Theories of Personality Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Theories of Personality explores the major theoretical frameworks that seek to explain the development, structure, and dynamics of human personality. This course examines classic and contemporary perspectives, including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cognitive theories. Students will analyze the foundational concepts, research findings, and practical applications associated with each approach, critically evaluating the strengths and limitations of various models. Through case studies and self-reflection, learners gain insight into how personality influences thoughts, emotions, and behaviors across diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theory and Research 12th Edition by Daniel Cervone
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15 Chapters
1423 Verified Questions
1423 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When entities are organized in such a manner that one entity is seen as an example of another, or as serving a purpose of the other, one calls this specific overall organization a A) structure.
B) hierarchy.
C) process.
D) system.
Answer: B
Q2) According to the "toolkit" metaphor, the number and diversity of theories of personality is good for the field, A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Those who emphasize the limits of family influence suggest that A) society is most important.
B) culture is most important.
C) genes affect the selection of environments.
D) families are only important during the early years.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Study of People
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Validity refers to
A) stable observations.
B) the utility of observations.
C) the replicability of observations.
D) whether observations relate to the variables of interest.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a potential limitation of experimental research?
A) entangled relationships among variables.
B) establishes associational relationships.
C) limited generality of findings due to artificial setting.
D) all of the above.
Answer: C
Q3) The approach to research emphasizing the intensive study of individuals is A) correlational.
B) clinical.
C) experimental.
D) naturalistic observation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: A Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychoanalytic theory is primarily focused on the conscious state of mind. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The superego operates on the basis of the pleasure principle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The id
A) seeks perfection.
B) seeks reality.
C) seeks pleasure.
D) all of the above.
Answer: C
Q4) Which of the following is an erogenous zone according to pychoanalytic theory?
A) the mouth.
B) the anus.
C) the genitals.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Freuds Psychodynamic Theory: Applications,
Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Over the years many analysts departed from Freud and developed their own theoretical views. Discuss the grounds for these departures, including in your discussion some of the major theorists and the concepts they developed to emphasize their own points of view.
Q2) The attitudes that the patient has toward the psychoanalyst which have their basis in attitudes toward earlier parental figures best describes A) resistance.
B) catharsis.
C) transference.
D) free association.
Q3) The founder of the school of Individual Psychology was
A) Alfred Adler.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Harry Sullivan.
Q4) According to Freud, the major cause of Little Hans' phobia was his Oedipus complex and castration anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory of Personality
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One measure of recognition of the self is
A) self-directed mirror behavior.
B) startle response at one's mirror image.
C) reflected appraisals.
D) all of the above.
Q2) Freud's concept of the superego might be related to Rogers' concept of A) self-actualization.
B) subception.
C) need for positive regard.
D) defense.
Q3) Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of A) subception.
B) denial.
C) incongruence.
D) the need for positive regard from others.
Q4) According to Rogers, states of incongruence generate defensive processes. A)True
B)False
Page 7
Q5) Discuss Rogers' views of the self, self processes, and their measurement.
Q6) Compare the views of Freud and Rogers on the nature of the person and science.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to self-determination theory
A) people are innately rebellious.
B) people function at their best performing out of anxiety.
C) people prefer freely chosen to compelled activities.
D) all of the above.
Q2) The classification of defense mechanisms was less important for Rogers than for Freud.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is not a distinguishing characteristic of client-centered therapy?
A) emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
B) belief in the capacity of the client.
C) importance of diagnoses.
D) belief in a predictable therapeutic process.
Q4) Rogers' concept of the self assumes stability over time and across situations.
A)True B)False
Q5) Rogers' theory of therapeutic change is an if-then theory. A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: Trait Approaches to Personality - Allport,
Eyesneck and Cattell
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A trait expresses what one will do in a specific situation. A)True
B)False
Q2) The trait theorist who would most likely provide for the greatest number of traits was A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Cattell.
D) Plomin.
Q3) The trait theorist who emphasized the fewest traits was A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Cattell.
D) Plomin.
Q4) In his view of the person Allport would be most similar to A) Freud.
B) Rogers.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
10
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Chapter 8: Trait Theory: the Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation of the Trait Approach
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of A) N.
B) A.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q2) Costa and McCrae argue that the NEO-PI in relation to the basic dimensions of personality is
A) necessary.
B) sufficient.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) Trait psychologists favor questionnaires because they
A) permit sampling over a range of situations.
B) trust people.
C) basically are phenomenologists.
D) all of the above.
Q4) Women but not men become increasingly conscientious with age.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 9: Biological Foundations of Personality
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Clark and Watson, which of the following is associated with a willingness to engage the environment?
A) PE.
B) NE.
C) C.
D) DvC.
Q2) Research in evolutionary psychology by Cosmides on the question of cheating detection is concerned with the evolutionarily significant problem of A) dating.
B) parenting.
C) social exchange.
D) playing games.
Q3) One would expect the role of heredity in personality to decline in the following order A) IQ, extraversion, political views.
B) IQ, religiosity, neuroticism.
C) extraversion, political views, neuroticism.
D) neuroticism, extraversion, IQ.
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Chapter 10: Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality
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86 Verified Questions
86 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral assessment is illustrative of the A) sign approach.
B) sample approach.
C) nomothetic approach.
D) construct validity approach.
Q2) According to the text, the Skinnerian approach to psychopathology would predict that a "behavioral deficit" would result when
A) a person developed a "healthy" response that came under the control of inappropriate reinforcers.
B) there is a failure to develop a response that is normally part of a person's behavioral repertory.
C) a person develops a response that is labeled as "bad", "sick", or "neurotic" in society.
D) a person is out of touch with the conditions of reinforcement in the environment.
Q3) The behavioral model rejects the symptom-disease model.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain why Skinner argued against the idea that people have free will.
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Chapter 11: A Cognitive Theory of Personality: George a Kellys
Personal Construct Theory of Personality
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76 Verified Questions
76 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For Kelly psychopathology involves maladaptive learned responses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Kelly's system whenever people feel that a major shake-up in the construct system is about to occur, they feel
A) anxiety.
B) threat.
C) frustration.
D) fear.
Q3) Kelly's view of the person as a scientist implies that the person as an organism is essentially
A) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of the past.
B) always trying to understand the present through an evaluation of the present.
C) always trying to understand the past through an evaluation of the future.
D) always trying to understand the future through an evaluation of the present.
Q4) A problem with the Rep Test is
A) it is not sufficiently tied to theory.
B) it does not get at preverbal constructs.
C) it is unreliable.
D) its content cannot be analyzed.
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Chapter 12: Social Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A social cognitive theorist would suggest that children can learn aggressive behavior through watching television.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research reveals that playing violent video games
A) increase people's aggression.
B) lower people's aggression.
C) has no influence on people's aggression.
D) lower people's verbal skills.
Q3) Although conceptualized differently, social cognitive theory shares many fundamental assumptions with trait theory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In Michel's delay of gratification paradigm, children wait longest if they see
A) the immediate reward.
B) the delayed reward.
C) both rewards.
D) neither reward.
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Social-Cognitive Theory: Extensions,
Applications, and Evaluation
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Higgins' general principles approach provides an integrated account of A) Mischel and Bandura's work.
B) genetic and environmental influences.
C) evolutionary and cultural influences.
D) personal and situational influences.
Q2) The work of Markus may be seen as most relevant to that of A) Rogers and Freud.
B) Kelly and Freud.
C) Mischel and Allport.
D) Rogers and Kelly.
Q3) Self-verification and self-enhancement are A) beliefs.
B) motives.
C) social structures.
D) cultural variations.
Q4) A limitation of social cognitive theory is that is A) relatively neglects some important areas. B) is not grounded in research.
C) has failed to foster therapeutic applications.
D) has given no attention to issues of development.
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Chapter 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations,
Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus.
D) expectations.
Q2) The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that A) personality influences culture.
B) culture influences personality.
C) culture is unimportant to personality.
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture.
Q3) Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations
A) linked to negative self-schemas.
B) linked to positive self-schemas.
C) linked to generic positive traits.
D) linked to generic negative traits.
Q4) Rejection sensitivity cannot be measured via questionnaires.
A)True
B)False
17
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Chapter 15: An Overview of Personality Theory, Assessment, and Research
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49 Verified Questions
49 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jim felt that all of the assessment devices had some merit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Longitudinal data on Jim suggests evidence of A) stability.
B) change.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) The concept of self is most clearly absent in which of the following?
A) personal construct theory.
B) social cognitive theory.
C) phenomenological theory.
D) The concept of self is present in all of the above.
Q4) Media modeling has been used successfully to promote HIV/AIDs prevention.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The text supports the use of multiple levels of analysis and interpretation. A)True B)False
Page 18
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