Theories of Crime Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Theories of Crime explores the major theoretical perspectives that seek to explain why individuals and groups engage in criminal behavior. Topics include classical and positivist schools, sociological theories such as strain, social learning, and labeling, as well as contemporary perspectives like critical criminology and life-course theory. The course examines the historical evolution of these theories, their empirical validity, and their implications for crime prevention, criminal justice policies, and social responses to crime. Through critical analysis and discussion, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how various factors social, biological, psychological, and structural influence criminal conduct.
Recommended Textbook Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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18 Chapters
1385 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common definition of a crime in Canadian society is a legalistic one.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Comparing the cases of Robert and Danny Sand,the brothers from Alberta,and Diego Zepeda-Cordera,the Missionary Church of Christ barber from Toronto,shows which of the following?
A)Penalties for homicide in Canada are too weak.
B)Race is a better predictor of homicide than religion.
C)Killing because of a strong religious belief can exonerate a suspect.
D)There are many different patterns of homicide.
Answer: D
Q3) In Canada most people would argue that mass murder is wrong,but there is little agreement over the issue of using marijuana.This statement reflects which dimension of Hagan's typology of crime and deviance?
A)the severity of the society's response to the act
B)the assessment of the degree of harm of the act
C)the degree of consensus that an act is wrong
D)the accuracy of the belief systems
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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81 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In hunting and gathering societies,the social status of an individual was typically based on which of the following?
A)the number of close kin relations
B)influence within that group
C)religious status
D)wealth Answer: B
Q2) The power of the state is so unchallenged that laws are rarely shaped by special interests in society.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) The restorative justice approach in Canada is currently limited to Aboriginal communities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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75 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The crime of conspiracy is established only when three or more individuals form a common intention to commit a crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) When is failure to come to the rescue of someone in serious danger a crime in Canada?
A)under any circumstance
B)only when the person in danger communicates his/her plight
C)only when there is a pre-existing legal duty to act,such as a parent failing to come to the rescue of his/her small child
D)only when there is a pre-existing duty to act and an emergency call to officials (like 911)is not available
Answer: C
Q3) The most common defence that successfully allows a defendant to escape a criminal charge is ignorance of the law.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the differences between a criminal justice administrative record and statistical data?
A)Administrative records are concerned with individual cases while statistics are aggregated data.
B)Administrative records help provide information for policies,planning,and theory building while statistics are geared towards making decisions about individual cases.
C)Administrative records are an important source of information for criminal justice statistics.
D)Before converting records into statistics,issues like levels of aggregation and counting procedures must be considered.
Q2) "Seniors' perceptions of their personal safety are not supported by victimization surveys." Discuss this statement and make note of some of the research finding that support this statement.
Q3) What are the strengths and limitations of victimization surveys?
Q4) What are the strengths and limitations of self-report surveys?
Q5) Identify some of the key concerns and limitations associated with the use of Uniform Crime Reports.
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) One category of crime that young women are most likely to be charged with is fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Structural explanations for Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system centre on the social and economic oppression of Aboriginals by the dominant white society.
A)True B)False
Q3) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the knowledge that there is a correlation between poverty and crime?
A)Crime is the sole cause of poverty.
B)Poverty is the main cause of crime.
C)Poverty is one of several causes of crime.
D)Poverty may be a cause of crime.
Q4) Explain the role convergence theory.How does it account for the rising crime rate among women? Is this explanation substantiated by empirical research? Elaborate on your answer.
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pearson's 1997 book When She Was Bad: Violent Women and the Myth of Innocence makes a number of claims regarding violence by women.Which of the following is NOT one of those claims?
A)Not only are women violent too but this violence can be just as "nasty" as men's.
B)Violent women are the often the result of the "feminization of poverty."
C)Women's violence is more masked and underhanded than men's violence.
D)When their crimes are discovered,women are more likely to receive lenient treatment from a chivalrous criminal justice system.
Q2) Describe how some mainstream theories of criminality have been applied to women and crime.What are some of the critiques of attempts to apply mainstream theories to women and crime?
Q3) Women have largely been rendered invisible in much of criminology,except as victims of violence which has been the subject of considerable research by mainstream criminologists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss what is meant by the gender-ratio problem and describe the research that sought to explain this problem.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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82 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which branch of the criminal justice system is the costliest?
A)corrections
B)police
C)prosecution
D)victim services
Q2) According to the textbook,a major reason for the loss of confidence in the police in Canada is the lack of protocols detailing how an officer responding to a 911 call should respond with regards to victims of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Canada has truly become an international leader in establishing a comprehensive regime of rights for the victims of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The chapter refers to victims of crimes as the orphans of the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what a victim fine surcharge is and how it works.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In pre-18th-century Europe,which of the following steps was often taken against individuals perceived as threatening the existing political authority?
A)They were charged with vandalism.
B)They were charged with sedition.
C)They were charged with treason.
D)They were charged with witchcraft.
Q2) For Beccaria,which two factors are most important for punishment to be effective in deterring crime?
A)the certainty and reliability of punishment
B)the severity and swiftness of punishment
C)the severity and certainty of punishment
D)the certainty and swiftness of punishment
Q3) In the 15th century,charges of witchcraft served to reassert the authority of male leaders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some of the critiques and limitations of the Classical School of crime?
Q5) What types of people were most likely to be executed for witchcraft in Western Europe during the 15th century? Why?
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Farrington,from which of the following factors does the motivation to commit delinquent acts arise?
A)the need for material goods or excitement.
B)frustration due to deep-seated resentment toward a middle-class measuring rod
C)poverty and the inability to achieve society's goals through legitimate means
D)identity problems stemming from childhood issues
Q2) List and describe the two main assumptions underlying most psychological research on offenders.
Q3) "No system of criminology has any meaning that disregards this central feature of all criminology " What "central feature of criminology" are Eysenck and Gudjonsson referring to?
A)a socially constructed definition of criminal behaviour
B)the individual offender
C)the environment in which crime takes place
D)the accountability toward victims of crime
Q4) Describe the overall approach of psychological theories of crime.What are some of the key assumptions underlying this approach?
Q5) Describe and critically analyze how psychoanalytic theory views the causes of criminal behaviour.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Braithwaite,what causes crime among the upper classes and what can be done to reduce it?
Q2) The gap between goals and the means to achieve these goals is constant across all portions of North American society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying the consensus perspective?
A)Most people share similar values.
B)Morality is universal.
C)The law represents a consensus of societal values.
D)Criminal law reflects the interests of powerful groups that create and enforce those laws.
Q4) According to Messner and Rosenfeld which of the following defines the American Dream?
A)individual achievement
B)material success
C)devoutness
D)wisdom
Q5) Describe Messner and Rosenfeld's theory of institutional anomie.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how Quinney's (1970)group conflict theory differs from both Vold's and Sellin's conflict theories.
Q2) In which of the following countries was left realism first developed?
A)Canada
B)Great Britain
C)USSR
D)United States
Q3) Distinguish between Sellin's culture conflict theory and Vold's group conflict theory.Be sure to state the main assumption of each theory as well as their views of society.
Q4) Describe and critique Greenberg's Marxian explanation of juvenile crime.
Q5) For left realists,"square of crime" refers to the intersection of offenders,the capitalist class,the State,and criminal law.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the alternative approaches to crime control that are emphasized by left realists.
Q7) Distinguish between Instrumental Marxism and structural Marxism.
Q8) Outline the main assumptions of Quinney's conflict theory of crime.
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outline the origins and early development of critical criminology in English Canada.
Q2) Critical criminology seeks ways to better manage the poor and dangerous classes that make up most of the criminal offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly describe what happened to suspected terrorist and Canadian citizen Maher Arar,and indicate the implications of his treatment for the relationship between Canada and its citizens.
Q4) Describe how risk and actuarialism are prevalent in contemporary criminal justice practices and how this relates to the notion of the "risk society."
Q5) A heroin user is branded as an addict who will amount to nothing in life because she lives on "skid row." According to field theory,this example best illustrates the notion of which of the following?
A)negative symbolic capital
B)negative social capital
C)state of exception
D)habitus
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term used for an unintended event,process,or situation that that can affect the movement of an individual along a deviant career?
A)primary deviation
B)career contingency
C)continuance commitment
D)master contingency
Q2) Cite and discuss both the strengths and limitations of differential association theory.
Q3) Primary deviation becomes secondary when deviants see that their behaviour substantially modifies their ways of living.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define career contingency and continuance commitment.Explain how these concepts relate to secondary deviation.
Q5) Continuance commitment refers to an unintended event or situation that can affect the movement of an individual along a deviant career.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best represents why schools are important institutions in the context of Hirschi's social bonds?
A)Schools promote attachment.
B)Schools promote commitment.
C)Schools promote modelling.
D)Schools promote social ideology.
Q2) Ties to primary groups such as the family are considered essential to fostering social control,according to Reiss.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to longitudinal research involving children at the Stanford University nursery,which of the following characterizes the children who ate the marshmallows right away instead of eating them later?
A)They had fewer behavioural problems.
B)They did worse on college entrance test scores.
C)They used drugs more.
D)They had fewer coping skills in adolescence.
Q4) Explain and assess the criticism that control theory is a conservative theory of crime.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following theories argues that people break the law because they believe crime will provide a reward?
A)routine activity theory
B)group conflict theory
C)rational Choice theory
D)interactionist theory
Q2) Research has shown that the best way to deter crime is to increase the severity of sentences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Situational crime is premised on the belief that much crime is opportunistic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) It has been easier for governments to increase the certainty of punishment than pass tough sentencing laws.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the Winnipeg Auto Theft Suppression Strategy and how it represents a comprehensive crime prevention approach.
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many members does a chapter of outlaw motorcycle gang chapter usually have?
A)6-10
B)6-25
C)15-30
D)31-40
Q2) Organized crime is considered one of the more irrational forms of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Governments help create underground markets and organized crime through their policies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following models describes organized crime as involving a loose system of power and "business" relationships with the mafiosi serving as a middleman or a broker?
A)the patron-client model
B)the kinship model
C)the bureaucratic/hierarchical model
D)the network model
Page 18
Q5) How can organized crime be differentiated from unorganized crimes?
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
Q2) The increased regulations that Wall Street has been subject to in recent years is cited as one of the major causes of the financial crisis of 2008.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An employee stealing cash from the register of the retail store where she works is an example of occupational crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Document and explain the physical and social harm caused by white-collar crime in Canada.
Q5) In 2004 the Canadian government passed legislation to make it easier to prosecute fraud-related offences.This has contributed to a significant increase in prosecutions of white-collar crime cases.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain some of the reasons why corporations and their executives have been able to escape penalties for the crimes they allegedly committed.
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook,we need to step outside criminology to better understand cyberbullying and motives of online offenders.Why do we need to step outside of criminology?
A)to draw from terminologies used in other relevant fields,such as digital media and communications
B)to draw from legal terminologies concerning cybercriminality
C)to draw from more psychologically-based terminologies regarding criminal offending
D)to draw from more sociologically-based theories of criminality
Q2) Describe some ways that technologies have changed the landscape of criminality.Provide some examples of new forms of crime that have been created by the advent of the Internet.
Q3) Cyberdeviance rarely encompasses one or more of the traditional offline paraphilias.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast cybercrime with cyber terrorism.
Q5) Compare and contrast cyberdeviance with cybercrime.Provide at least one example of each.
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