United States History: Beginnings to 1877
Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the history of the United States from its earliest beginnings through the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Students will examine the development of Indigenous societies, European exploration and colonization, the formation of the thirteen colonies, and the causes and consequences of the American Revolution. The course also covers the creation of the Constitution, the early years of the Republic, westward expansion, and the social, economic, and political changes leading up to the Civil War. The impact of slavery, sectionalism, and the major events of the Civil War and Reconstruction will be analyzed to provide a foundational understanding of how these formative periods shaped the nations identity and future.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) The Hopewell trading network __________.
A) extended over much of North America
B) was confined to modern-day Ohio
C) was never very well developed
D) had little impact on subsequent mound-building societies
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following was true of the Mesoamerican empires?
A) They had no knowledge of each other.
B) They all expanded through trade and peaceful alliances.
C) They all worshipped the same gods in the same ways.
D) They built upon each other's culture and achievements.
Answer: D
Q3) At the arrival of Columbus, the Americas were inhabited by about __________ people.
A) 2 to 4 million
B) 5 to 6 million
C) 60 to 70 million
D) 200 to 250 million
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) Sebastián VizcaÃno was given the task of __________.
A) finding the fabled North Pacific isles of Rica de Oro
B) exploring the South Pacific
C) pacifying the Indian peoples of Florida
D) establishing trade relations between Spain and China
Answer: A
Q2) Franciscan missionaries forbade traditional Pueblo __________.
A) foods and beverages
B) marriage arrangements
C) religious celebrations
D) dress
Answer: C
Q3) More than anything else, John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a(n) __________.
A) example for the rest of the world
B) self-contained community
C) enormous financial success
D) independent country
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Q1) King William's War pitted the French and their Indian allies against __________.
A) the Dutch and their Indian allies
B) the Huron
C) Spain
D) the English and their Indian allies
Answer: D
Q2) What factors combined to produce the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. A five-year drought beginning in 1666 inflicted a prolonged famine upon the peoples of New Mexico.
2. The Spanish failed to adequately defend Pueblo communities from Apache and Navajo raids.
3. The prayers of Spanish missionaries failed to bring an end to an epidemic that struck in 1671.
4. When Indian priests revived Pueblo religious customs in an effort to fend off the sickness, Spanish priests and officials responded with harsh punishments.
5. Popé, one of the Indians singled out for punishment, emerged as the leader of the Pueblo resistance movement.
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Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) In 1735, the trustees of Georgia __________.
A) purchased 500 African slaves
B) outlawed the consumption of hard alcohol
C) created a bicameral legislature
D) ordered the colonists to cultivate cotton
Q2) The use of African slaves as agricultural laborers in Brazil was tied to __________ cultivation.
A) rice
B) tobacco
C) sugar
D) indigo
Q3) How did South Carolina authorities respond to Christian Priber's call for the founding of a multiracial "Paradise"?
A) They ignored him.
B) They had him arrested and jailed.
C) They forced him into exile.
D) They had him shipped back to Europe.
Q4) What factors fueled the Stono Rebellion?
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Q5) How did Britain's participation in the Atlantic slave trade evolve from 1640 to the 1730s?
Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) Which of the following helps explain the rapid growth of the American population?
A) a low death rate and a long average life span
B) a high birth rate and early average marriage age
C) the concentration of the American population in urban centers
D) medical innovations and advances
Q2) Why did tobacco prices rise after 1710?
A) Demand in Africa for tobacco was growing.
B) The supply of tobacco had decreased.
C) Demand in Asia for tobacco was growing.
D) Snuff had become popular in Europe.
Q3) Almost all of the white, non-English newcomers were __________.
A) Protestant Christians
B) desperately poor
C) artisans and craftsmen
D) single men
Q4) What role did George Whitefield play in spreading John Wesley's Methodist message in the colonies?
Q5) Discuss the causes of rapid population growth in the English colonies in the eighteenth century.
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) In the view of many Whigs, the British government balanced the power of
A) landowners, merchants, and workers
B) the king, the Parliament, and the church
C) the monarchy, the church, and the merchants
D) the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the people
Q2) What prompted Juan Bautista de Anza's 1774 expedition through the Southwest?
A) rumors of a city of gold
B) the challenge of supplying Spanish settlers in California
C) the threat posed by French explorers
D) rumors of a new Indian uprising
Q3) What rumor was confirmed by Cook's fleet?
A) There was gold in Southeast Asia.
B) The Spanish and Dutch were allied in the South Pacific.
C) The Russians had a foothold in the North American fur trade.
D) The French had seized control of Hawaii.
Q4) Describe the steps that led to Spanish colonization of the California coast.
Q5) What measures did George Grenville take in an effort to impose order on Britain's American colonies?
Q6) Who were the Regulators and what did they want?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) After General Clinton returned to New York, General __________ took charge of British operations in the South.
A) Howe
B) Gates
C) Burgoyne
D) Cornwallis
Q2) Which of the following was a consequence of the Battle of Bunker Hill?
A) It ended the siege of Boston.
B) It nearly broke the American will to fight.
C) It demonstrated that the British army was not invincible.
D) It brought France into the war on the American side.
Q3) How did public pressure lead to the decision to issue the Declaration of Independence?
Q4) Which of the following was a provision of the peace treaty with Great Britain in 1783?
A) The French retained control of Quebec.
B) The British yielded East and West Florida to Spain.
C) Britain ceded all territories south of the Great Lakes.
D) The United States lost its claim to all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) George Mason suggested the inclusion of __________ in the Constitution.
A) a third legislative body
B) provisions for a standing army
C) a provision outlawing slavery
D) a bill of rights
Q2) The mountain state of Franklin was __________.
A) founded by some of North Carolina's western landholders
B) intended as a refuge for runaway slaves
C) populated by discontented farmers
D) formed by Spanish and French adventurers
Q3) Hector St. John de Crevecoeur believed the flourishing of free people in America was directly linked to what?
A) a temperate climate and fertile land
B) a way of life that nurtured community growth
C) a unique belief in individual liberty
D) a federal system of government
Q4) What was the Newburgh conspiracy and why is it important?
Q5) How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention deal with the issue of slavery?
Page 10
Q6) Describe the key aspects of the postwar economic crisis.
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) Thomas Jefferson was __________.
A) not convinced that Indian cultures were still viable
B) an opponent of western expansion
C) a supporter of the gradual abolition of slavery
D) a strong believer in the equality of men and women
Q2) The original United States Naturalization Law of 1790 limited naturalization to __________.
A) free white persons
B) northern Europeans
C) people of British ancestry
D) freeborn men
Q3) In the decades after the Revolution, public parades marking special occasions often featured __________.
A) groups of artisans
B) marching bands
C) wild animals
D) professional singers
Q4) What led to the Louisiana Purchase? How did Jefferson reconcile the purchase with his own devotion to a strict interpretation of the Constitution?
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Chapter 10: Defending and Expanding the New Nation,
1804-1818
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Q1) Which of the following helped promote industrialization in the United States in the early nineteenth century?
A) government subsidies for factory construction
B) the Alien and Sedition Acts
C) the Embargo Act of 1807
D) the ban on the importation of slaves
Q2) In 1816, __________ soundly defeated the Federalist candidate Rufus King.
A) Martin Van Buren
B) William Henry Harrison
C) James Monroe
D) Thomas Jefferson
Q3) Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa sought to __________.
A) preserve Native American culture
B) educate their followers in the ways of Europeans
C) lead a massive westward migration
D) spread the teachings of Christianity
Q4) How did the institution of slavery change in the first decades of the nineteenth century?
Page 12
Q5) In what ways was Speaker of the House Henry Clay typical of the war hawks?
Q6) What led to the Market Revolution?
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Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Q1) Why did Jackson's opponents make the Bank of the United States the central issue of the 1832 presidential campaign?
A) They thought it would help Henry Clay win votes in the South.
B) They thought it demonstrated that Jackson had overreached his powers as president.
C) They thought it proved that Jackson was mentally unstable.
D) They thought that western voters would switch their allegiance from Jackson to Clay.
Q2) _________ crafted the legislative deal that came to be known as the Missouri Compromise.
A) Henry Clay
B) William Pinckney
C) David Tallmadge
D) Rufus King
Q3) Why is it noteworthy that Jackson used the veto power twelve times?
A) Jackson had attacked John Quincy Adams for abusing his veto power.
B) It is representative of his support of the authority of the Supreme Court.
C) Jackson ran for office on a platform that emphasized the limited power of the president.
D) He used his veto power more times than all his predecessors combined.
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) What was the gag rule?
A) a ban on the reading of antislavery petitions in Congress
B) a ban on the publication of antislavery petitions in newspapers
C) a ban on mailing antislavery literature to the South
D) a ban on giving antislavery speeches in Washington D.C.
Q2) The Panic of 1837 __________.
A) devastated the National Trades Union
B) led to unemployment rates above 50 percent
C) was a boon to the labor movement
D) was made worse by the actions of French creditors
Q3) The Panic of 1837 was brought on by __________.
A) the collapse of the Bank of the United States
B) overspeculation in canals, turnpikes, railroads, and slaves
C) falling cotton prices
D) Spanish banks calling in American loans
Q4) Supporters of manifest destiny believed that _____________.
A) white Americans were a superior and exceptional race
B) one day Native Americans would be assimilated into white society
C) slavery was a stain on the American soul
D) one day the entire world would be ruled by democratic governments
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Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) Boston preacher Maria Stewart denounced the twin evils of __________.
A) racial and gender prejudice
B) alcohol and sloth
C) gambling and fornication
D) ignorance and hunger
Q2) The first conference devoted to the status of __________ was held in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York.
A) Native Americans
B) slaves
C) free blacks
D) women
Q3) Who invented the steel plow?
A) Cyrus McCormick
B) John Deere
C) Robert Fulton
D) Rufus King
Q4) What challenges did Plains Indians face in the 1850s?
Q5) What political divisions were revealed by the presidential election of 1860?
Q6) What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850?
Page 16
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Q1) From the beginning, the Confederates sought to __________.
A) capture Washington D.C.
B) fight a defensive war
C) blockade the North
D) take advantage of the South's larger population
Q2) Describe the experience of African American soldiers in the Union army.
Q3) In the North, the Emancipation Proclamation __________.
A) was greeted with general indifference
B) was seen by most whites as an act of desperation
C) spurred the enlistment of black men in the Union army and navy
D) made Lincoln the most popular man in the Union
Q4) Why was the white South so fearful of Abraham Lincoln?
A) Lincoln had run for president as the candidate who would end slavery in the South.
B) Southern whites were convinced Lincoln would do what he could to undermine slavery.
C) Lincoln had outlined a plan for the colonization of the South.
D) Southern whites saw all Northerners as deadly threats to their independence.
Q5) What obstacles did the Confederacy face as its leaders sought to mobilize for war?
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Q1) Why did Congress pass the Tenure of Office and Command of the Army Acts?
A) to secure congressional power over President Johnson
B) to address security issues in the South
C) to facilitate land reform
D) to speed ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment
Q2) The __________ abolished slavery in the United States.
A) Emancipation Proclamation
B) Fourteenth Amendment
C) Fifteenth Amendment
D) Thirteenth Amendment
Q3) How did the Central Pacific Railroad solve its labor problem?
A) by importing Irish laborers
B) by purchasing African American slaves
C) by importing Chinese laborers
D) by using Indians as forced labor
Q4) The Ku Klux Klan was founded by __________.
A) Jefferson Davis
B) a small clique of wealthy planters
C) a group of Confederate war veterans
D) Democratic party leaders
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Chapter
Culture, 1877-1890
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Q1) What is vertical integration? How did Andrew Carnegie apply it to his steel company?
Q2) According to the 1880 census, the three cities with the highest percentage of foreign-born residents were Chicago, San Francisco, and __________.
A) Pittsburgh
B) Los Angeles
C) New York
D) Boston
Q3) The Edmunds Act __________.
A) banned Chinese immigration to the United States
B) outlawed polygamy and appointed a federal commission to supervise elections in Utah
C) resumed the coinage of silver
D) established a merit system for federal job applicants
Q4) Why did American companies form trusts?
A) to avoid taxes
B) to reduce competition
C) to improve product quality
D) to attract skilled workers
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Q5) What role did urban machines play in late nineteenth-century American cities?
Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives helped galvanize public support for which of the following?
A) social welfare programs
B) the temperance movement
C) slum clearance and housing codes
D) new restrictions on child labor
Q2) What was the purpose of the Indian boarding school movement?
A) to force Indian children to abandon their native culture
B) to teach Indian children about their native culture
C) to prepare Indian children to leave the United States
D) to punish Indian parents for resistance to government policies
Q3) Most black soldiers were assigned to duty in the West, where they became known as __________.
A) Buffalo soldiers
B) Smoked Yankees
C) Abraham's army
D) Exodusters
Q4) What were the goals of the Knights of Labor in the 1880s?
Page 20
Q5) Why did reformers consider the Indian reservation system a failure? What did they want to put in its place?
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of
Depression and War: the 1890s
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Q1) The sequence of events that led to the Spanish-American War began in 1895 with
A) the Spanish violation of the Monroe Doctrine
B) the assassination of William McKinley
C) a clash between American and Spanish forces in the Philippines
D) a Cuban revolt against Spanish colonial authorities
Q2) Mark Hanna and Mark Twain agreed that __________ was insane.
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) William McKinley
C) William Jennings Bryan
D) Alfred Thayer Mahan
Q3) According to Frederick Jackson Turner, what had shaped all of American history?
A) Protestant beliefs and values
B) The process of settling the West
C) Racial superiority
D) The stain of slavery
Q4) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?
Q5) What motives were behind American overseas expansion in the 1890s?
Page 21
Q6) What explains why no viable workers' party or socialist movement emerged in late nineteenth-century America?
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Q1) The militancy of the suffrage movement in __________ inspired American activists to develop new tactics and international alliances.
A) Sweden
B) Germany
C) England
D) France
Q2) Ida Tarbell wrote a powerful exposé of the ruthless business practices of
A) Jay Gould
B) J. P. Morgan
C) John D. Rockefeller
D) Andrew Carnegie
Q3) Why was Taft skeptical about Roosevelt's extensions of the powers of the presidency?
A) They had proved unpopular.
B) He thought they might be unconstitutional.
C) They had upset the balance among the branches of government.
D) They had been used to appease imperialist powers in the Pacific.
Q4) How did Henry Ford revolutionize automobile production?
Q5) What explains the influx of Jewish immigrants between 1880 and 1920?
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Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) What was the initial rationale for Allied intervention in the civil war between the Bolsheviks and counterrevolutionary forces in Russia?
A) to reopen the eastern front against Germany
B) to prevent communism from spreading west
C) to capture Lenin and his associates
D) to put the czar back on the Russian throne
Q2) __________ tied the United States to the Allied side.
A) economic interests
B) existing treaties
C) national security interests
D) racial solidarity
Q3) __________, France, and Russia formed an alliance that became known as the Entente.
A) Italy
B) Britain
C) Spain
D) Germany
Q4) How did the federal government and the private sector work together to support the American war effort?
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) In the poem "I, Too, Sing America," __________ challenged white America to accept African Americans.
A) Ethel Waters
B) Arna Bontemps
C) Langston Hughes
D) Alain Locke
Q2) Which of the following was part of Warren G. Harding's domestic agenda?
A) increased regulation of industry
B) opposition to prohibition
C) opposition to labor unions
D) civil rights for African Americans
Q3) How did advertising shape the consumer culture of the 1920s?
Q4) The __________ River flood of 1927 submerged 26,000 square miles of prime farmland across seven states.
A) Mississippi
B) Ohio
C) Missouri
D) Colorado
Q5) How did automobiles shape the society and culture of the 1920s?
Q6) Describe the case of Buck v. Bell. What issues were at stake?
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) FDR's __________ cost him considerable political capital and empowered his opponents.
A) attacks on economic elites
B) fireside chats
C) support of Social Security
D) "court packing" plan
Q2) John Lewis helped found the __________.
A) International Workers of the World
B) Knights of Labor
C) Congress of Industrial Organizations
D) American Federation of Labor
Q3) Why was the Soviet Union immune to the Great Depression?
A) Japan and China greatly supported its economy.
B) Its trade connections with Europe were very strong.
C) It had huge reserves of capital.
D) It had already abandoned capitalism.
Q4) What were the root causes of the Great Depression?
Q5) What was the Civilian Conservation Corps and what did it achieve?
Q6) Describe the political career of Huey Long.
Q7) How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Depression? Page 26
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) Why was the Battle of Midway so important?
A) The U.S. victory virtually eliminated Japanese offensive capabilities.
B) The U.S. victory pushed the Japanese to the brink of surrender.
C) The Japanese victory forced the U.S. to retreat to Australia.
D) The Japanese victory facilitated further Japanese expansion in Asia.
Q2) In February 1942, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which __________.
A) provided low-interest loans to Great Britain
B) extended Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union
C) banned racial discrimination in defense industry hiring
D) authorized the internment of Japanese Americans
Q3) Why did Roosevelt authorize the Manhattan Project?
A) to strengthen relations within the western hemisphere
B) to create strategies to increase wartime farm productivity
C) to conceptualize plans for a postwar world
D) to develop nuclear weapons
Q4) What finally led France and Britain to declare war on Germany?
A) the invasion of France
B) the seizure of Czechoslovakia
C) the annexation of Austria
D) the invasion of Poland
Page 28
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) Despite traditional tensions, Mao __________.
A) signed a mutual defense pact with the Soviet Union
B) agreed to a trade relationship with the United States
C) signed an alliance with Japan
D) allowed southern Chinese to participate in his government
Q2) After World War II, the Soviets considered which of the following part of their sphere of influence?
A) Iran
B) Italy
C) Japan
D) Thailand
Q3) The fundamental task for Americans at home was to __________.
A) absorb new waves of immigrants from Europe and Latin America
B) prepare for wars in Asia and Africa
C) to provide work for refugees from Europe
D) convert from a wartime society back to a peacetime one
Q4) What was NSC-68 and how did it help produce the American national security state?
Q5) How did the United States redefine national security after 1945?
Q6) Discuss the impact of the Red Scare on American politics and civil liberties.
Page 29
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares,
1953-1963
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Q1) The decision in Brown v. Board of Education overturned the ruling in __________.
A) Plessy v. Ferguson
B) Dred Scott v. Sanford
C) Marbury v. Madison
D) Sweat v. Painter
Q2) Which of the following leaders was reluctant to use his power to support racial integration?
A) Chief Justice Earl Warren
B) Thurgood Marshall
C) President Truman
D) President Eisenhower
Q3) __________'s The Lonely Crowd looked at the alienation of middle-class men.
A) William Whyte
B) David Reisman
C) Allen Ginsberg
D) Jack Kerouac
Q4) Describe the key components of Kennedy's domestic policy agenda.
Q5) Describe the most important developments in American foreign policy during the Eisenhower administration.
Q6) How did white Southerners respond to the Brown decision? Page 30
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Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) _________ are the largest Spanish-speaking ethnic group located primarily on the East Coast.
A) Guatemalans
B) Mexicans
C) Cubans
D) Puerto Ricans
Q2) What led to the formation of the "plumbers" by the Nixon White House?
A) the Tet Offensive
B) the assassination of Robert Kennedy
C) the killings at Kent State
D) the publication of the Pentagon Papers
Q3) After 1965, SDS's initially broad reform agenda narrowed to__________.
A) stopping the war in Vietnam
B) fighting racism
C) ending poverty in America
D) promoting women's rights
Q4) What did the slogan "black power" mean? How were the feelings behind the slogan expressed?
Q5) Describe Nixon's approach to his political opponents in his first term.
Q6) What steps did President Johnson take to combat poverty and discrimination? Page 32
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Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Q1) The soaring membership in the Audubon Society during the 1970s was representative of which larger trend?
A) reassessment of gender roles
B) rising worries over peace in the Middle East
C) détente with the Soviet Union
D) increasing concerns about American consumption
Q2) Carter sought to turn the page on America's colonial past by __________.
A) cutting off U.S. aid to Chile
B) returning sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama
C) returning part of Arizona to Mexico
D) apologizing to the people of the Philippines
Q3) The Hyde Amendment forbade the use of Medicaid funds for __________.
A) contraception
B) abortions
C) sex education
D) gynecological exams
Q4) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
Q5) How did Congress attempt to reassert its power over foreign policy in the 1970s?
Q6) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Q7) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
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Q1) In 1981, Reagan proposed a new tax law to __________ over three years.
A) raise federal income tax rates by 15 percent
B) lower federal income tax rates by 50 percent
C) lower federal income tax rates by 25 percent
D) raise federal income tax rates by 65 percent
Q2) The Iran-Contra scandal involved the sale of __________ to Iran.
A) weapons
B) food
C) medicine
D) consumer electronics
Q3) Which of the following was true of the new immigrants of the 1970s and 1980s?
A) Most were highly educated.
B) Most came for political reasons.
C) Most came from Asia.
D) Most came with few financial resources.
Q4) Which of the following did Reagan target for spending cuts?
A) defense spending
B) Social Security
C) Medicare
D) food stamps
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Q1) The attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was carried out by __________.
A) Iraqis
B) Saudis
C) Americans
D) Palestinians
Q2) Which of the following was true of the 2000 election?
A) Al Gore won the popular vote.
B) The election was resolved in the House of Representatives.
C) George Bush won an electoral college landslide.
D) Voter intimidation in California and Texas swung the election to George Bush.
Q3) The widening gap between rich and poor in the 1990s was reflected in which of the following?
A) the increasing ratio between chief executive pay and the earnings of the average worker
B) the slow decline of housing prices in urban areas
C) the return of 1970s-style stagflation
D) the increasing number of children per family in poor communities
Q4) How did Americans in the bottom half of the income ladder fare in the 1990s?
Q5) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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Q1) Between 1900 and 2015, the population of the United States __________.
A) declined by 20 percent
B) doubled
C) quadrupled
D) increased tenfold
Q2) The photographs and eyewitness reports of events in Abu Ghraib prison convinced many Muslims that __________.
A) Americans were waging a war against Islam
B) President Bush was genuinely committed to democratizing the Middle East
C) America had made little progress in the war on terrorism
D) President Bush was engaged in a war of genocide
Q3) The world's population consumed __________ as much fossil fuel in the early 2000s as in 1950.
A) 50 percent
B) twice
C) five times
D) ten times
Q4) What arguments were put forward by critics of global free trade in the early twenty-first century?
Q5) Describe President Bush's domestic agenda in his first term.
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