Theories of Crime Review Questions
Course Introduction
Theories of Crime explores the major schools of thought that seek to explain the origins, motivations, and patterns of criminal behavior in society. Through an examination of classical, positivist, biological, psychological, sociological, and critical theories, this course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of how crime is understood and interpreted within the field of criminology. Students will analyze the influences of social structures, group dynamics, environment, and individual psychology on criminality, and assess the policy implications of different theoretical frameworks on criminal justice practices and interventions.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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16 Chapters
1159 Verified Questions
1159 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two contrasting viewpoints on which the book is built? Explain each and give examples of policies based on each viewpoint.
Answer: Answers should explain the two contrasting perspectives now popular in American society: social problems perspective and the individual responsibility perspective. Examples may vary
Q2) Victims may actively contribute to their own victimization through the appearance of
A) defensiveness.
B) exposure.
C) defenselessness.
D) precipitation.
Answer: C
Q3) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through A) a political process
B) the general agreement of most members of society.
C) the existence of shared norms and values.
D) consensus.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study's major findings. What ethical issue applies here?
A) Protection of human subjects
B) Informed consent
C) Objectivity
D) Data confidentiality
Answer: C
Q2) During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A(n) ______ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.
Answer: hypothesis
Q4) A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: theory
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the key principles of classical and neoclassical criminology.
Answer: Classical criminology is based on the key principles of rational choice, deterrence, and free will. This perspective suggests that individuals make rational choices to commit crimes based on the potential for pleasure or gain, and are deterred by the threat of punishment. It also emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and free will in criminal behavior.
Neoclassical criminology builds upon these principles and adds the concept of biological and psychological factors influencing criminal behavior. This perspective also recognizes the role of social and environmental factors in shaping criminal behavior, but still emphasizes the importance of individual choice and responsibility.
In summary, the key principles of classical and neoclassical criminology include rational choice, deterrence, free will, and the influence of biological and psychological factors on criminal behavior. These perspectives have had a significant impact on the development of modern criminological theories and approaches to crime prevention and criminal justice.
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Biological theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except
A) the social environment.
B) biology.
C) heredity.
D) psychology.
Q2) Positivism emphasizes measurement and observation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the main concerns with early biological theories of criminal behavior?
Q4) The term __________ was coined by Cesare Lombroso to suggest that crime was the result of primitive urges that survived the evolutionary process.
Q5) Phrenology focused on
A) evolutionary biology.
B) the correspondence of the shape of the skull to the shape of the underlying brain. C) the identification of criminal families.
D) natural selection.
Q6) The _________ hypothesis explained female criminality.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ selection is a form of natural selection that influences an individual's ability to find or choose a mate.
Q2) Biosocial criminologists explain gender differences in criminal involvement by arguing that there is something about gender itself that is responsible for the observed differences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ refers to the process by which social experiences change neural circuitry in the brain.
Q4) Wilson and Herrnstein stated that individuals commit more crimes as they get older. A)True
B)False
Q5) Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men. A)True
B)False
Q6) The development of antisocial behavior is mediated by an interaction between maltreatment and the gene responsible for the production of the enzyme ________.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ theory focuses on the area of cognitive science, including the process of moral development and diseases of the mind.
Q2) Behavioral theory explains crime as the result of inappropriate __________.
Q3) The most likely consequence of frustration is direct aggression toward others.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stress may lead to aggression toward oneself as well as toward others.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is criminal history not considered a criminogenic need?
A) It is a static element not amenable to change
B) It is not associated with rates of recidivism
C) It is not a risk factor for continuing criminality
D) None of the above - criminal history is a criminogenic need
Q6) __________ theory involves the study of human perceptions and decision making.
A) Cognitive information-processing
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social cognition
D) Behavior Page 8
Q7) Hervey Cleckley described the __________ as a "moral idiot."
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research suggests that feelings of general strain are negatively related to later delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A young male teen with an absent father may be likely to emphasize Miller's focal concern of __________.
Q3) The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves A) biological factors.
B) learned behavior.
C) psychological traits.
D) frustration or strain.
Q4) According to Elijah Anderson, contemporary street code emphasizes the issue of
Q5) Subcultural theories have been criticized for being racist.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Claiming that "I only beat up drunks" is an example of the neutralization technique of
Q7) Individuals who openly reject what they want but cannot obtain are engaging in
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wikström's theory emphasizes the situation as the core unit of analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Rather than focusing on factors which cause criminal behavior, __________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.
A) subcultural
B) social control
C) strain
D) differential opportunity
Q3) According to differential association theory, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) External containments are the most effective in preventing law violations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) __________ theory has been criticized for a lack of firm empirical support.
11
Q6) Social development theories have been criticized for ________ issues.
Q7) _________are marked by specific life events that evolve over shorter time spans.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freda Adler and Rita Simon, existing differences in crime rates between men and women are due primarily to biology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The gender gap in crime refers to the differential treatment of men and women by the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ criminologists argue that the only effective way to reduce conflict in society is to replace the existing capitalist system in the U.S. with a socialist economic structure.
A) Radical-Marxist
B) Peacemaking
C) Left-realist
D) Postmodern
Q4) Early feminist criminologists, such as Adler and Simon, explained gender differences in crime rates as being due primarily to _____________.
Q5) Discuss the major criticisms of radical-critical criminology.
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stigmatized neighborhoods increase the risk of victimization but not criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics?
A) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to continue until at least 2020
B) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase
C) The crime rate will continue to decline until it reaches the low crime rates characteristic of the 1950s
D) Crime rates will level off and remain stable for the foreseeable future
Q3) The U.S. Constitution includes a victims' rights amendment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Shafer, the level of _______________ responsibility determined the degree of victim provocation.
Q5) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common motivation for hate crimes is _________ bias.
Q2) The majority of street robbers target
A) elderly victims.
B) taxi drivers.
C) individuals involved in lawbreaking.
D) major drug dealers.
Q3) Among homicides occurring during the commission of another felony, __________ is the most likely felony to result in a homicide.
Q4) The transit workers with the greatest risk of robbery are
A) taxi drivers.
B) bus drivers.
C) subway train operators.
D) railway train conductors.
Q5) Which of the following is a mission-oriented serial killer?
A) An offender who kills for profit
B) An offender who kills victims he believes to be evil
C) An offender who kills during the commission of other crimes
D) An offender who gain sexual pleasure from killing
Q6) __________ homicides are generally motivated by interpersonal hostility.
Q7) The most common scenario for rape is __________ rape.
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explore the concept of burglary within a sexual context. Compare this type of burglary with traditional burglary.
Q2) New account fraud is the more common type of identity theft.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The majority of professional fences are involved in a legitimate business that acts as a cover for criminal activities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) During the __________ period of a property offender's criminal career, rehabilitation efforts are most likely to fail.
A) break-in
B) acceleration
C) burnout
D) stable
Q5) Cafeteria-style offending describes offending among gang members.
A)True
B)False
Q6) According to Mike Maguire's typology, ________ burglars are professionals.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify three of the major organized crime groups of different nationalities that currently operate in the U.S. and discuss the type of crime in which they tend to be most involved.
Q2) To what exactly did the concept of white-collar crime originally refer?
A) Crimes involving illegal business enterprises
B) Any occupationally-related crime
C) Crimes committed by those who had been entrusted with money, such as bank tellers
D) Crimes committed by persons of high social status using their occupational positions for illegal gain
Q3) State laws defining criminal enterprise are generally much more inclusive than federal statutes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) State authority occupational crime is committed by professionals in their occupational capacity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was the Teapot Dome Scandal of 1929 and how did it end?
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Male clients of female prostitutes are known as _______.
Q2) __________would significantly reduce the criminal penalties associated with prostitution.
Q3) The Heroin Signature Program identifies the chemicals with which samples of pure heroin have been cut before they are sold on the street.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an example of a drug-defined crime?
A) A drug addict commits a theft to obtain money to buy drugs
B) A drug importer kills a rival drug dealer in a territorial dispute
C) A drug dealer sells cocaine to a juvenile on the street
D) A cocaine addict assaults someone in a bar while under the influence of the drug
Q5) Some feminist groups are redefining prostitution as liberating sex work.
A)True
B)False
Q6) __________refers to the process of finding a physician who is overly liberal in the type and amount of drug prescribed.
Q7) What are designer drugs?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ Act criminalized the willful infringement of copyrighted works.
A) Communications Decency
B) No Electronic Theft
C) National Stolen Property
D) Cyber Security Enhancement
Q2) The Electronic Frontier Foundation focuses on protecting the individual rights found in the Constitution and Bill of Rights as new communications technologies emerge.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "Spiderman snare" is a discolike strobe light which quickly disorients human targets.
A)True
B)False
Q4) DNA evidence may last for many years.
A)True
B)False
Q5) One contemporary is whether e-mail qualifies as speech and is therefore protected under the _______ Amendment.
Q6) ________ is the violation of a federal or state computer-crime statue
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the CIA, the end goal of al-Qaeda is to use _________.
Q2) ____________terrorists are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all established forms of government.
A) Right-wing
B) Anarchist
C) Nationalist
D) Left-wing
Q3) Ethnocentrism involves
A) comparing crime rates in different countries and cultures.
B) culture-centeredness.
C) human smuggling.
D) trafficking in persons.
Q4) Given the difficulties in comparing crime rates among different countries, what value do such cross-national comparisons have?
Q5) Persons smuggled into the U.S. are considered to be victims.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The Trafficking Victims Protection Act focuses on sex trafficking.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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