childcare work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." Childcare workers generally make less than construction workers.This situation exemplifies:
A)masculinity
B)gender socialization
C)gender typing
D)the glass ceiling
E)the glass escalator
Q2) Over the past fifty years,women's participation in the paid labor force:
A)has risen continuously
B)has dropped continuously
C)has remained the same
D)has gone up and down with no clear pattern
E)rose for the first twenty-five years but dropped for the last twenty-five
Q3) Which strategy would NOT be supported by liberal feminists?
A)laws that prohibit discrimination against women
B)laws that protect women from sexual harassment
C)affirmative action policies for women
D)family-friendly policies in the workplace
E)the abolition of marriage
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) The term that describes cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart is:
A)ethnicity
B)ethnocentrism
C)race
D)racism
E)heredity
Q2) The transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object is known as:
A)transference
B)stereotyping
C)discriminating
D)racializing
E)displacing
Q3) Characterize the racial and ethnic inequality that exists in the United States today.Which of the following dimensions of inequality do you think is most significant: education,income,health,or political power? Explain why you think so.
Q4) What is institutional racism? Give examples.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) A family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife's parents is called a:
A)matrilocal family
B)patrilocal family
C)neolocal family
D)polygamous family
E)polyandrous family
Q2) Although it is most common for young people to leave home to begin independent lives,in previous generations,young people left home:
A)to get away from the endless farm work required of children
B)to avoid domestic violence
C)because their parents evicted them
D)to get married
E)to go to college
Q3) Does cohabitation lead to divorce? If so,explain how.
Q4) Describe Talcott Parsons's view of the family.What are some criticisms of his approach?
Q5) Sociologists have identified seven important changes that characterize global family change over the past half-century.What are they?
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) "Between school effects" refers to:
A)the kinds of activities that kids engage in during summer breaks
B)the effects of nighttime activities on learning
C)a comparison of wealthy and poor children and their educational opportunities
D)that crucial summer between high school and college
E)a comparison of how schools differ from one another
Q2) According to the text,when it comes to religion,sociologists are NOT concerned about:
A)the effects of religion on the economy
B)the ways religion is used to legitimate authority
C)whether religious beliefs are true or false
D)whether religions provide ethical frameworks for understanding society
E)how religion gives humans a sense of meaning
Q3) Karl Marx declared that religion was:
A)a force for human liberation
B)the primary means of organizing revolution
C)the "answer to the social question"
D)a contradictory incubator for new ideas
E)the "opium of the people"
Q4) How is the educational system complicit in the reproduction of inequality?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Q1) John is an American who works in the United States,and Jacques works in his home country of France.According to the text,which of the following statements can be inferred to be most likely to be true regarding their future working lives?
A)Both men will increasingly work more hours per week.
B)Only Jacques will increasingly work more hours per week.
C)Both men will be forced by their employers to work an average of over 200 hours per year of overtime.
D)Only Jacques will be forced by his employer to work an average of over 200 hours per year of overtime.
E)Both men will retire earlier than their fathers.
Q2) President Dwight David Eisenhower,who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe in World War II,warned in his presidential farewell address:
A)of the dangers of what he termed the "military-industrial complex"
B)that any decrease in military spending might put the United States "at risk of terrorism"
C)that a two-party system was unsustainable in the long term
D)of the danger of Cuba falling to "communist insurgents"
E)that the election of a Democrat would be a calamity for the United States
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Q1) What are the some of the important contributions of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality?
Q2) According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,homosexuality:
A)was never considered a personality disorder
B)was considered a personality disorder until 1920
C)was considered a personality disorder until 1950
D)was considered a personality disorder until 1980
E)is still considered a personality disorder
Q3) Phil was a woman and became a man.According to sociologists,Phil is:
A)a bisexual
B)a transvestite man
C)a transvestite woman
D)a transsexual man
E)a transsexual woman
Q4) Describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.
Q5) What is the biomedical model of health?
Q6) How do social class and race affect health?
Q7) Compare complementary and alternative medicine.
Q8) What is sexual orientation? Page 16
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Q1) Jonah grew up in a neighborhood with poor schools,few businesses,and many rundown and abandoned buildings.However,in the last few years,many buildings have been renovated by the city,and tax breaks are encouraging new business to move into the city.This process is called:
A)conurbation
B)metropolization
C)suburbanization
D)urbanization
E)urban renewal or gentrification
Q2) The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as:
A)the rate of population decline
B)the death rate
C)anti-fertility
D)the crude death rate
E)the infant mortality rate
Q3) Using China as an example,explain some of the issues that countries face today regarding population growth,economic growth,and environmental issues.How are these issues intertwined?
Q4) Why is rural America on the decline? Explain at least two problems facing rural America today.
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Q1) According to Charles Tilly's model,what are the four main components of collective action? Provide detailed examples of each component to fully illustrate your understanding of Tilly's model.
Q2) The biggest contribution to accelerating and deepening the process of globalization has been made by the rapid development and diffusion of __________ technologies,which have enhanced the so-called compression of time and space.
A)communication
B)transportation
C)manufacturing
D)accounting
E)energy
Q3) Compare and contrast the ways in which the "global justice movement" and organizations like the World Trade Organization view the relationship between free trade and global inequality.Which view do you agree with and why?
Q4) According to Daniel Bell,we are entering a phase of development beyond the industrial era called the "postindustrial society." Discuss the changes that have brought about a postindustrial society and what characterizes such a society.
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