Undergraduate Research Methods
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts and techniques of research in the social and behavioral sciences. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, conduct literature reviews, select appropriate methodologies, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings. Emphasis is placed on understanding both qualitative and quantitative research designs, ethical considerations in research, and developing critical skills for evaluating published studies. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to design and carry out their own independent research projects at the undergraduate level.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The political affiliation of participants (Democrat,Republican)is an example of discrete,qualitative data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) An ordinal scale of measurement is more informative than an interval scale of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following terms are least likely to be used to describe qualitative data?
A)nominal
B)descriptive
C)categorical
D)numeric
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A percentile is also called a:
A)score
B)range
C)distribution
D)percentile point
Answer: D
Q2) A simple frequency distribution
A)can be used to summarize grouped data
B)can be used to summarize ungrouped data
C)summarizes the frequency of scores in a given category or range
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) A frequency polygon,but not an ogive can be used to summarize cumulative percent distributions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following data for the number of complaints filed (per day)following a controversial policy change at a local business: 3,8,5,0,4,6,2,1,1,4,2,and 0.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A)Yes.
B)No;the median is larger than the mean.
C)No;the mean is larger than the median.
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: C
Q2) The ________ is the sum of all scores (in a sample or population)divided by the number of scores summed.
A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)range
Answer: C
Q3) The sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The interquartile range and semi-interquartile range are the same measure.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The sample variance is computed by dividing SS by ____;whereas the population variance is computed by dividing SS by ____.
A)N;df
B)df;n - 1
C)df;N
D)n - 1;df
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a distribution with NO variability?
A)scores: 3,5,4,4,5,and 3
B)scores: 3,3,3,3,33,and 3
C)scores: 1,2,3,4,5,and 6
D)scores: 5,5,5,5,5,and 5
Q4) If all scores in a distribution are negative values,then the standard deviation will also be a negative value.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which rule states that when two outcomes are independent,the probability that these outcomes occur together is the product of their individual probabilities?
A)additive rule
B)multiplicative rule
C)both A and B
D)none the of above
Q2) A binomial probability distribution is constructed for random variables that have at least two possible outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The expected value of a random variable can be thought of as a "long-term" mean.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher determines that the relative frequency of participants with prescription glasses is .23.Hence,the probability that participants will wear prescription glasses must be greater than p = .23.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A therapist has a goal to reduce the mean number of patient symptoms expressed for a particular disorder to two symptoms per day.Following therapy,she determines that the z score for 2 symptoms per day is 0.Assuming the data are normally distributed,did she reach her goal?
A)No,because the z score indicates 0 improvement.
B)No,because the z score is not negative (indicating a reduction in symptoms).
C)Yes;in fact,she actually reduced the mean number of symptoms to 0.
D)Yes,because a z score of 0 is the average,or mean.
Q2) State whether the first area is bigger,the second area is bigger,or the two areas are equal: the area to the right of the mean,or the area between z = ±1.00.
A)The first area is bigger.
B)The second area is bigger.
C)The two areas are the same.
Q3) Which of the following is not a step to locate a proportion in a normal distribution?
A)Transform a raw score (x)into a z score.
B)Locate the corresponding proportion for the z score in the unit normal table.
C)Convert a proportion to a standard normal z score.
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of estimating the population variance,what is one disadvantage for dividing SS by df to calculate sample variance?
A)It is an unbiased estimator.
B)It does not have minimum variance.
C)It underestimates the population variance on average.
D)None;there are no disadvantages for dividing SS by df to calculate sample variance.
Q2) A sampling distribution is a distribution of all sample means or sample variances that could be obtained in samples of a given size from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher selects a sample of size 6 from a population of size 10.How many possible samples of this size can be selected using theoretical sampling?
A)100,000
B)1,000,000
C)10,000,000
D)over 60,000,000 samples
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis because the rejection region was located in the wrong tail,this is called a
A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)correct decision
Q2) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
Q3) The value of power is influenced by the alpha level,sample size,and effect size.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is a one-sample z test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
A)No,the same values are reported.
B)It depends on whether the results were significant.
C)Yes,only significant results for a two-tailed test are reported.
D)It can be reported differently when the effect size is large.
10
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher reports that the mean time it takes to complete an experimental task is 1.4±8.0 (M±SD)seconds.If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 1.0,then what is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A)d = 0.05;small effect size
B)d = 0.50;medium effect size
C)d = 1.05;large effect size
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher reports the following result for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance,t(24)= 2.010,and correctly decides to reject the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) State the critical value(s)for a t test using a .05 level of significance in the lower tail only: t(24).
A)±1.711
B)ñ1.711
C)±2.064
D)ñ2.064
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The test statistic for the related samples t test is equivalent to the test statistic for the two-independent sample t test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Original pairs of scores are first reduced to difference scores before computing the test statistic for the related samples t test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The repeated measures design,but not the matched-pairs design,is associated with greater power to detect an effect compared with the independent samples design.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As the value of the test statistic for a related samples t test increases,the likelihood of deciding to retain the null hypothesis also increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for two independent samples selected from at least one population with an unknown variance?
A)standard error
B)estimated standard error
C)estimated standard error for the difference
D)estimated standard error for the difference scores
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the more precise the estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The least certain,but most precise,estimate is a point estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for two related samples selected from at least one population with an unknown variance?
A)standard error
B)estimated standard error
C)estimated standard error for the difference
D)estimated standard error for the difference scores
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?
A)Fisher's LSD test
B)Tukey's HSD test
C)Studentized Newman-Keuls
D)None;each post hoc test is associated with the same power to detect an effect.
Q2) Which measure of proportion of variance tends to overestimate the size of an effect in a population?
A)eta-squared
B)omega-squared
C)none of the above
Q3) A researcher measures differences in romantic feelings among adolescent and adult males.If different participants were in each group,then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A)a two-independent sample t test
B)a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
C)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both A and B
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eta-squared is a more conservative measure of proportion of variance than partial eta-squared.
A)True B)False
Q2) When participant responding is not consistent,the one-way within-subjects ANOVA can actually have less power to detect an effect than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sum of squares within-groups and sum of squares between-persons are both sources of error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,thus:
A)The same participants were observed in each group.
B)At least two groups were observed in the study.
C)A repeated measures design was likely used.
D)All of the above.
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are ____ factors in a 2 \(\times\) 3 ANOVA design.
A)2
B)3
C)5
D)6
Q2) Eta-squared is a more powerful estimate of effect size than R<sup>2</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An A \(\times\) B interaction is associated with 2 degrees of freedom in a 2 \(\times\) 3 between-subjects ANOVA design.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher computes a 2 \(\times\) 3 factorial ANOVA.In this example,how many interactions can be observed?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)6
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formula for the phi correlation coefficient was derived from the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Homoscedasticity is the assumption that there is an equal variance of data points dispersed along the regression line.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The assumption that there is an equal variance or scatter of data points dispersed along the regression line is referred to as
A)normality
B)linearity
C)homoscedasticity
D)restriction of range
Q4) The denominator of the Pearson correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two factors vary together.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For linear regression with one predictor variable,\(\beta\) will equal r.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a simple linear regression with one predictor variable,we report the test statistic,degrees of freedom,and p value for the regression analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher computes an analysis of regression with 1 and 25 degrees of freedom.If F = 5.34,then the decision will be that X is a significant predictor of variation in Y.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The standard error of estimate is used as a measure of the ________ in predictions using the equation of a regression line.
A)linearity
B)appropriateness
C)accuracy
D)certainty
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square test for independence.In this example,the degrees of freedom are 2.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When at least one categorical variable has more than two levels,Cramer's V is used to estimate effect size for a chi-square test for independence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher conducts two chi-square tests.The 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 3.92.The 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 5.92.Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
A)the 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square
B)the 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square
C)both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis
D)none;both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
Q4) Variance is not computed using the chi-square tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sign test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)one-sample t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)related samples t-test
D)both A and C
Q2) A researcher finds that the number of positive ranks is 13 and the number of negative ranks is 4 using a sample of 17 participants.Based on these data,what is the decision for a related samples sign test at a .05 level of significance?
A)Retain the null hypothesis.
B)Reject the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) For the Mann-Whitney U test,we reject the null hypothesis when
A)values of U are greater than or equal to the critical value
B)values of U are less than or equal to .05
C)values of U are less than or equal to the critical value
D)values of U are closer to ±1.0
Q4) Tests for ordinal data are regarded as nonparametric tests.
A)True
B)False
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