Theories of Counseling Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Theories of Counseling explores the major theoretical approaches that inform contemporary counseling practice, including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, existential, and systemic perspectives. Students will examine the foundational concepts, techniques, and applications of each theory, as well as their historical development and cultural considerations. The course emphasizes critical analysis and comparison of these models, providing students with a framework for developing their own counseling philosophy and integrative approach. Additionally, practical case studies and ethical implications are discussed to enhance understanding and application within diverse counseling settings.
Recommended Textbook
Career Counseling A Holistic Approach 9th Edition by
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Page 2
Vernon G. Zunker
Chapter 1: Historical Development and Some Basic Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe what career coaching means as outlined in the Zunker text.
Answer: Major Points
Career coaching is often used to describe consultants who assist workers in making optimal career choices in current changing corporate structures.Workers who have experienced job insecurity or job loss and are in search of career opportunities have turned to career coaches for assistance.Some career coaching may include job search strategies and skill-building opportunities including technological skills, team training, and self-assessment techniques.Some career coaches are hired by organizations to mentor promising prospects for managerial positions and assist them in choosing appropriate training opportunities to enhance their career development.
Q2) What was the name of the major work written by Parsons (published posthumously in 1909)?
A)Three Conceptual Formulations
B)The Conceptual Framework for Helping a Person Choose a Career
C)Choosing a Vocation
D)Choosing a Career
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Theories of Career Development
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Q1) Describe the pathways to career choice as outlined by Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT).
Answer: Major Points
Self-efficacy and outcome expectations promote career-related interests.Interests, in turn, influence goals.Goal related actions lead to performance experiences.The outcomes determine future paths depending on whether self-efficacy is strengthened or weakened.One establishes a career decision or redirects goals.
Q2) Actualization is a period that is highlighted by one's focus on:
A)maintenance and management.
B)settling down.
C)growth.
D)career identification.
Answer: D
Q3) PEC theory emphasizes that:
A)Job satisfaction is completely related to family compatibility
B)Job satisfaction is completely determined by wages
C)Job satisfaction is related to work reinforcers
D)Job satisfaction is primarily the responsibility of the manager
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Career Counseling Models
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Q1) In the Decision Skills Domain, the five stages referred to as the CASVE cycle, include:
A)communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing and execution.
B)communication, aptitude, synthesis, values and executive.
C)cognitive, analysis, synthesis, valuing and execution.
D)cognitive, application, synthesis, values and experience.
Answer: A
Q2) In the fourth stage of the LTCC model, collecting information, the main objectives are:
A)to introduce clients to career information resources, their purpose and use.
B)to become involved in programs of interview training, preparing a resume or joining a job club.
C)to formulate goals and generate activities.
D)to re-evaluate, decide tentatively or recycle.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Integrating Career and Personal Counseling
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Q1) Trait-oriented counseling, developmental counseling, social learning and cognitive counseling, and person-in-environment counseling are counseling strategies relating to which domain?
A)Culture
B)Affective
C)Cognitive-behavioral
D)Career
Q2) Which of the following statements can be the most effective rationale for integrating career and personal concerns?
A)Barriers that interfere with career choice and development need to be eliminated
B)Work is a central component of one's life and job availability is often limited
C)Career counseling is very inclusive and a lot of tests are used
D)The need for career counseling is continuous over the life spanv
Q3) Describe the biopsychosocial model.
Q4) How can a client address anxiety disorder with systematic desensitization?
Q5) Briefly discuss the rationale for selecting the biopsychosocial model to observe behavior for an integrative approach to career counseling.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Career Counseling Intake Interview
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Q1) Discuss the ways in which a career counselor can establish and maintain rapport with clients.
Q2) Discussions of self-reported information can be used to establish:
A)listening skills.
B)clear goals.
C)language skills.
D)rapport with one's clients.
Q3) Negative view of self and the world of work is primarily associated with:
A)Careers in management
B)Interests in working with others
C)Mechanically oriented careers
D)Career development
Q4) Name a most important stage in the career counseling process.
A)Client problem identification
B)Counselor problem identification
C)Gathering concrete statements
D)Circumstantial information
Q5) Describe the four step sequence for an intake interview as suggested by Brown, Brown and Associates.
Q6) Explain the whole person approach.
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Chapter 6: Using Standardized Tests and Self-Assessment in Career Counseling
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Q1) Why are validity and reliability important factors to consider?
Q2) What are some suggested steps a counselor can take to achieve equity in assessment?
Q3) List the types of achievement tests and discuss how each type may be used in career counseling.
Q4) _______ is an important central concept that counselors should use in selecting and using assessment.
A)Acculturation
B)Context
C)Interpretation
D)Information
Q5) Which inventory measures values that influence how individuals cope with daily problems?
A)Work Environment Preference Schedule
B)Survey of Personal Values
C)Study of Values
D)The Values Scale
Q6) Compare and contrast the purpose of content and criterion validity.
Q7) Briefly discuss significant problems associated with Computer-Assisted Career Guidance Assessment (CACG). Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Impact of New Technology on Work, Career Development,
and
Learning Platforms
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Q1) The major concern involving computer-generated interpretive statements is the:
A)Scoring methods
B)Vagueness
C)Grammatical errors
D)Validity
Q2) Kivlighan, Johnston, Hogan & Mauer (1994) used vocational identity to evaluate the effects of SIGI PLUS.Briefly discuss the findings in their study and what the relationship with CACGS is.
Q3) How would you describe the use of Web-Based Instruction to someone who is very interested in pursuing further training?
Q4) The original DISCOVER system was designed to assist which population in making career choices?
A)Colleges and adults
B)High school only
C)Anyone who wanted to use it
D)High school and college students
Q5) Discuss the implications of using computers in career counseling.
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Q6) Briefly describe and discuss HIPPA.How would this program relate to you as counselor?
Chapter 8: On Being an Ethical Career Counselor
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Q1) Who suggested (2002) that in career counseling programs that use peer counselors, clients are to be informed of issues of confidentiality?
A)Brown
B)Welfel
C)Lenz
D)Zunker
Q2) What is the meaning of "free consent"?
A)When a psychologist answers patients' questions
B)Discussion regarding the supervision of the counselor's work with clients
C)Disclosure by the counselor of important information the client needs in making the decision as to whether he or she is to start counseling
D)When a client agrees to engage in counseling without coercion
Q3) Which association is cited as developing ethical issues, principles and standards (1997) pertinent to the career counselor?
A)National Career Guidance Association (NCGA)
B)National Career Development Association (NCDA)
C)American Psychological Association (APA)
D)American Counseling Association (ACA)
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Chapter 9: Career Counseling for Multicultural Groups
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Q1) According to Sue (1978), what characteristics are necessary to be a culturally effective counselor?
Q2) What is the largest minority group in America?
A)African-Americans
B)Asian
C)Hispanic (Latinos/as) Americans
D)Southeast Asian
Q3) Ethnic groups can be characterized as:
A)Homogenous
B)Having the same beliefs, values, interests, personalities, and worldviews
C)Cultural groups within which there are individual differences
D)Having exactly the same work values
Q4) The term culture has generated a number of different interpretations that suggest culture is:
A)Totally inherited behavior
B)A learned behavior
C)Behavior that cannot be changed
D)Primarily obtained through work experiences
Q5) Name the second largest racial minority group.Identify the reason why this group is the second largest racial minority group.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Gender Issues and Dual Careers
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Q1) Role conflicts experienced by dual career families most often involve:
A)Family and work roles
B)Spousal and leisure role
C)Leisure and work roles
D)Parental and spousal roles
Q2) Shared care-giving fathers:
A)Become more interested in household duties
B)Are never resentful of household tasks
C)Experience enhanced father-child relationships
D)Are generally accepted and given approval by other men
Q3) Families in which both parents work are referred to as either _____ or _____ households.
A)Dual-career, dual-earner
B)Share-career, share-earner
C)Dual-worker, dual-earner
D)Dual-career, share-earner
Q4) Briefly discuss how fear of femininity affects men's career development.
Q5) What issues might be discussed with a dual career or dual earner couple?
Q6) Briefly discuss some of the current specific career issues women face.
Q7) Identify and briefly discuss some of the issues facing dual career families.
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Chapter 11: Career Counseling for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients
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Q1) In the workplace, what is typically involved with "hidden discrimination"?
A)Sexual harassment
B)Violence directed at LGBT individuals
C)"Gay bashing"
D)Hiring, promotion and compensation
Q2) Which of the following terms is most preferred?
A)Sexual choice
B)Homosexual
C)Sexual preference
D)Sexual orientation
Q3) Choose the inaccurate statement from the following list.
A)Counselors should not assume that certain clients are sexual minorities on the basis of stereotypical suggestions
B)The counselor should convey a nonjudgmental attitude
C)Counselors should assume that every client is heterosexually oriented
D)Counselors must be prepared to convey full acceptance of sexual minorities
Q4) Describe some examples of discrimination gay/lesbian/bisexual persons might experience at work.
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Q5) Define homophobia and explain the relationship between it and the workplace.Provide an example.
Chapter 12: Career Counseling for Individuals With Disabilities
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Q1) How does the Americans with Disabilities Act identify individuals with disabilities?
Q2) One way to address the issue of the high dropout rate among students with disabilities is via:
A)writing about the issue.
B)advocacy.
C)legitimate examples of role models who have overcome their disability and are now considered successful, giving hope and encouragement.
D)increased learning.
Q3) Functional limitations and vocational handicaps, as well as assets, are compiled by the counselor based on medical and psychological reports, during which phase of the rehabilitation services?
A)Evaluation and certification
B)Vocational assessment
C)Diagnostic workup
D)Initial contact
Q4) Describe postemployment services.
Q5) Briefly discuss the factors to consider when working with multicultural clients who also have a disability.
15
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Chapter 13: Job Loss and Transitions
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of program strategies for the adult in career transition?
A)Identifying developed skills, interests and work experiences
B)Reformulated goals
C)Focusing predominantly on past events
D)Both A and B
Q2) Changing occupational structures and career patterns are major aspects of the current work situation, best described as a period of:
A)speculation.
B)transformation.
C)stability.
D)certainty.
Q3) Describe how some psychological effects of job loss can be very troublesome.
Q4) Interest identification is a technique that helps adult clients in what way?
A)To focus on positive interests
B)To identify interests in general terms
C)To enjoy the counseling session
D)To identify uninteresting tasks and jobs
Q5) Describe and justify outplacement counseling programs by organizations.
Q6) List and discuss at least four causes of unemployment in the current job market.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Career Development and Transitions of Working Adults
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Q1) Career anchors are developed during:
A)Late career
B)Early career
C)College
D)Middle career
Q2) Career development and uniqueness include career maturity fostered through:
A)developmental tasks and stages (Super).
B)the ability to make consistent generalizations and deal with abstractions through stages of cognitive development (Piaget).
C)experiences and learning in stages of psychosocial development (Erikson).
D)all of the above.
Q3) What types of interventions for coping with stress are suggested by Sulsky and Smith (2005)?
A)The use of cognitive, affective and behavioral strategies
B)Self-reward or a positive stimulus following a desirable reaction to target behaviors
C)Self-monitoring and self-directed procedures
D)Meditation, exercise and relaxation techniques
Q4) Compare the typical concerns of people about self at early, middle, and late career stages.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in Elementary Schools
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Q1) Discuss the importance of resiliency in children
Q2) Discuss the implications for career guidance at the elementary level.
Q3) Career-related programs in elementary schools are viewed by many as essential ingredients in the educational process of all students.This view is expounded in research by which authors?
A)Sciarra only
B)Gysbers and Henderson
C)Berns and Sciarra
D)Berns only
Q4) The idea of integrating career development concepts into existing curricula is referred to as:
A)infusion.
B)integration.
C)integrated fusion.
D)fusion.
Q5) Information processing skills can be identified with the principles of:
A)Super's developmental stages
B)Working memory
C)Piaget's propositions
D)Personality types
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Chapter 16: Career- Related Programs for Career Development in Middle School
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Q1) Using accurate, current and unbiased career information during career planning and management is a sub-goal for which domain?
A)Personal management domain
B)Career management domain
C)Educational achievement and lifelong learning domain
D)Personal social development domain
Q2) Briefly discuss the importance and consequences of peer relationships in middle school.
Q3) Students who have difficulty deciding about the future are in which identity stage?
A)Foreclosure
B)Moratorium
C)Ending
D)Identity diffusion
Q4) Describe the characteristics of a comprehensive school guidance program.
Q5) Self-esteem during the middle school years is:
A)Not going to change very much
B)Considered to be enduring
C)Greatly affected by peer rejection
D)Not influenced very easily
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Chapter 17: Career-Related Programs for Career Development in High School and Beyond
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Q1) Briefly discuss the state of cognitive development and learning of adolescents in high school.
Q2) Briefly discuss the significance of understanding the concept of life roles and their interrelationships.
Q3) College preparation programs in high schools:
A)Are viable counseling objectives in most schools
B)Have become less popular
C)Are viewed as programs that should be offered by colleges
D)Are only offered in locations where parents can afford college
Q4) The hallmark of career and technology education is:
A)Teaching critical thinking for use on a job
B)Immediate placement on a job in the local community
C)Teaching problem-solving skills for future use on a job
D)Integrating classroom and on-the-job instruction
Q5) Describe the variety of clientele a career planning and placement center may serve in a metropolitan area.
Q6) Briefly explain some career-related programs in universities.
Page 20
Q7) Identify some ways that college impacts the career development and choices of college students.
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