Therapeutic Modalities
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Therapeutic Modalities explores the principles, applications, and physiological effects of various physical agents used in the rehabilitation and treatment of injuries and diseases. Students will gain an understanding of modalities such as heat, cold, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and traction, including their indications, contraindications, and proper administration. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based practice, safety considerations, and integration of therapeutic modalities into comprehensive patient care plans for optimal healing and functional recovery.
Recommended Textbook
Therapeutic Modalities 4th Edition by Chad Starkey
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19 Chapters
380 Verified Questions
380 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Injury Response Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to maximize the effect of gravity on the venous return system,a limb should be placed at a ______________to the heart.
A) 0 degree or horizontal angle
B) 90 degree angle above horizontal
C) 30 degree angle above horizontal
D) 60 degree angle above horizontal
Answer: B
Q2) Application of which modality will result in the greatest rate of femoral vein flow?
A) Passive straight-leg raises
B) Anatomic continuous passive motion
C) Pneumatic sleeve
D) Active ankle dorsiflexion
Answer: A
Q3) What is the longest stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A) Alarm
B) Resistance
C) Exhaustion
D) Excitement
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Physiology and Psychology of Pain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which inflammatory pain mediator is released by mast cells to directly stimulate nociceptors?
A) Bradykinins
B) Prostaglandin
C) Substance P
D) Histamine
Answer: D
Q2) What pain-decreasing medication temporarily blocks nerve conduction,thus resulting in the loss of sensation?
A) Aspirin
B) Lidocaine
C) Endorphin
D) Propoxyphene
Answer: B
Q3) Which statement best describes nociception?
A) Nociception must be interpreted as pain by higher brain centers.
B) Nociception is a neuropsychological process that must be interpreted as pain.
C) Nociception describes an unpleasant sensation.
D) Nociception is the neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Development and Delivery of Intervention Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following goals is quantifiable and measures function?
A) Increase passive dorsiflexion by 2 degrees
B) Increase active dorsiflexion
C) Increase active dorsiflexion to allow patient to climb stairs unassisted
D) Increase active assistive dorsiflexion
Answer: C
Q2) Which databases are designed to answer clinical questions through the incorporation of publications from multiple databases? Select all that apply.
A) PEDro
B) Cochrane
C) PubMed
D) SPORTDiscus
E) Google
Answer: A,B
Q3) Which is most useful when determining the efficacy of an intervention?
A) Minimum detectable change
B) Minimally clinically important change
C) Maximum detectable change
D) Maximally clinically important change
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Administrative Considerations
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a general rule,treatment tables should be ___high and ___apart.
A) 30 inches; 30 inches
B) 30 inches; 4 feet
C) 2 feet; 4 feet
D) 2 feet; 30 inches
Q2) What can you be charged with if you provide care without consent in a nonemergent situation? Select all that apply.
A) Tort
B) Professional negligence
C) Battery
D) Slander
E) Mischief
Q3) What part of the FDA's minimal requirements for device labeling describes conditions where the risk of use outweighs the anticipated benefits?
A) Contraindications
B) Warnings
C) Boxed warning
D) Precautions
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Chapter 5: Thermal Modalities
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Sample Questions
Q1) What primary method is used to heat tissue when ultrasound is applied?
A) Mechanical action
B) Chemical action
C) Energy transfer
D) Magnetic current
Q2) Which is a primary hemodynamic effect of cold application?
A) Arteriole vasodilation
B) Increased blood viscosity
C) Increased blood flow
D) Capillary vasoconstriction
Q3) What statement is true regarding skin temperature and muscular temperature following cold treatments?
A) Unlike muscle,skin temperature continues to decrease for up to 30 minutes after modality removal.
B) Intramuscular cooling is increased when modality is applied following exercise.
C) Muscle cooling is diminished when the patient remains sedentary.
D) Skin temperature is a good indicator of the temperature of underlying tissues.
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Chapter 6: Clinical Application of Thermal Modalities
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Sample Questions
Q1) When examining and cleaning a whirlpool,what should be completed annually? Select all that apply.
A) Check the ground fault interrupter
B) Have whirlpool turbine inspected
C) Calibrate the tub's thermometer
D) Clean exterior surface of the tub
E) Disinfect the interior surface of the tub
Q2) Cold whirlpools are able to produce which effects? Select all that apply.
A) Decreased muscle spasm
B) Decreased muscle spasticity
C) Muscle relaxation
D) Increased cellular metabolism
E) Increased blood flow to the area treated
Q3) What modality carries the greatest risk of frostbite?
A) Reusable cold pack
B) Plastic bag with crushed ice
C) Cold compression therapy unit
D) Chemical cold pack
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8
Chapter 7: Therapeutic Ultrasound
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Sample Questions
Q1) Over which areas can ultrasound be applied when caution is used? Select all that apply.
A) Vertebral column
B) Nerve roots
C) Large nerve plexus
D) Heart
E) Genitals
Q2) Ultrasound with continuous output produces energy 100 percent of the time.In what terms is the output measured?
A) Spatial average intensity
B) Spatial average temporal peak intensity
C) Spatial average temporal average intensity
D) Spatial average peak-to-peak intensity
Q3) Which is an accurate statement concerning the use of 3-MHz ultrasound?
A) Used to treat deep tissues
B) Energy is rapidly absorbed by tissues
C) Heats 1/3 as fast as 1 MHz
D) Heating lasts longer than 1 MHz
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9
Chapter 8: Clinical Application of Therapeutic Ultrasound
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following scenarios is the use of therapeutic ultrasound contraindicated? Select all that apply.
A) Over lumbar region of menstruating female
B) Over sites of active infection
C) Ischemic area
D) Joint contracture
E) Over an area with scar tissue
Q2) When applying underwater ultrasound,about how far should the ultrasound head be from the body part?
A) 1 cm
B) 2 cm
C) 1 in.
D) 2 in.
Q3) Ultrasound can only increase tissue temperatures when the treatment area is approximately ___the size of the effective radiating area.
A) two times
B) equal to
C) three times
D) one half
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Shortwave Diathermy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which modality heats the largest volume of tissue?
A) Thermal ultrasound
B) Moist heat pack
C) Shortwave diathermy
D) Plug-in heat pack
Q2) What is an accurate statement regarding the heat generated via induction field diathermy?
A) The amount of heat depends only on the strength of the magnetic field.
B) Increasing the distance between the source of the electromagnetic field and the tissue will increase the heating.
C) Heat is produced via the dipole effect.
D) Increased adipose tissue thickness will reduce the rate and magnitude of heating.
Q3) Due to the complexity of setup and the potential for burns,what method is infrequently used?
A) Drum
B) Cable
C) Electrode
D) Pan
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11
Chapter 10: Clinical Application of Shortwave Diathermy
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Sample Questions
Q1) A unit is considered in tune when you have to use less than what percentage of the maximum output in the treatment?
A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 50 percent
Q2) Due to the relative difficulty of setup and potential for harm,what method of shortwave application is becoming uncommon?
A) Induction drum
B) Capacitive plate
C) Electrode method
D) Inductive cables
Q3) With continuous shortwave diathermy,there must be no metal within what distance from the treatment area?
A) 0.5 ft
B) 1 ft
C) 1.5 ft
D) 3 ft
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12
Chapter 11: Principles of Electrical Stimulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What property of electrical current identifies the maximum distance that the pulse rises above or below the isoelectric point?
A) Amplitude
B) Phase duration
C) Pulse width
D) Pulse charge
Q2) When using an alternating current,how many times would a current of 100 Hz change its direction of flow in two seconds?
A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200
Q3) What is used to measure a material's resistance to the movement of electrons?
A) Ampere
B) Henry
C) Ohm
D) Mho
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13
Chapter 12: Electrical Stimulation Techniques
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Sample Questions
Q1) When targeting deeper tissues,how should you place the electrodes?
A) Farther apart
B) Closer together
C) Perpendicular to muscle fibers
D) Electrode placement does not affect the depth.
Q2) What tissues are excitable? Select all that apply.
A) Nerves
B) Muscle fibers
C) Cell membranes
D) Ligaments
E) Cartilage
Q3) Electrical stimulation has little to no effect on which of the following?
A) Inflammatory process
B) Pain control
C) Muscle reeducation
D) Wound healing
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Chapter 13: Clinical Application of Electrical Agents
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Sample Questions
Q1) When applying iontophoresis with lidocaine,in concentrations up to 50 percent,what is the minimum time of application to anesthetize the skin?
A) 5 min
B) 10 min
C) 20 min
D) 30 min
Q2) Most effects of electrical stimulation are the direct result of stimulation to what?
Select all that apply.
A) Sensory nerves
B) Motor nerves
C) Adipose tissue
D) Fascia
E) Muscle fibers
Q3) What electrotherapy agent strictly uses a monophasic current?
A) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
B) High-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS)
C) Interferential stimulation (IFS)
D) Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
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Chapter 14: Intermittent Compression
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the normal pressure range when using intermittent compression to treat the upper extremity?
A) 30 to 60 mm Hg
B) 10 to 30 mm Hg
C) 60 to 100 mm Hg
D) 100 to 120 mm Hg
Q2) When treating lymphedema,what is the typical treatment time of intermittent compression?
A) 5 minutes
B) 20 to 30 minutes
C) 60 minutes
D) Several hours
Q3) When using external compression to treat lower leg edema,pressures of ___have been shown to increase venous flow by 175 percent.
A) 35 to 55 mm Hg
B) 10 to 30 mm Hg
C) 65 to 95 mm Hg
D) 90 to 100 mm Hg
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16
Chapter 15: Continuous Passive Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) When compared to faster speeds,slower speeds of continuous passive motion are theorized to produce better tensile properties of healing tendons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The design of what continuous passive motion device is similar to manually moving the patient's limb through a range of motion?
A) Free linkage design
B) Anatomic design
C) Nonanatomic design
D) Locked linkage design
Q3) Continuous passive motion is more effective than static stretching when increasing range of motion due to soft tissue restriction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The decision to use continuous passive motion should be based on the specific pathology to be treated.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Cervical and Lumbar Traction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Traction applied with unilateral tension at a sagittal angle is a useful setup in the treatment of what pathologies? Select all that apply.
A) Unilateral facet joint pathology
B) Unilateral nerve root impingement
C) Unilateral muscle spasm
D) Unilateral disk protrusion
E) Spinal stenosis
Q2) What type of traction is best suited for treating degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine?
A) Sustained traction with a flexion angle
B) Sustained traction with an extension angle
C) Intermittent traction with a flexion angle
D) Intermittent traction with an extension angle
Q3) When examining the evidence,the effect of what traction variables is clearly understood?
A) Patient position and angle of pull
B) Amount of tension and duration of treatment
C) Amount of tension and angle of pull
D) Duration of treatment and patient position
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18
Chapter 17: Therapeutic Massage
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an indication for the use of therapeutic massage?
A) Active inflammation
B) Area of sensory deficit
C) Hematoma
D) Pain-spasm cycle
Q2) Which of the following are contraindications to the use of therapeutic massage?
Select all that apply.
A) Varicose veins
B) Thrombophlebitis
C) Arteriosclerosis
D) Decreased range of motion
E) Reduced lymphatic return
Q3) Which modality is considered one of the oldest healing techniques?
A) Massage
B) Moist heat pack
C) Traction
D) Ice
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Chapter 18: Electromyographic Biofeedback
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term is commonly used to represent the small amount of energy that is absorbed by the body due to its bombardment by electromagnetic energy?
A) Noise
B) Interference
C) Static
D) Resistance
Q2) In which scenarios is the use of electromyographic biofeedback indicated? Select all that apply.
A) Decrease muscle spasm of erector spinae
B) Promote systemic relaxation
C) Regain neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis oblique
D) Facilitate contraction of the biceps femoris
E) Treatment of a second-degree strain to the gastrocnemius
Q3) Placement of treatment electrodes from one treatment to another will affect the reliability of a biofeedback measurement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Low-Level Laser Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) While the efficacy has not been substantiated,which of the following represent indications for the use of therapeutic laser? Select all that apply.
A) Thrombophlebitis
B) Osteoarthritis
C) Fibromyalgia
D) Fracture healing
E) Pain in an unfused epiphyseal plate
Q2) Which statement is true concerning a gallium arsenide (GaAs)laser?
A) GaAs is produced by a semiconductor diode chip.
B) GaAs produces a visible red light.
C) GaAs energy can penetrate tissues up to 5 cm deep.
D) GaAs delivers a light wave at 670 nm.
Q3) Which of the following contraindicate the use of therapeutic laser? Select all that apply.
A) Application over rheumatoid arthritis
B) Application over a fracture
C) Application over the thyroid
D) Pain in an unfused epiphyseal plate
E) Application over deep-vein thrombosis
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Page 21