Theories of Personality Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Theories of Personality explores the major theoretical approaches to understanding the development, structure, and dynamics of human personality. This course examines classical and contemporary perspectives, including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological models, as well as their empirical foundations. Students will analyze the conceptual frameworks, research evidence, and practical applications associated with each theory, gaining insight into the factors that shape individual behavior, thought, and emotional patterns. The course encourages critical evaluation of contrasting viewpoints and considers the relevance of personality theory to psychological assessment, therapy, and everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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16 Chapters
963 Verified Questions
963 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you meet someone new at a party that cannot understand what you mean by "self-esteem" it is that likely your new friend comes from
A)an individualistic culture.
B)a collectivist culture.
C)a nonindustrial culture.
D)a large family.
Answer: B
Q2) The four components necessary for a complete understanding of personality include each of the following except
A)application.
B)assessment.
C)philosophy.
D)research.
Answer: C
Q3) The biological approach argues that people's unconscious minds are largely responsible for personality differences.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experimenters can be most confident in making statements about cause and effect when they conduct research using which of the following?
A)Correlation coefficients
B)Manipulated independent variables
C)Nonmanipulated independent variables
D)Case studies
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is not true about a good theory?
A)It uses as few concepts as necessary to explain a phenomenon.
B)It can generate many testable hypotheses.
C)It is never proved or disproved.
D)All experts agree it is correct.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is the correlation coefficient indicating the strongest relationship?
A)-.62
B).00
C).89
D)-.05
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the interpretation of dreams,Freud called what the dreamer sees and remembers the latent content of the dream.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A businesswoman is upset with her husband.She channels this anger into her work and increases her productivity dramatically.This is an example of A)sublimation.
B)displacement.
C)reaction formation.
D)projection.
Answer: A
Q3) A man refers to his "martial status" instead of his "marital status" during a job interview.Freud might have seen this as an example of A)projection.
B)symbolic behavior.
C)a Freudian slip.
D)free association.
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud,presenting angry people with hostile humor should
A)lead to an increase in aggression.
B)lead to a cathartic release of tension and an increase in aggression.
C)lead to a cathartic release of tension and a decrease in aggression.
D)increase anger, but not aggression.
Q2) From Freud's view of tension reduction,one can conclude that a joke will be funnier when
A)it is sexual than when it is hostile.
B)more tension is experienced before the punch line.
C)tension increases rapidly.
D)less tension is experienced before the punch line.
Q3) Which of the following has been found effective for improving a person's hypnotic responsiveness?
A)Finding a compatible hypnotist
B)Giving the subject more experience with hypnosis
C)Changing the subject's expectancy to one of active involvement and response
D)Changing the subject's personality
Q4) List and describe the techniques used to increase hypnotic responsiveness. Explain why it can be said that hypnosis is largely a participant variable.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly sketch the life of Alfred Adler,stating how his life experiences may have influenced his theory. Discuss Adler's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach,including the roles of inferiority,birth order,and other basic factors that influence personality development in Adler's view.
Q2) Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included
A)folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis.
B)data from laboratory experiments and case studies.
C)interpretation of Freud's central writings.
D)an in-depth examination of the concept of ego.
Q3) Like Freud's original theory,the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for A)a lack of scientific evidence.
B)being more descriptive than scientific.
C)incomplete or limited accounts of personality.
D)all of these
Q4) Which of the following statements can be attributed to Jung's view of religion?
A)"Authoritarian religions emphasize that we are controlled by a powerful God."
B)"Modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy."
C)"Humanistic religions emphasize that there is no God."
D)"The religions of mankind must be classified as a mass-delusion."
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Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud gave which of the following names to the death instinct in his theory?
A)The shadow
B)Libido
C)Thanatos
D)Catharsis
Q2) Fears of abandonment and being left alone characterize which of the following categories of adult attachment?
A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Dismissing
D)Fearful
Q3) Research on reactions to stressful stimuli finds that people typically use coping strategies to reduce anxiety
A)when trained to do so by the experimenter.
B)when reminded to do so by the experimenter.
C)when given no instructions about coping strategies by the experimenter.
D)very rarely, unless the stimulus is extremely anxiety-provoking.
Q4) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to most of us,individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to A)tell a stranger all about themselves.
B)change their self-concept.
C)make friends easily.
D)consider new ideas.
Q2) Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace,many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality
A)by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model.
B)by categorizing workers by personality types.
C)by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray.
D)by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.
Q3) Describe two of your best friends in terms of the Big Five factors. For each friend,state where that person fits along each of the dimensions. Give two ways that Henry Murray and Raymond Cattell influenced this model.
Q4) To discover the structure of personality,Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique called correlation analysis.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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68 Verified Questions
68 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers find that people who are high in _______ typically achieve more than the average person.
A)affect intensity
B)dispositional optimism
C)social anxiety
D)emotional expressiveness
Q2) Research has identified each of the following except one as characteristic of people high in social anxiety.Which one?
A)They avoid making eye contact.
B)They frequently ask friends to help them.
C)They expect their conversations to go poorly.
D)They interpret feedback from others in a negative light.
Q3) Researchers find that men and women sometimes differ in achievement behavior because
A)men have an inherently higher need to achieve.
B)men are better at tasks calling for organization skills.
C)men have higher endurance levels.
D)men and women differ in the values they assign to achievement tasks.
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10
Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Eysenck's original model,why do introverts often prefer to isolate themselves from others?
A)They have had a history of negative social experiences.
B)They are trying to keep their arousal levels from getting too high.
C)They have failed to develop appropriate social skills.
D)They generally do not trust people.
Q2) The difference in right- and left-hemisphere activity is referred to as cerebral asymmetry by researchers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a "supertrait" in Eysenck's theory?
A)Sociability
B)Impulsiveness
C)Optimism
D)Psychoticism
Q4) People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in emotionality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A team of researchers examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. Which of the following did the team find?
A)Extraverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas introverts preferred isolated locations.
B)Introverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas extraverts preferred isolated locations.
C)Extraverts enjoyed open, accessible locations better, but got more work done in an isolated location.
D)a clear pattern for extraverts, but no preferred location for introverts
Q2) Some investigators suggest that genetic influences on personality may not be seen unless a unique combination of more than one gene is inherited. Researchers refer to these complex influences as ________ effects.
A)interactive
B)nonadditive
C)multiple-gene
D)compound
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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61 Verified Questions
61 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about subception,as described by Rogers?
A)It is the most common defense process.
B)It only happens in people who are fully functioning.
C)It takes place at a level somewhere below consciousness.
D)It results in an increase in anxiety.
Q2) A father tells his son that he loves him when the child is good,but says "I do not like you right now" when the child misbehaves.The father is engaging in
A)denial.
B)conditional positive regard.
C)classical conditioning.
D)an anxiety-reduction technique.
Q3) Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as "psychologically healthy"?
A)They have many friends.
B)They are the only ones who have "peak experiences."
C)They tend to be creative.
D)They are unconcerned with what others think of them.
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to those who score low on loneliness scales,people who score high on these scales tend to
A)have just as many friends.
B)spend just as much time around other people.
C)enter social encounters expecting that things will not go well.
D)form just as good a first impression.
Q2) Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach's explanation for why some people desire solitude.
Q3) Which approach has probably generated the least empirical research in psychology?
A)Biological
B)Behavioral/social learning
C)Humanistic
D)Trait
Q4) According to Maslow,people with a high need for privacy are not necessarily trying to escape from relationships.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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71 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bandura,people are most likely to change their behavior when they believe
A)the therapist has the ability to change them.
B)following the treatment program can lead to the desired outcome.
C)they are capable of engaging in the behaviors needed to bring about the desired outcome.
D)they have chosen the type of treatment themselves.
Q2) After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned,it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid A)second-order conditioning.
B)extinction.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)stimulus discrimination.
Q3) According to Rotter,all of the following are psychological variables that must be considered to account for behavior except one. Which one?
A)Beliefs
B)Perceptions
C)Estimations of likelihoods
D)Personality disorders
15
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of
A)B. F. Skinner.
B)Albert Bandura.
C)Julian Rotter.
D)Henry Murray.
Q2) According to Bandura's model,children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they
A)do not pay attention to the model's behavior.
B)do not remember the model's behavior.
C)are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior.
D)do not notice the model's behavior.
Q3) The traditional masculinity-femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that
A)gender-role behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning.
B)masculinity and femininity represent two end points on one continuum.
C)it is better to be masculine than feminine.
D)masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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57 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today,but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating A)stereotypes.
B)self-esteem.
C)possible selves.
D)personal constructs.
Q2) According to Kelly,anxiety results when
A)people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self. B)people can't predict future events.
C)defense mechanisms fail.
D)people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves.
Q3) Discuss Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy and highlight two goals of this cognitive approach to psychotherapy. Explain what is meant by the A-B-C process with an example of your own. According to Ellis's approach to psychotherapy,identify the A,B,and C elements in your experience.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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38 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) While men and women do not differ in their general memory abilities,they also do not show differences in what they remember.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When researchers ask men and women to write descriptions of themselves,women are more likely than men to include statements about A)where they live.
B)their roles as parents and family members.
C)their physical appearance.
D)their age.
Q3) Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that A)we focus on one or two specific approaches as a maximum.
B)we examine every aspect of personality from a biological perspective.
C)we focus our attention on the cognitive approach.
D)we examine personality from several different perspectives.
Q4) The cognitive approach maintains that negative thoughts are a symptom of depression.
A)True
B)False
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