United States History: Beginnings to 1877
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
This course explores the development of the United States from its earliest beginnings through the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877. Students will examine key events, figures, and themes in American history, including Indigenous civilizations, European colonization, the American Revolution, the formation of the Constitution, westward expansion, slavery, the Civil War, and the Reconstruction period. The course emphasizes the cultural, social, political, and economic factors that shaped the nations growth, as well as the diverse perspectives of those who influenced and experienced these events.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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2
Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) Which of the following best characterizes the voyages of Admiral Zheng He?
A) They were meant as voyages of conquest.
B) They came close to discovering the Americas.
C) They took Zheng He and his men throughout the Indian Ocean.
D) They led to a century of Chinese maritime exploration.
Answer: A
Q2) In 1513, __________ pressed across the isthmus of Panama to glimpse the Pacific.
A) Balboa
B) Magellan
C) Cortés
D) Da Gama
Answer: A
Q3) Upon arriving in the Caribbean, Columbus was convinced that __________.
A) he had discovered a new continent
B) the world had come to an end
C) he was in the Philippines
D) he was near the Asian mainland
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) Juan de Oñate and his colonists engaged in violent conflict with the __________ Indians.
A) Pueblo
B) Apache
C) Toltec
D) Creek
Answer: A
Q2) How did the Spanish missionaries treat Florida's Indian population?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
5. The missionaries made an aggressive effort at converting the Indian population.
6. They expected Indian villages to help feed the colonial garrison at St. Augustine.
7. Indian men were required to help transport cornmeal to the Atlantic coast and return with supplies for the missionaries.
8. The missionaries spread diseases that decimated the local Indian populations.
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Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Q1) Louis XIV was known as the "__________."
A) Great King
B) Sun King
C) Golden King
D) Warrior King
Answer: B
Q2) What impact did the Pueblo Revolt and Spanish reconquest have on the Navajo?
A) Spanish officials signed a peace treaty with the Navajo.
B) Spanish conquistadors renewed their efforts to conquer the Navajo.
C) Pueblo refugees spread European diseases to the Navajo.
D) Pueblo refugees brought knowledge, crops, and animals to the Navajo.
Answer: D
Q3) By the time of Metacom's War, __________.
A) English colonists outnumbered Indians in southern New England by ten to one
B) there were fewer than 3,000 Indians in southern New England
C) English colonists outnumbered Indians in southern New England by two to one
D) there were roughly 2,000 English colonists in southern New England
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) The headright system rewarded planters who purchased African slaves with __________.
A) another slave for free
B) a cash reward
C) a tax break
D) free land
Q2) Thomas Bray was determined to __________.
A) end slavery in his lifetime
B) convert slaves to Christianity
C) send slaves back to Africa
D) expand slavery in the New World
Q3) In eighteenth-century North America, by far the greatest number of enslaved workers lived in Virginia or __________.
A) Maryland
B) New York
C) Georgia
D) Pennsylvania
Q4) Detail the stages experienced by an African, from sale to arriving at a plantation in America.
Q5) What role did African Americans play in Bacon's Rebellion?
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Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) Why did many eastern Indians gain access to guns before their counterparts in New Spain and its adjacent regions?
A) Spanish policy forbade the sale of firearms to Native Americans.
B) From the beginning, the British deliberately set out to arm eastern Indians.
C) Eastern Indians were more interested in firearms than their counterparts in New Spain.
D) Eastern Indians were willing give up all of their land claims in exchange for weapons.
Q2) Nantucket Island off Cape Cod was an important center for the __________ industry.
A) brewing
B) textile
C) rum
D) whaling
Q3) By the late eighteenth-century, most of America's rum distilleries were located in
A) the Deep South
B) New England
C) the Chesapeake
D) the far West
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) What did John Wilkes attack in the North Britton?
A) the Coercive Acts
B) the king's peace settlement with France
C) Parliament's efforts to silence the king
D) British imperialism
Q2) Why did colonial critics object to revenues from the Townshend Duties being used for "the administration of justice, and the support of civil government"?
A) They interpreted the phrase "support of civil government" to mean the establishment of a police state.
B) They interpreted the phrase "support of civil government" to mean the abolition of colonial legislatures.
C) They interpreted the phrase "administration of justice" to mean the indefinite imprisonment of political opponents.
D) They interpreted the phrase "administration of justice" to mean expanded searches of American homes and shops.
Q3) What measures did George Grenville take in an effort to impose order on Britain's American colonies?
Q4) Describe the steps that led to Spanish colonization of the California coast.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) __________ led the Green Mountain Boys and captured Fort Ticonderoga.
A) Ethan Allen
B) Benedict Arnold
C) George Washington
D) Richard Montgomery
Q2) Which of the following was a common feature of the new state constitutions?
A) the absence of guarantees of individual rights
B) weakened state legislatures
C) limits on the power of state governors
D) property qualifications of citizenship
Q3) Who wrote the famous line, "These are the times that try men's souls"?
A) Thomas Paine
B) Patrick Henry
C) Benjamin Franklin
D) Thomas Jefferson
Q4) The Articles of Confederation __________.
A) created a strong central government
B) gave Congress the power to collect taxes
C) gave the states considerable independence
D) gave Congress the power to regulate trade
Page 9
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) In 1783, many American soldiers were unhappy that __________.
A) they had not received long-overdue pay
B) Congress intended to extend their tours of duty by three years
C) Congress refused to give them promised land grants
D) they were not seen as heroes by the American people
Q2) Why did the British government restrict trade with America and the British West Indies?
A) to nurture British trade and punish New England shippers
B) to aid its French and Spanish allies
C) to build an isolationist stance
D) as a warning to potential revolutionaries in India
Q3) The strongest advocacy for ratification came from __________ and James Madison.
A) Alexander Hamilton
B) George Washington
C) Patrick Henry
D) George Mason
Q4) Describe the key aspects of the postwar economic crisis.
Q5) How did James Madison select the amendments that would become the Bill of Rights?
Q6) What was the Newburgh conspiracy and why is it important?
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) Who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman?
A) Mary Shelley
B) Olympe de Gouges
C) Abigail Adams
D) Mary Wollstonecraft
Q2) Between __________, all the northern states abolished slavery.
A) 1790 and 1804
B) 1770 and 1795
C) 1810 and 1821
D) 1750 and 1763
Q3) During the election of 1800, the Federalists portrayed Jefferson as a(n)__________.
A) religious and racial bigot
B) godless supporter of the French Revolution
C) friend of bankers and speculators
D) enemy of democracy
Q4) What led to the violent conflict between whites and Indians in the Great Lakes region in the 1780s and 1790s? What was the ultimate outcome of these clashes?
Q5) Detail the impact of the new political and economic climate on northern blacks.
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Q1) The Market Revolution was driven by the rise of factories, increasing commercialization, and __________.
A) changes in U.S. tax policy
B) limited population growth
C) improvements in transportation
D) environmental improvements
Q2) What were the objectives of the Lewis and Clark expedition? How successful was it in achieving those objectives?
Q3) Why is the period after the War of 1812 referred to as the Era of Good Feelings?
A) It was a period of rapid territorial acquisition.
B) It was a time of stability and tranquility.
C) It was free of disagreements over major issues.
D) It was relatively free of partisan strife.
Q4) Who led the way in making the investments that drove the Market Revolution?
A) southern planters
B) New England merchants
C) ordinary Americans
D) New York bankers
Page 12
Q5) In what ways was Speaker of the House Henry Clay typical of the war hawks?
Q6) What led to the Market Revolution?
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Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Q1) Who wrote Rip Van Winkle?
A) Sarah Hale
B) William Cullen Bryant
C) James Fenimore Cooper
D) Washington Irving
Q2) In 1834, __________'s opponents formed the Whig party.
A) Andrew Jackson
B) Henry Clay
C) John C. Calhoun
D) Rufus King
Q3) Missouri was allowed to enter the Union as a slave state because __________.
A) Maine was allowed to enter the Union as a free state
B) northern senators supported a new fugitive slave law
C) southern senators compromised on a tariff bill
D) Vermont was allowed to enter the Union as a free state
Q4) Moses Austin played a key role in __________.
A) writing the Texas constitution
B) defeating hostile Indian peoples in Texas
C) spearheading American settlement in Texas
D) sparking the Mexican-American War
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) American slave traders transported thousands of enslaved men, women, and children to the __________ for sale.
A) British empire
B) Caribbean
C) Upper South
D) Lower South
Q2) Who benefited the most from the emergence of public school systems in the 1830s and 1840s?
A) northern white children
B) northern black children
C) southern white children
D) midwestern white children
Q3) Which of the following helps explain why Martin Van Buren won the presidential election of 1836?
A) The Democrats were split by region.
B) The Whigs fielded three candidates.
C) Van Buren was the most popular man in America.
D) Van Buren got credit for many of Andrew Jackson's accomplishments.
Q4) Describe the development of the American antislavery movement in the 1830s.
Q5) Who were the nativists and why did they oppose immigration and immigrants?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) Which of the following spoke at the 1848 Seneca Falls conference?
A) Frederick Douglass
B) Henry Ward Beecher
C) John Brown
D) Catherine Beecher
Q2) The Free-Soil Party's platform included which of the following?
A) voting rights for women
B) federal aid for internal improvements
C) an ambitious foreign policy agenda of territorial expansion
D) the expansion of slavery
Q3) In which of the following regions was there the most support for free-labor ideology?
A) the Caribbean
B) the Lower South
C) New England
D) the Upper South
Q4) What challenges did Plains Indians face in the 1850s?
Q5) What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850?
Q6) What political divisions were revealed by the presidential election of 1860?
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Chapter 14: To Fight to Gain a Country: the Civil War
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Q1) The New York City draft riot contributed to which of the following?
A) the hardening of anti-Irish sentiment among some native-born Americans
B) the reform of Union conscription laws
C) the defeat of the Union in the Battle of Shiloh
D) a surge in antipathy toward free blacks in the North
Q2) Participants in the New York City draft riot targeted __________.
A) blacks
B) the Irish
C) Democrats
D) Catholic churches
Q3) Which of the following helps explain the high casualty rates in the war?
A) incompetent leadership
B) new military technology
C) the incompetence of the troops
D) the unwillingness of either side to take prisoners
Q4) Lincoln's running mate in 1864 was the Democrat __________.
A) Clement Vallandigham
B) Philip Sheridan
C) Andrew Johnson
D) philip Sheridan
Page 17
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Chapter
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Q1) How did President Johnson respond to Congressional approval of the Fourteenth Amendment?
A) He urged states not to ratify it.
B) He supported it in public, but opposed it in private.
C) He did everything he could to ensure its ratification.
D) He declared it unconstitutional.
Q2) Postbellum black communities united around the principle that freedom from slavery should also mean __________.
A) full citizenship rights
B) total autonomy from southern whites
C) migration to the North
D) a slow transition to wage labor
Q3) How did Lincoln respond to passage of the Wade-Davis Bill?
A) He refused to sign it.
B) He signed it as soon as he could.
C) He denounced it as a southern plot.
D) He asked the Congress to amend it before sending it to him.
Q4) Describe the efforts of freedpeople to build their own communities in the years immediately following the Civil War.
Q5) What role did Chinese immigrants play in the economy of postwar California?
Page 18
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Chapter
Culture, 1877-1890
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Q1) Between 1890 and 1910, the three largest groups of immigrants came from Russia, Poland, and __________.
A) England
B) Ireland
C) Spain
D) Italy
Q2) Which of the following led to unemployment among California white manufacturing workers in the 1870s?
A) the Tariff of 1872
B) the Edmunds Act
C) an influx of Chinese immigrants
D) the availability of cheap eastern-made goods
Q3) The three major sports in the late nineteenth century were baseball, football, and __________.
A) lacrosse
B) hockey
C) boxing
D) track and field
Q4) What is vertical integration? How did Andrew Carnegie apply it to his steel company?
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Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the San Francisco laundry licensing board had engaged in discriminatory application of the law in the case of
A) Koramatzu v. the United States
B) Tape v. Hurley
C) Ling Sing v. Washburn
D) Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Q2) By the end of the 1870s, reformers had become convinced that __________.
A) the Indian reservation system was a failure
B) Indian assimilation was impossible
C) Indian reservations needed to be expanded
D) most Indians were content with the status quo
Q3) What caused Kansas and Nebraska to lose half of their populations during the late 1880s?
A) cheaper land further east
B) high taxes
C) factory job opportunities in the South
D) the effects of drought and declining wheat prices
Q4) Why did reformers consider the Indian reservation system a failure? What did they want to put in its place?
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression
and War: the 1890s
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Q1) The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from
A) Guam
B) Puerto Rico
C) Philippines
D) Cuba
Q2) Between 1875 and 1900, __________ production in Hawaii soared.
A) sugar
B) rice
C) cotton
D) indigo
Q3) In his writings, Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that the United States needed
A) a large and powerful navy
B) to place a moratorium on immigration
C) stronger anti-trust laws
D) a new constitution
Q4) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?
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Q5) What explains why no viable workers' party or socialist movement emerged in late nineteenth-century America?
Chapter 19: Visions of the Modern Nation: the Progressive Era, 1900-1912
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Q1) The eugenics movement was influenced by which of the following?
A) theories of white racial supremacy
B) the growth of the Populist Party
C) the depression of 1893
D) the push to develop overseas markets
Q2) __________ was an expert in the field of industrial efficiency.
A) Frank Bunker Gilbreth
B) Frederick Winslow Taylor
C) Upton Sinclair
D) Lincoln Steffens
Q3) In 1900, Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to __________ to crush the Boxer uprising.
A) China
B) Japan
C) the Philippines
D) Guam
Q4) In 1910, Roosevelt promoted a plan called the "New __________."
A) Nationalism
B) Freedom
C) Deal
D) Day
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Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) The American Expeditionary Force was __________.
A) made up of hardened veterans
B) first deployed in North Africa
C) made up of some 100,000 volunteers
D) led by General John Pershing
Q2) Why did Americans' fear of radical social and political movements intensify in 1919? How did the American government respond to such fears?
Q3) In 1914, Woodrow Wilson urged Americans to __________.
A) prepare for war
B) side with Germany
C) side with Britain
D) remain neutral
Q4) Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points __________.
A) detailed his domestic agenda
B) laid out his plan to win the war
C) were enthusiasticaly embraced by the leaders of France and Britain
D) outlined his plans for the postwar peace
Q5) How did the federal government and the private sector work together to support the American war effort?
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) In what way was Alfred E. Smith unique?
A) He was the first governor nominated for president by a major party.
B) He was the first New Yorker nominated for president by a major party.
C) He was the first clergyman nominated for president by a major party.
D) He was the first Catholic nominated for president by a major party.
Q2) In the 1920s, agricultural interests in California and Texas lobbied to __________.
A) repeal the Johnson-Reid Act
B) build a wall along the border with Mexico
C) expand immigration from China and Japan
D) keep the United States open to Mexican immigrants
Q3) Prohibition gave a major boost to __________.
A) organized crime
B) the Ku Klux Klan
C) the Democratic party
D) Progressive reformers
Q4) Explain the causes of the stock market crash. What role did the crash play in causing the Great Depression? What other factors were at play?
Q5) How did advertising shape the consumer culture of the 1920s?
Q6) How did automobiles shape the society and culture of the 1920s?
Page 24
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) Federal One provided financial support for __________.
A) writers
B) plumbers
C) farmers
D) construction workers
Q2) Which of the following states was part of the Dust Bowl?
A) Ohio
B) North Dakota
C) Iowa
D) Oklahoma
Q3) The __________ Amendment repealed prohibition.
A) Nineteenth
B) Twentieth
C) Twenty-First
D) Twenty-Second
Q4) Father Coughlin was an admirer of __________.
A) Adolf Hitler
B) Joseph Stalin
C) Eugene Debs
D) the Ku Klux Klan
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) How did Hitler and Mussolini respond to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War?
A) They sent aid to the Republican forces.
B) They sent aid to the forces of General Francisco Franco.
C) They remained neutral.
D) They sent aid to both sides.
Q2) The genocidal murder of __________ Jews during World War II is known as the Holocaust.
A) 700,000
B) 2 million
C) 6 million
D) 20 million
Q3) Which of the following was true of the internment of Japanese Americans?
A) Families were given no more than a week's notice to leave their homes.
B) Only about 10 percent of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were interned.
C) The U.S. government never admitted that internment was wrong.
D) Internment was ruled unconstitutional in 1945.
Q4) Discuss the opposition of the American public to intervention in Europe during the 1930s.
Q5) What steps did the U.S. government take to build support for the war effort?
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) How did African Americans challenge racial discrimination in the years immediately following World War II?
Q2) Suburban life encouraged __________.
A) the promotion of spirituality over materialism
B) the liberalization of American society
C) the formation of interracial communities
D) a sharpening of gender roles
Q3) Why did the American people fear a return to economic hard times after the war?
A) Western Europe was poised to compete with U.S. industry.
B) The U.S. population had fallen during the war.
C) Government spending was cut back sharply.
D) Most veterans had few job skills.
Q4) After World War II, the Soviets considered which of the following part of their sphere of influence?
A) Iran
B) Italy
C) Japan
D) Thailand
Q5) What was NSC-68 and how did it help produce the American national security state?
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares,
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Q1) During Eisenhower's presidency, the U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to which of the following?
A) to limit aboveground testing of nuclear weapons
B) to reduce their nuclear stockpiles by 20 percent
C) to ban all testing of nuclear weapons
D) to hold annual summit meetings
Q2) Eisenhower sharply criticized the __________, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt
A) Jordanian
B) Syrian
C) German
D) British
Q3) Why did the Democrats find it difficult to pass reform legislation in the early 1960s?
A) They had a majority in the House, but not the Senate.
B) They had a majority in the Senate, but not the House.
C) Conservative Democrats in the South teamed up with Republicans.
D) The Democratic leadership was uninterested in reform legislation.
Q4) Describe the key components of Kennedy's domestic policy agenda.
Q5) How did white Southerners respond to the Brown decision?
Page 28
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Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) Where did the Black Panther party originate?
A) Oakland, California
B) Atlanta, Georgia
C) Newark, New Jersey
D) Cleveland, Ohio
Q2) The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized U.S. military action in __________.
A) the Middle East
B) Central America
C) Vietnam
D) Korea
Q3) How was Johnson's policy focus different than Kennedy's?
A) He looked to forge new alliances with western Europe.
B) He was deeply invested in stopping communism abroad.
C) He aimed to build new relations with Latin America.
D) He wanted to perfect American society.
Q4) Betty Friedan and other liberal feminists founded __________ in 1966.
A) the National Organization for Women
B) the League of Women Voters
C) the Redstockings
D) the Womanhouse
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Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Q1) In 1973 OPEC initiated an oil embargo against the United States in retaliation for U.S. support of __________.
A) the Soviet Union
B) Saudi Arabia
C) China
D) Israel
Q2) Carter sought to turn the page on America's colonial past by __________.
A) cutting off U.S. aid to Chile
B) returning sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama
C) returning part of Arizona to Mexico
D) apologizing to the people of the Philippines
Q3) What role did the U.S. play in the 1973 war that pitted Israel against Egypt and Syria?
A) The U.S. sent ground troops to aid the Israelis.
B) The U.S. was careful to remain neutral.
C) The U.S. provided Israel with critical supplies.
D) The U.S. supplied weapons to both sides.
Q4) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
Q5) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
Q6) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Page 30
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Q1) In 1981, Islamist revolutionaries assassinated __________ president Anwar Sadat.
A) Jordanian
B) Lebanese
C) Syrian
D) Egyptian
Q2) Reagan tended to see world events ____________.
A) in black and white terms
B) in historical context
C) only in terms of their economic importance
D) in "realpolitik" terms
Q3) Which of the following did Reagan target for spending cuts?
A) defense spending
B) Social Security
C) Medicare
D) food stamps
Q4) Which of the following was true of the Iranian Revolution of 1979?
A) It overthrew an authoritarian regime.
B) It had little popular support.
C) It was supported by the United States.
D) It brought moderate reformers to power.
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Q1) In 1995, __________ organized the Million Man March.
A) Jerry Falwell
B) Al Sharpton
C) Louis Farrakhan
D) Jesse Jackson
Q2) Julia Butterfly Hill was a(n) __________ activist.
A) civil rights
B) human rights
C) environmental
D) voting rights
Q3) The FBI faced fierce criticism for its raid on the Branch Davidian compound in __________.
A) Waco, Texas
B) Chicago, Illinois
C) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
D) Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Q4) What was the Contract with America? How did President Clinton respond to Republican efforts to implement the programs outlined in the Contract?
Q5) How did Americans in the bottom half of the income ladder fare in the 1990s?
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Q6) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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Q1) What sparked the economic crisis that began in October 2007?
A) the collapse of oil prices
B) the collapse of housing prices
C) the collapse of food prices
D) the collapse of gold prices
Q2) On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina flooded __________, causing hundreds of deaths.
A) Miami
B) New Orleans
C) Tampa Bay
D) Charleston
Q3) Which of the following boosted American productivity in the late 1990s?
A) shorter work days
B) increased vacation time
C) computers
D) faster assembly lines
Q4) What arguments were put forward by critics of global free trade in the early twenty-first century?
Q5) Describe President Bush's domestic agenda in his first term.
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