Course Introduction
U.S. History to 1877 Study
Guide Questions
U.S. History to 1877 explores the social, political, economic, and cultural developments in what is now the United States from pre-Columbian times through the end of the Reconstruction era. The course examines indigenous societies, European colonization, the American Revolution, the formation of the U.S. Constitution, westward expansion, the institution of slavery, Civil War, and Reconstruction. Through the analysis of primary sources, major themes, and key events, students gain a foundational understanding of how diverse peoples and ideas contributed to the shaping of American society up to 1877.
Recommended Textbook
The Unfinished Nation A Concise History of the American People Volume I To 1877 5th Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Meeting of Cultures
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, English Puritan discontent was increased by
A)the suppression of English Catholics.
B)the end of rule by the Stuarts.
C)the rising influence of Quakers within the English Church.
D)Queen Elizabeth's promotion of the English theater.
E)the death of Queen Elizabeth.
Answer: E
Q2) As a result of his third voyage in 1498, Christopher Columbus concluded
A)all of the lands he had seen were in Asia.
B)he had never come even remotely close to Asia.
C)he had encountered a continent separate from Asia.
D)Asia could not be reached by a ship traveling west from Europe.
E)the lands he had discovered offered great mineral wealth.
Answer: C
Q3) During the sixteenth century, England was experiencing a decline in food supply and population.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderland
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Q1) In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from the Massachusetts colony because she A)was accused of practicing witchcraft.
B)argued that only the "elect" were entitled to any religious or political authority.
C)challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society.
D)was a single mother who refused to marry.
E)preached against what she called the "Antinomian heresy."
Answer: C
Q2) The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony
A)guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
B)rejected the headright system.
C)ruled the colony with dictatorial powers.
D)quickly made it a financial success.
E)banned the importation of indentured servants.
Answer: A
Q3) The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were probably servants rather than slaves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Society and Culture in Provincial America
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Q1) During the course of colonial history, colonial legislatures grew increasingly accustomed to operating on orders from Parliament.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Religious toleration was more pronounced in America than anywhere in Europe.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The verdict of the 1735 libel trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger
A)increased freedom of the press in the colonies.
B)restricted the ability of the press to report on government affairs.
C)resulted in the closure of several colonial newspapers.
D)ruled that criticisms by the press, even if factually accurate, were libelous.
E)banned all printed attacks on the King or Parliament in the colonies.
Answer: A
Q4) The first significant colonial metals industry was established in
Answer: Saugus, Massachusetts
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Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition
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Q1) In 1770 Prime Minister Lord North repealed all of the _____________________ except the tax on tea.
Q2) Resistance to British imperial authority was centered among western farmers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Following the Seven Years' War, the British government faced huge problems of imperial organization, but at least had ample funds to deal with those problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Eighteenth-century parliamentary leaders were less inclined than seventeenth-century English monarchs to exert control over their empire.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Proclamation of 1763 failed to meet even the modest expectations of the Indians.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the origins of the American Revolution.
Q7) The _____________ Act granted political rights to Roman Catholics.
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Chapter 5: The American Revolution
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Q1) Under the Articles of Confederation, in 1777 there was a federal
A)congress.
B)judiciary.
C)executive.
D)bureaucracy.
E)All the answers are correct.
Q2) Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?
Q3) For most Revolutionary American political thinkers, the concept of equality meant
A)there should be equality of opportunity.
B)there should be equality of rights regardless of race, sex, or property.
C)there should be equality of condition.
D)there should be equality of opportunity and of condition.
E)there should be equality of rights and of condition.
Q4) Describe the significance France played in the American Revolution.
Q5) For some African Americans, the Revolution meant an increased exposure to the concept of liberty.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The blunders of General ____________ cost the British dearly in 1777.
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Chapter 6: The Constitution and the New Republic
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Q1) Jefferson favored an agrarian America, but he did not oppose industrial activity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hamilton favored a government that would benefit the entrenched aristocracy but not speculators.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 greatly exceeded their instructions from Congress and the states.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why did states that initially opposed the proposed Constitution of 1787 ultimately ratify it?
Q5) The dominant figure of George Washington's administration was
A)George Washington.
B)Thomas Jefferson.
C)Henry Knox.
D)Alexander Hamilton.
E)Aaron Burr.
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Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian ERA
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Q1) By the end of Jefferson's presidency, the capital city of Washington rivaled New York and Philadelphia as a major American city.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Second Great Awakening succeeded in restoring to prominence traditional doctrines such as predestination.
A)True
B)False
Q3) President Jefferson's response to the violations of American neutral rights was to prohibit American ships from leaving any American port for any port in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention
A)was a gathering of strong supporters of the war.
B)saw its participants vote to secede from the United States.
C)was made irrelevant by the Battle of New Orleans.
D)sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West.
E)aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs.
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Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism
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Q1) The end of the War of 1812 suddenly improved the prospects for American industrial development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Federalist Party made a surprising comeback during the presidency of James Monroe.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What factors motivated Americans to engage in a westward migration in the early nineteenth century? What type of American was more likely to move into the West?
Q4) The series of early presidents from the same state is called the ________________.
Q5) Life in the western territories in the early nineteenth century was almost exclusively one of solitary existence and individual self-reliance.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What was the long-term significance of the Monroe Doctrine?
Q7) Was the "corrupt bargain" of 1824 really corrupt? Explain.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Jacksonian America
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Sample Questions
Q1) The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson's administration was
A)the presidential aspirations of John C.Calhoun were likely ended.
B)John Eaton's ties with the administration were strengthened.
C)Martin Van Buren had a political falling out with President Jackson.
D)the political strength of President Jackson was weakened.
E)it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation's divorce and coverture laws.
Q2) In 1830, the Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate was begun by a political dispute over
A)the value of the two-party system.
B)the sale of public land.
C)slavery.
D)trade with England.
E)relations with Indian tribes.
Q3) The Great Triumvirate consisted of Henry Clay, John C.Calhoun, and ________________.
Q4) The results of the election of 1832 could be interpreted as a defeat for both Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What alternatives to Indian removal existed and why were they not taken?
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Chapter 10: Americas Economic Revolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The development of a railroad system weakened connections between the Northwest and the South.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States
A)increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.
B)increased as the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened.
C)was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
D)decreased as immigration diversified society.
E)increased as a result of geographical mobility.
Q3) How did the rise of the factory system change the American family?
Q4) One of the first businesses to benefit from the telegraph was the railroads.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his A)tractor.
B)thresher.
C)plow.
D)reaper.
E)mower.
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Chapter 11: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
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Q1) On the eve of the Civil War, ____________ was the major means of transportation in the South.
Q2) In Southern cities, slave tasks might include mining, lumbering, blacksmith, or carpentry.
A)True
B)False
Q3) From the 1830s on, state laws governing slavery became gradually less rigid.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South
A)had short growing seasons.
B)were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area.
C)had difficulty sustaining profits for growers.
D)was in considerable decline by the 1850s.
E)threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South.
Q5) _________________ was the leader of an aborted slave revolt in South Carolina in the early 1820s.
Q6) To overcome communication barriers, African slaves learned a simple, common language known as "___________" English.
Q7) The "peculiar institution" was _________________.
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Chapter 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform
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Q1) The most distinctive feature of the Shakers was their commitment to ____________.
Q2) In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against
A)equality for women.
B)defensive wars.
C)ending the asylum system.
D)Northern disunion from the South.
E)extreme pacifism.
Q3) The study of the human brain through phrenology was the origin of modern psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q4) American transcendentalists borrowed heavily from European thinkers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Herman Melville was less exuberant in his celebration of America than was Walt Whitman.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Joseph Smith introduced the practice of ____________________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Impending Crisis
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Q1) The ideology of Free-Soil included
A)opposition to the expansion of slavery.
B)a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible.
C)the use of military force to suppress slavery.
D)the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks.
E)an argument for black male suffrage.
Q2) __________________ from Missouri established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822.
Q3) In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C.Calhoun stated that slavery was
A)likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years.
B)a "necessary evil."
C)a "positive good."
D)likely to end in the United States within fifty years.
E)the "American way of life."
Q4) Assess and rate the presidency of James K.Polk.
Q5) California's population was very homogenous.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why was the United States able to add so much new territory to its control in the 1840s?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Civil War
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Confederacy, a military draft
A)was not considered necessary until the last months of the Civil War.
B)never allowed for the hiring of substitutes.
C)compelled slaves to serve as soldiers.
D)aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy.
E)forced all white males between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five to serve for three years.
Q2) Despite being a Democrat, Andrew Johnson was selected to run with Lincoln in 1864.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In April 1865, President Abraham Lincoln visited the Confederate city of A)Atlanta.
B)Richmond.
C)Nashville.
D)Norfolk.
E)New Orleans.
Q4) The South was committed to fighting a defensive war.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Reconstruction and the New South
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Q1) Tenant farming increased significantly in the South in the two decades following Reconstruction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Freedmen's Bureau was a civilian agency under the control of the State Department.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the South as a whole, the percentage of black officeholders during Reconstruction was always far lower than the percentage of blacks in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe "Jim Crow."
Q5) The last federal troops were withdrawn from the South by President _________.
Q6) President Johnson was impeached, but not convicted.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Why would the legacy of Reconstruction matter throughout the twentieth century?
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Q8) Enemies of President Grant and "Grantism" were called __________ Republicans.
Chapter 16: The Conquest of the Far West
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Q1) Hamlin Garland wrote novels celebrating the hope and spirit of the American West.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What economic factors would motivate someone to move to the West during the second half of the nineteenth century?
Q3) Chinese tongs were
A)secret societies.
B)prostitutes.
C)Chinese community officials.
D)merchants.
E)indentured servants.
Q4) In 1886, the end of formal warfare between the United States and American Indians was marked by the surrender of A)Cochise.
B)Wovoka.
C)Mangas Colorados.
D)Sitting Bull.
E)Geronimo.
Q5) Compare the myths and the realities of the American cowboy.
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Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy
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Q1) At the end of the nineteenth century, the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare the ideas and practices of the "self-made man" proponents with the ideas and practices of utopian communities earlier in the nineteenth century.
Q3) Both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor favored the concept of one big union.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What factors in society and the business community during the late nineteenth century which would likely determine an individual's prospects for economic success were not considered by the "self-made man" philosophy?
Q5) What developments occurred within emerging corporations which resulted in a concentration of wealth and power?
Q6) What aspects of Social Darwinism do you believe are true and which are false? Why?
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