Thinking and Reasoning Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Thinking and Reasoning explores the cognitive processes underlying how individuals interpret information, form judgments, solve problems, and make decisions. The course examines foundational theories of human reasoning, including deductive and inductive logic, heuristics and biases, and the impact of language and context on thought. Through the analysis of empirical research and real-life examples, students gain insight into the strengths and limitations of human cognition, as well as strategies for improving critical thinking skills and avoiding common reasoning errors.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark
H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/435 Page 2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7661
Sample Questions
Q1) The behaviorist manifesto is associated with __________.
A)Hull
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Tolman
Answer: B
Q2) Who is credited with being the first experimental psychologist?
A) Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)Edward Titchner
D)John Watson
Answer: A
Q3) An approach that asks the questions "What is it for?" and "How does it adapt?" is
A)functionalism
B)structuralism
C)empiricism
D)reductionism
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)used for?
A)altering brain structure
B)changing blood flow levels
C)altering electrical activity
D)reducing neurogenesis
Answer: C
Q2) Hemispheric specialization refers to the fact that the receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What is the name of chemicals that accentuate or diminish the effects of neurotransmitters?
A)neuromodulators
B)magnifiers
C)diminishers
D)proto-neurotransmitters
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The type of agnosia in which people have difficulty perceiving stimulus patterns as a Gestalt is called _______________________.
Answer: (APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA)
Q2) Which of the following best illustrates top-down processing?
A)Selfridge's Pandemonium model
B)template-matching models of visual or auditory processing
C)feature-based models of visual or auditory processing
D)Warren and Warren's phoneme replacement studies
Answer: D
Q3) Another name for visual sensory memory is __________.
A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)trans-saccadic memory
D)perception
Answer: A
Q4) What is the name of the basic building block in Biederman's recognition by components (RBC)theory?
Answer: (GEON)
Q5) What are three layers of units found in connectionist models?
Answer: (INPUT,HIDDEN,and OUTPUT)
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mental attention-focusing mechanism that prepares you to encode stimulus information is called ___________ attention.
Q2) Which is NOT true?
A)An automatic process does not reveal itself to conscious awareness.
B)An automatic process is always very fast (>1 second).
C)A fully automatic process uses few,if any,conscious resources.
D)An automatic process is triggered without intentionality.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT part of a strict division (according to the text)between automatic and conscious processes?
A)intentionality
B)openness to introspection
C)attentional requirements (e.g.,capacity used)
D)speed to complete processing (<1 second)
Q4) For the metaphor of attention as a process,__________.
A)attention is a limited capacity
B)it is something that grows and develops over time
C)attention serves to direct mental processing
D)it is something that shifts and degrades over time
Q5) How is attention involved in the occurrence of mind wandering?
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do we get more information into Miller's magical number seven plus or minus two?
Q2) The primacy effect is due to rehearsal.
A)True
B)False
Q3) High-span people show more interference on the Brown-Peterson task than do low-span people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the two components of the phonological loop?
A)visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer
B)articulatory store and phonological loop
C)phonological store and articulatory loop
D)fast and slow tracking
Q5) Which is of the following does DLPFC mean?
A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)Donder's limitation on processing for functional content
C)Dumke's lateralized posterior frontal cortex
D)Drake's language-processing function center
Q6) What parts of the brain are implicated in working memory operation?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a critical failure of the depth of processing account?
A)defining levels independently of retention
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)subtractive method
D)mnemonic encoding
Q2) H.M.was an anterograde amnesic.Discuss how he performs on a novel motor task such as mirror-tracing a star pattern.How does his performance change across several days of practice? What does he report?
Q3) Memories are made more permanent over time by the occurrence of
A)interference
B)accessibility
C)availability
D)consolidation
Q4) During a TOT state,a person has access to __________ in long-term memory.
A)nothing
B)partial information
C)consolidation
D)interference
Q5) The primary stimulus materials used by Ebbinghaus in his research were
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first person to use the term "semantic memory" was __________.
A)Bartlett
B)Wundt
C)Sternberg
D)Quillian
Q2) Which theory of semantic memory is most consistent with the existence of ad hoc categories?
A)semantic networks
B)classic view of categorization
C)connectionist
D)temporal lobe theories
Q3) In a priming task,the first stimulus is called the _____________,and the next stimulus is called the ____________.
Q4) What are the mental representations that serve as a framework or body of knowledge for commonly experienced aspects of life called?
A)lexicons
B)parsecs
C)schemata
D)partonomies
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Memory for our life narrative is called __________.
A)autobiographical memory
B)personal memory
C)episodic memory
D)self-narrative memory
Q2) The plastic,malleable state a memory is in when it is retrieved and then stored again is called __________.
A)consolidation
B)reconsolidation
C)reconstruction
D)misleading post-event information
Q3) Spontaneous memories are strongly triggered by __________.
A)other memories
B)neurostasis
C)episodic semantics
D)odors
Q4) Remembering a fact correctly from past experience but attributing it to an incorrect source or context is ____________________.
Q5) A memory for an event that never happened is called a(n)_______________.
Q6) The two basic kinds of prospective memory are ____________ and
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The loss of the ability to comprehend language is associated with ________ aphasia.
Q2) The disruption (a loss of all or some)of previously intact visual object recognition abilities caused by a brain-related disorder or injury is __________.
A)alexia
B)agraphia
C)anomia
D)agnosia
Q3) In sentence production,information that is more readily available generally occurs earlier.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Polysemy is __________.
A)different syntaxes used to convey the same idea
B)the same syntax used to convey multiple ideas
C)when one word has multiple meanings
D)when multiple words mean the same thing
Q5) How are the concepts of language and communication similar,and how are they different?
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a control structure in Gernsbacher's structure building framework.
A)Suppression
B)Mapping
C)Enhancement
D)Refocusing
Q2) An inference that is intended by a speaker or writer is called __________.
A)authorized
B)explicit
C)necessary
D)bridging
Q3) Consider: phoneme detection is harder if the phoneme occurred in an ambiguous word (e.g.,/b/ in BOXER from "Ken liked the boxer").Which concept is MOST related?
A)online comprehension task
B)pragmatic task
C)case grammar
D)transformational grammar
Q4) In what ways can eye tracking data be described as a "window into the mind"?
Q5) What are three online measures of language comprehension?
Q6) How can priming research be used to learn about conversational interaction?
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the SNARC effect?
Q2) The reasoning heuristic in which we predict a future event or imagine a different outcome to completed events is called the ________________________
Q3) Limits on our knowledge of the domain often lead us to rely on heuristics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The thalamus is particularly important for reasoning.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Make a judgment about which is rounder: an apple or a pear versus a toothpick or an oar.The difference between these judgments will illustrate __________.
A)the semantic congruity effect
B)the von Restorff effect
C)the imagery effect
D)the recency effect
Q6) The result,in a symbolic comparison task,in which two relatively different stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.8)are judged more rapidly that two relatively similar stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.2).This effect is called ________.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wasting a lot of time opening junk mail,even when the envelope is obviously not a real bill,might reflect __________.
A)functional fixedness
B)implicit set
C)syllogistic reasoning
D)means-end analysis
Q2) Using appropriate technical terms,through what mechanism might practice help you to improve your problem solving (that is,WHY is practice useful)?
Q3) The data from verbal protocols and the use of verbal protocol analysis is still a lingering source of discomfort within cognitive psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For insight problems,the feeling of getting "warmer" as one closes in on the solution
A)is a strong indicator
B)is largely absent
C)reveals itself in the verbal protocols
D)is experienced in moderation
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A brain structure that is often important in emotional memories is the ____________.
Q2) Suppressing emotions may drain resources in what part of the brain?
A)tectum
B)angular cingulate cortex
C)hippocampus
D)occipital lobe
Q3) Emotional information can modify previous memories during reconsolidation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The part of the cortex that is important for processing emotional information is the __________________.
Q5) For emotion,"valence" refers to __________.
A)how positive or negative an emotion is
B)how strong an emotion is
C)the degree to which it conforms to other people's emotions
D)the complexity of an emotion
Q6) Emotions are characterized by their ___________ and their _____________.
Q7) How do emotional responses during a crime influence an eyewitness's later memory?
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7674
Sample Questions
Q1) Older adults need reading glasses because of neurological declines in perception.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The precise basic number sense system is good for __________.
A)doing math
B)counting backwards
C)large numbers of items
D)small numbers of items
Q3) Older adults show noticeable declines in __________ declarative memory,but not ____________ declarative memory.
Q4) Children show visual search attention processes that __________.
A)are far ahead of those of adults
B)are way behind those of adults
C)are similar to those of adults
D)can be described logarithmically
Q5) The developmental cognition of object permanence is present at birth.FALSE (p.W-10)
A)True
B)False
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