The Renaissance and Reformation
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the transformative periods of the Renaissance and the Reformation in Europe, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Students will examine the profound changes in art, literature, philosophy, religion, and politics that emerged as Europe transitioned from the Middle Ages to the early modern era. Key figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Martin Luther, and John Calvin will be studied alongside major movements including humanism, scientific inquiry, religious dissent, and reforms in church and state. The course will also address the broader social and cultural shifts, the impact on daily life and education, and the lasting legacy these eras have in shaping modern Europe.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Q1) Akhenaten is best known for his unsuccessful attempt to lessen the power of the A)army.
B)nobles.
C)merchants.
D)priesthood.
E)scribes.
Answer: D
Q2) Sumerian kings derived their authority from A)the will of the people.
B)the parliamentary councils of the city-states.
C)success in athletic tournaments.
D)the gods.
E)their military victories over the "barbarians."
Answer: D
Q3) The word "Paleolithic" means "old stone."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Ahuramazda was the supreme Persian god.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following statements about the Persian army is true?
A)By the time of Darius, the army had disintegrated.
B)By the time of Darius, the army had seized control of the empire.
C)By the time of Darius, the army had become professionalized.
D)The army was less important than the navy.
E)The army was made up entirely of foreign mercenaries.
Answer: C
Q3) The decline of the Hittites and Egyptians around 1200 B.C.E.
A)brought an end to Near Eastern civilization.
B)created a power vacuum which allowed several small states to emerge and temporarily flourish.
C)allowed the Persians under Cyrus the Great to immediately establish an empire.
D)was caused by Assyrian conquest.
E)was caused by the conquests of David and Solomon.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Which of the following statements BEST describes the Mycenaeans?
A)They were a warrior people who achieved their apex between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E.
B)They produced exotic articles of trade in the fifth century B.C.E.
C)They were merchants who dominated Mediterranean trade in the fourth century B.C.E.
D)They were a people dominated by a theocracy; they were often led into battle by their warrior priesthood.
E)They were a non-Greek speaking people on the island of Crete.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following did Aristotle favor as the best government for most people in his Politics?
A)anarchic
B)constitutional
C)tyrannical
D)oligarchical
E)monarchical
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Q1) Which of the following statements is correct about the Hellenistic civilization?
A)It was an entirely stagnant civilization.
B)There were few achievements in science and art.
C)Signs of decline were apparent by the late third century B.C.E.
D)In comparison to earlier Greek society, there was more equality between the rich and the poor.
E)It preceded Hellenic civilization.
Q2) Discuss the rise of Macedonia and its successful takeover of the Greek world, in regards to both Macedonian strengths and Greek weaknesses.
Q3) Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics believed that complete withdrawal from the public world of politics and society was necessary in the quest for a passive and unattached life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) After the death of Alexander the Great, his lead general, Ptolemy, ruled for fifteen years in Alexander's name from Bactria to Macedonia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why did Alexander of Macedonia's empire not last beyond his lifetime?
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Q1) Which elements of Roman society and political culture were most innovative, and which were the product of Rome's contact with outside peoples and cultures?
Q2) The First Triumvirate was a political alliance between Crassus, Julius Caesar, and A)Pompey.
B)Cicero.
C)Lepidus.
D)Marc Antony.
E)Octavian.
Q3) Compare and contrast the Roman family of the Republic with the Greek family of Periclean Athens.Can it be said that women had more rights and freedom in one of these societies than the other? Why or why not?
Q4) In the "struggle of the orders," what did the plebeians want, and what did they succeed in getting? Can it be said that Rome became a democracy because of this struggle? Why or why not?
Q5) The most significant non-Latin influence upon early Rome came from the Etruscans. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Q1) The Roman praetorian guards were
A)elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor.
B)mobile units meant to patrol the boundaries of the empire.
C)often used to train the gladiators.
D)cavalry used to spearhead military offensives.
E)stationed along Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain.
Q2) Trade and commerce in the Early Empire
A)hindered the development of manufacturing.
B)was focused mainly in the provinces of Gaul and Britain.
C)was secondary in importance to agriculture.
D)was unaffected by the building of roads.
E)never was as fully developed as it was during the republican period.
Q3) The "good emperor" Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of A)Epicureanism.
B)Stoicism.
C)Platonism.
D)Christianity.
E)Zoroastrianism.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) What is the doctrine of Petrine supremacy, and what are its implications for the history of the early Christian church? In what ways does the doctrine of Petrine supremacy impact the relationship between church and state?
Q2) Which of the following statements about the Byzantine emperor is NOT accurate?
A)The emperor mimicked Christ-like humility and allowed his subjects to approach him as equals.
B)The emperor appointed the patriarch and thus exercised control over both church and state.
C)The power of the emperor was considered absolute.
D)The emperor was portrayed as chosen by God to preserve the true Christian faith.
E)The emperor was crowned in sacred ceremonies.
Q3) Muslims regard Muhammad as a Prophet but not as divine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The author of the Ecclesiastical History of the English People was the monk known as the Venerable Bede.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter
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Q1) Initially, the greatest effect of the church on Frankish marriage
A)was to make it one of the sacraments.
B)was to limit sexual license and concubinage.
C)emphasized the indissolubility of marriage.
D)prohibited the marriage of priests.
E)encouraged warriors, but not peasants, to have multiple wives.
Q2) In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected whom of the following as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries?
A)Louis the Pious
B)Conrad of Franconia
C)Hugh Capet
D)Charles of Navarre
E)Philip of Valois
Q3) In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who
A)was in the Church as a monk, priest, or bishop.
B)farmed his own land and lived his own life.
C)served another as a warrior.
D)wandered the roads begging for his bread.
E)had been banned from a territory for life.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) In what ways does the artistic and literary culture of the High Middle Ages reflect the religious preoccupations and problems of medieval society?
Q2) To protect their interests against nobles, townspeople often formed A)militias.
B)trade unions.
C)chambers of commerce.
D)municipal police forces.
E)communes.
Q3) Troubadour poetry was chiefly concerned with A)religious imagery.
B)the courtly love of nobles, knights, and ladies.
C)the highly irreverent life of wine, women, and song.
D)rhyme and a meter based on accent.
E)religious crusades and military conquests.
Q4) By the thirteenth century, the increased agricultural production reduced the price of food in spite of increased urban demand.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) What accounted for the frequent discords between popes and monarchs? Was there a universal cause of friction?
Q2) When Acre was captured by Islamic forces in 1291, the western crusaders' presence in the Middle East came to an end after an approximate two hundred years of occupation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does the Inquisition suggest about the interconnections among society, the Catholic Church as an institution, and political power?
Q4) The Magna Carta could best be described as
A)a promise to work to develop democratic institutions.
B)an affirmation of the traditional rights of barons.
C)a guarantee of religious freedom for all Englishmen.
D)a guarantee of civil rights for all Englishmen.
E)the first feminist legislation of King John's reign.
Q5) The papacy underwent dramatic reforms and modifications in medieval times.How did this institution change during this period? What powers did it gain? What powers or influence did it lose?
Q6) Second Crusade
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) The Italian condottieri were
A)political leaders supporting the pope.
B)bankers with branch banks throughout much of Western Europe.
C)merchants working in northern Europe.
D)reformers within the Catholic Church.
E)leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators.
Q2) The Decameron is set
A)in London during the Hundred Years' War.
B)in Rome during the Great Schism.
C)in German lands after the Golden Bull.
D)in Paris during the Avignon papacy.
E)in Florence at the time of the Black Death.
Q3) Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because
A)the plague had equally devastated both regions.
B)both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.
C)local nobles and town governments lost much influence over reigning kings.
D)mercenary captains usurped royal authority and ruled violently.
E)both had begun to develop industrial economies.
Q4) What were the greatest short-term and long-term consequences of the Black Death?
Q5) What led to the papacy's decline during the fourteenth century? Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?
A)Donatello and da Vinci
B)Donatello and Michelangelo
C)Michelangelo and da Vinci
D)da Vinci and Brunelleschi
E)Brunelleschi and Donatello
Q2) Is it accurate to refer to the monarchies of the late fifteenth century as "new monarchies"? Why or why not?
Q3) The Book of the Courtier was a
A)primer on military training for nobles.
B)popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.
C)sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life.
D)treatise against active participation in public life.
E)work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.
Q4) In writing The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli used Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, as the model prince that others should imitate.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The early fifteenth-century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was
A)John Wycliffe.
B)Erasmus.
C)Ignatius of Loyola.
D)John Calvin.
E)John Hus.
Q2) Would you characterize the Reformation and Counter-Reformation as popular movements or as the result of carefully orchestrated policies formulated by clerical and secular leaders? To what degree did the peoples of Europe make reform, and to what degree did figures of spiritual and temporal authority?
Q3) The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by
A)rejecting higher education as unnecessary in a faith dominated by works.
B)restricting access to Protestant schooling to the nobility and wealthier urban patricians.
C)eradicating all humanist influences in schooling.
D)expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through the gymnasium.
E)the exclusive use of textbooks in Latin.
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1500-1800
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Q1) The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
A)brought an abrupt halt to commercial expansion.
B)was the result of too little money in circulation.
C)caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.
D)was caused largely by a shrinking labor force.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) What factors account for Britain's success in dominating India during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? How were the British able both to edge out European rivals and to control the Mughals?
Q3) The European nation that established a settlement at Africa's Cape of Good Hope was
A)Spain.
B)Portugal.
C)England.
D)France.
E)the Dutch Republic.
Q4) What were the principle doctrines of mercantilism, and how do they differ from those of capitalism?
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Q5) What was "exchanged" in the Columbian exchange, and who gained the most?
Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The first female painter admitted to the Guild of St.Luke in Haarlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was
A)Artemisia Gentileschi.
B)Judith Holofernes.
C)Mary L'Orange.
D)Judith Leyster.
E)None of these are correct.
Q2) The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn was noted for
A)his formation of the French Academy of Painting and Sculptors.
B)reflecting the values of the Dutch aristocracy in his works.
C)being the one great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century.
D)rejecting the Dutch preoccupation with realism for the Baroque style of French classicism.
E)his moody paintings of elongated religious figures.
Q3) In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by A)Russia.
B)France.
C)Prussia.
D)Austria.
E)the Ottoman Empire.
Page 18
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Q1) Descartes believed that the world could be understood by A)the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
B)quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures.
C)mystical experiences.
D)interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives.
E)incorporating the mind with the body.
Q2) William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of A)the immune system being associated with the pancreas.
B)the brain stem being disconnected from the brain.
C)the independent functioning of the lymph system.
D)herbal healing.
E)the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
Q3) According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?
A)astronomy
B)art
C)biology
D)the Bible
E)mathematics
Q4) How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism
A)was founded by Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf.
B)was particularly popular in the Holy Roman Empire.
C)was critical of emotional mysticism and religious enthusiasm.
D)became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
A)the German monarchical system.
B)the separation of church and state.
C)religious intolerance.
D)Plato and the Greeks.
E)Chinese civilization.
Q3) European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by A)growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities.
B)the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C)sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D)a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E)an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) France in the eighteenth century
A)thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.
Q2) Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Louis XV's most famous mistress was
A)Marie Antoinette.
B)Madame de Pompadour.
C)Mary Wollstonecraft.
D)the marquise du Deffand.
E)Madame Geoffrin.
Q4) What grievances prompted the Seven Years' War? Which powers gained the most from the conflict, and which powers emerged weakened?
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Q5) Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?
Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) Was the French Revolution caused by long-term problems, short-term crises, or both?
Q2) When the Estates-General convened in 1789, the three estates unanimously agreed to vote by head.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The National Assembly responded to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen by Olympe de Gouges by
A)inviting her to become their first female member.
B)arresting and imprisoned her.
C)ignoring her demands.
D)immediately passing a series of laws guaranteeing female legal and political equality.
E)exiling her from France.
Q4) When the government called for the Estates-General to meet,
A)it abolished the Third Estate.
B)it halved the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
C)it doubled the number of representatives from the Second Estate.
D)it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
E)it kept the number of delegates for each of the estates at approximately 300.
Page 22
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Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century A)could not keep up with French textile production. B)was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States. C)declined due to the lack of technical innovation. D)immediately declined with the success of the Industrial Revolution. E)was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
Q2) The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon A)timber.
B)coal.
C)water power.
D)electricity.
E)copper.
Q3) The Luddites favored a policy of rapid industrialization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The world's first industrial fair was held in Paris in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding of the city under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon III.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) All nineteenth-century conservatives, from Edmund Burke to Joseph de Maistre, opposed any change whatsoever in the traditional political and social structures of society, and argued that a hereditary monarchy must be maintained at all costs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How do the ideas of Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill represent the various elements of the ideology of liberalism?
Q3) The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was
A)Friedrich.
B)Turner.
C)Delacroix.
D)Watteau.
E)Berlioz.
Q4) What similarities do the revolutions of Latin America have with the revolutions of Europe during the early to middle decades of the nineteenth century? How did they differ?
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Chapter
22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) How did Realism differ from Romanticism? How did Realism reflect the economic and social realities of Europe during the middle decades of the nineteenth century?
Q2) The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was
A)Giuseppe Mazzini.
B)Giuseppe Garibaldi.
C)Camillo di Cavour.
D)Victor Emmanuel.
E)the Duke of Alba.
Q3) Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,
A)instituted the Zollverein, the German customs union that drove industrial development.
B)followed a rigid plan for national unification at all costs.
C)was a liberal from lower class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.
D)practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
E)relied upon the diplomatic and military support of the Habsburgs in the Austro-Prussian War.
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Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) Between 1850 and 1910, European population
A)increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B)actually decreased slightly.
C)increased from 140 to 190 million.
D)stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E)declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.
Q2) Which one of the following did NOT account for the increasing population in Europe between 1850 and 1880?
A)a rising birthrate.
B)the development of vaccinations.
C)the eradication of polio.
D)improved elimination of sewage.
E)improved nutrition.
Q3) The mass society of the late nineteenth century primarily benefited the middle classes, with the lower classes reaping few if any rewards.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) Germany entered the ranks of the imperialist powers by establishing African colonies including
A)the Sudan.
B)Mozambique.
C)Algeria.
D)the Cameroons.
E)Libya.
Q2) The Triple Entente before 1914 included which of the following countries?
A)Great Britain, France, Russia
B)Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire
C)Turkey, Russia, Germany
D)France, Spain, Great Britain
E)Great Britain, France, and Italy
Q3) What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
Q4) The basis of the Bismarckian System was
A)the acquisition of a huge overseas empire.
B)the isolation of France through a series of military alliances.
C)an enhanced civil service.
D)the creation of a German war college.
Page 27
E)the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.
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Chapter 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
Q2) In what ways did the ideologies of the nineteenth century fuel the antagonisms that led to the outbreak of World War I?
Q3) The leader who remarked, "In questions of honor and vital interests, you don't consult others" was
A)Emperor William II of Germany.
B)Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
C)Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
D)General Paul von Hindenburg.
E)Queen Victoria of Great Britain.
Q4) The Bolshevik takeover in November 1917 could best be described as
A)a nation-wide uprising by the peasants.
B)an armed takeover of the capital.
C)the successful machinations of foreign nations coming to fruition.
D)a fair win in a free election.
E)a nation-wide uprising in the cities.
Q5) Why did the nations of Europe go to war in 1914? What did they hope to gain from the conflict, and how did their goals change during the course of the war?
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) The Dawes Plan
A)gave formal American approval to the French occupation of the Ruhr valley.
B)increased Germany's reparation payments in the face of fear Germany would default.
C)was a failed treaty between Germany and Austria over Germany's southern border.
D)granted a $200 million loan for German recovery.
E)was a treaty guaranteeing the border between Germany and Poland.
Q2) The two Western nations most affected by the Great Depression were
A)Germany and France.
B)France and Sweden.
C)the United States and Great Britain.
D)Germany and Belgium.
E)Germany and the United States.
Q3) Turkish forces created a new republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of General Mustafa Kemal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in the 1920s and 1930s?
Page 29
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Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of the Jewish population of Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany were exterminated in death camps?
A)50.
B)60.
C)70.
D)80.
E)90.
Q2) Japan's attack on Manchuria resulted in condemnation by the League of Nations and Japan's withdrawal from the League.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Nationalist leader of China in the 1930s was A)Mao Tse-tung.
B)Chiang Kai-shek.
C)Chou En-lai.
D)Liu Shao-ch'i.
E)Sun Yat-sen.
Q4) How do you account for the early successes of the Germans from 1939 to 1941? To what degree did Blitzkrieg play a role in these successes?
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Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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70 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct EXCEPT
A)many more married women joined the work force than before.
B)working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s.
C)working-class women continued to receive less pay than men.
D)the post-war "baby boom" declined in the 1960s, in part due to "the pill."
E)much of the theoretical foundation for the women's liberation movement was found in the work of Simone de Beauvoir.
Q2) One country that was NOT an original member of the European Coal and Steel Community was
A)France.
B)Britain.
C)West Germany.
D)Italy.
E)Belgium.
Q3) In 1961, the West constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent East German communists from emigrating to western Europe.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most watched event on television is
A)the Davis Cup.
B)the Champions League finals.
C)the World Cup.
D)the NFL Superbowl.
E)the World Series.
Q2) In the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan predicted that the scenario for the future would be
A)a clash of civilizations.
B)a global village.
C)the end of "history."
D)the victory for liberal democracy.
E)an age of terrorism.
Q3) In the 1960s, college and university students complained and demonstrated against all of the following EXCEPT:
A)declining enrollments.
B)lack of a relevant educational experience.
C)crowded classrooms.
D)authoritarian administrators.
E)uncaring professors and instructors.
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Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global
Age Since 1985
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Questions
Q1) How have the experiences of Russia differed from that of its Eastern European neighbors since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991? Why?
Q2) The United States is home to 6 percent of the planet's people but consumes 50 percent of its resources.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How have terrorism and the war on terrorism suggested the advent of a "clash of civilizations"?
Q4) The country that exemplified the European debt crisis with a national debt in 2010 larger than its national economy was Greece.
A)True
B)False
Q5) "al-Qaeda" means
A)"death to Americans."
B)"holy war."
C)"the base."
D)"God is great."
E)"hide in plain sight."
Q6) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since 1985?
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