Terrorism and Political Violence
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Course Introduction
This course examines the causes, dynamics, and consequences of terrorism and political violence in the modern world. It explores the historical evolution of these phenomena, strategic logic behind their use, and the motivations of diverse actors including states, insurgent groups, and individuals. The course analyzes the impact of ideology, religion, and socio-economic factors, as well as the methods employed to counter terrorist activities and manage political violence. Through case studies and theoretical frameworks, students will develop a nuanced understanding of the challenges terrorism poses to security, civil liberties, and international relations.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Terrorism Challenges Perspectives and Issues 6th Edition by Gus Martin
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15 Chapters
752 Verified Questions
752 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Terrorism: First Impressions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In your opinion, is the "just war doctrine" a legitimate reason to engage in violence?
Answer: The "just war doctrine" is a set of criteria that aims to determine whether a war is morally justifiable. It includes principles such as just cause, last resort, proportionality, and the likelihood of success. In my opinion, the "just war doctrine" can provide a legitimate framework for engaging in violence in certain circumstances. If a war meets the criteria of the doctrine, such as being a response to a grave and imminent threat, and all other options have been exhausted, then it may be considered morally justifiable. However, it is important to note that the application of the "just war doctrine" is subjective and can be interpreted differently by different individuals and groups. Ultimately, the decision to engage in violence should be carefully considered and weighed against the principles of the doctrine and other ethical considerations.
Q2) "Symbolism" of targets refers to ______.
A) creative interpretation of motives
B) creative discussion of terrorist attacks
C) redefinition of "enemy" interests by extremists and terrorists
D) none of these
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The debate on defining terrorism ______.
A) was resolved in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the United States
B) was resolved by political leaders and scholars
C) is an ongoing process
D) both "was resolved in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States" and "was resolved by political leaders and scholars"
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the American definition of terrorism?
A) The United States coordinates its definition of terrorism with allied European countries.
B) The United States has adopted an official definition of terrorism.
C) The United States has not adopted a single definition of terrorism as a matter of government policy.
D) Both "the United States coordinates its definition of terrorism with allied European countries" and "the United States has adopted an official definition of terrorism."
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Beginnings: the Causes of Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly explain how many movements with legitimate concerns may evolve to become political extremists.
Answer: Movements with legitimate concerns may evolve into political extremists through a combination of factors. These factors can include a sense of frustration and disillusionment with the current political system's ability to address their concerns, a lack of progress in achieving their goals through peaceful means, and the influence of radical individuals or groups within the movement. Additionally, external factors such as economic instability, social unrest, and perceived injustices can further fuel the radicalization of a movement. As individuals become more radicalized, they may become more willing to resort to extreme and violent tactics to achieve their goals, ultimately leading to the transformation of a legitimate movement into a group of political extremists. It is important for leaders and members of movements to be vigilant and proactive in addressing these factors to prevent the escalation towards extremism.
Q2) Codes of self-sacrifice are used to justify extreme violence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Terror From Above: Terrorism by the State
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paramilitaries have historically been used by governments for which of the following purposes?
A) for the suppression of internal opposition
B) for the defense of government interests during times of political instability
C) to serve as deniable assets
D) all of these
Q2) The Anfal Campaign targeted which group of people?
A) Cambodian ideological undesirables and enemies
B) Basque separatists in Spain
C) Kurdish residents in Iraq
D) Christians and religious minorities in Sudan
Q3) Auto-genocide refers to ______.
A) genocide directed against one's own people
B) genocide that occurs automatically
C) genocide supported by corporate leaders
D) genocide that is being planned but has not yet been carried out
Q4) Discuss why some governments engage in social and ethnic cleansing. What is the purpose of such campaigns?
Q5) Briefly describe the purpose of "blacklisting" and other authoritarian measures during Red Scares in the United States.
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Chapter 5: Terror From Below: Terrorism by Dissidents
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Q1) Which of the following movements was among the first to routinely use suicide bombers?
A) the Tupamaros
B) the Red Army Faction
C) the Red Brigade
D) the Tamil Tigers
Q2) Terrorists and other violent dissidents have a faith in victory that is often unrealistic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the factors which give rise to communal dissident terrorism. Why do population groups engage in massive degrees of violence against other groups? Is such violence ever justifiable or otherwise understandable? Explain your answer.
Q4) Which of the following attributes characterizes anti-state dissident terrorism?
A) nationalistic motivations
B) ideological terrorism by small movements
C) communal conflict
D) all of these
Q5) Discuss why the new terrorist morality occurred.
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Chapter 6: Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism
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Q1) Evidence exists that strongly concludes Iran has sponsored which of the following allies or movements?
A) Hezbollah
B) Hamas
C) the Assad regime
D) all of these
Q2) Which of the following statements most accurately explains how participants justify violence in the name of religion?
A) God wills it and will reward those who participate in violence done in the name of the faith.
B) The faith tradition is under attack from nonbelievers and must be defended at all costs.
C) Nonbelievers do not understand the faith tradition, and so they all must be exterminated.
D) Both "God wills it and will reward those who participate in violence done in the name of the faith" and "the faith tradition is under attack from nonbelievers and must be defended at all costs."
Q3) Explain how scapegoating is used to justify persecutions such as the Nazi Holocaust.
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Chapter 7: Violent Ideologies: Terrorism From the Left and Right
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Q1) Which of the following best describes right-wing extremism?
A) It is a reaction against perceived threats to a group's value system, its presumption of superiority, or its sense of specialness.
B) It is future oriented, seeking to reform or destroy an existing system prior to building a new society.
C) It is essentially radical in nature.
D) None of these.
Q2) Left-wing terrorist movements were predominant during the 1970s and 1980s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements best summarizes a central tenet of revolutionary anarchism?
A) Propaganda is best made through violent "propaganda by the deed."
B) Revolution is necessary to build a democratic future.
C) A revolutionary party is necessary for leading the people and the creation of a revolutionary environment.
D) Ideally, there must be a disciplined political party, a charismatic leader, glorification of the military, and an organized elite.
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Chapter 8: Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism
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Q1) Imperialism refers to broad political domination by foreign interests of a local region or country.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The international mujahideen is an example of dedicated Marxist insurgents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Palestinian nationalists pioneered the modern era of international terrorism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The concept of the "spillover effect" refers to ______.
A) providing assistance from excess "spillovers" of resources
B) waging revolution or war on the global stage
C) copying the success of other extremist movements
D) all of these
Q5) Briefly critique the proposition that international terrorism is a highly efficient operational option.
Q6) How has "revolutionary solidarity" been a factor in the incidence of international terrorism? Explain how modern political and religious ideologies have affected international terrorism.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Emerging Terrorist Environments:
Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident
Terrorism
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Q1) The Tri-Border Area of central South America poses a plausible security challenge to the region and possibly the United States because of which of the following?
A) There is weak government control.
B) There is an organized, vibrant criminal economy.
C) Political extremism emanating from the Middle East exists.
D) All of these.
Q2) Traditional criminal enterprises are highly political.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following propositions most accurately describes narco-terrorism?
A) Narco-terrorism occurs when governments leave criminal enterprises alone.
B) Narco-terrorism is usually the product of drug-induced violence.
C) Criminal enterprises routinely engage in narco-terrorism.
D) Narco-terrorism occurs when governments actively try to suppress drug trafficking enterprises.
Q4) Gender-selective terrorism has been recognized as a war crime for decades.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists
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Q1) The gun and the bomb are traditional terrorist weapons that still predominate in the arsenals of violent extremists. How have these weapons been wielded in the era of the New Terrorism? Explain how the threat from these traditional weapons has evolved in the modern era.
Q2) What is the purpose of "signature methods?"
Q3) Discuss the threat from asymmetrical warfare.
Q4) Threats to cybersecurity include which of the following?
A) cyberterrorism
B) cyberattack
C) cyber sabotage
D) both "cyberterrorism" and "cyberattack"
Q5) Threats to cybersecurity include which of the following?
A) cyber disruption
B) cyber sabotage
C) hacktivism
D) both "cyber disruption" and "cyber sabotage"
Q6) Discuss the feasibility of obtaining weapons of mass destruction by terrorists. Which weapons are more easily obtained? Which weapons are less easily obtained? How would they be obtained in the first place? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 11: The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence
and the Role of the Media
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Q1) How focused are extremists on achieving media and political attention from their behavior? Describe potential benefits achieved from such attention.
Q2) What is the meaning and what are the implications of the phrase "information is power"?
Q3) How can the contagion effect become a legitimate concern to the global community? What kind of scenarios would lead it to become a legitimate concern?
Q4) Which of the following media outlets have been used by violent extremists?
A) Twitter
B) encrypted smartphones
C) online magazines
D) all of these
Q5) Common examples of mass communications include which of the following?
A) the Internet
B) audio broadcasts
C) leaflets, pamphlets, and flyers
D) all of these
Q6) Descriptive language in reporting terrorism has remained largely unchanged.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: The American Case: Terrorism in the United States
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Q1) The modern homeland security environment unfolded very quickly with the implementation of which of the following initiatives?
A) a bombing campaign against Syria
B) formal declaration of war against Al-Qa'ida
C) deportations of Muslim immigrants
D) passage of the USA PATRIOT Act
Q2) Discuss the implications of the militia phenomenon in the United States.
Q3) Describe possible threat scenarios from single-issue extremists in the United States. How persistent are movements such as the radical environmentalists?
Q4) In your opinion, how extensive have "sleeper" terrorist cells been in the United States? Explain your answer.
Q5) The Ku Klux Klan has passed through five eras of development.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In your opinion, does a viable threat exist in the United States of political violence from domestic sympathizers of Al-Qa'ida and other jihadist movements? Explain your answer.
Q7) Briefly discuss the pattern and attributes of neo-Nazi terrorism.
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Chapter 13: Counterterrorism: the Options
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Q1) International courts
A) have jurisdiction over the entire international community.
B) can have a significant impact when nations agree to recognize their authority.
C) both "have jurisdiction over the entire international community" and "can have a significant impact when nations agree to recognize their authority."
D) "can have a significant impact when nations agree to recognize their authority" but not "have jurisdiction over the entire international community."
Q2) Intelligence collection is undertaken by which of the following agencies?
A) Federal Bureau of Investigation
B) National Security Agency
C) MI-6
D) All of these
Q3) The Entebbe and Mogadishu operations are good examples of what kind of counterterrorist methodology? What is a basic risk with this option?
Q4) Is assassination an acceptable counterterrorist option? Explain your answer.
Q5) What lessons are to be learned from the example of Force 777?
Q6) What is the role of intelligence agencies? How is intelligence collected?
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Chapter 14: A New Era: Homeland Security
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Q1) The primary mission of the Department of the Treasury is to
A) promote the conditions that enable economic growth and stability, protect the integrity of the financial system, and manage the U.S. Government's finances and resources effectively.
B) print the nation's money supply.
C) oversee the Secret Service.
D) all of these.
Q2) Regarding domestic law, an important challenge for lawmakers is A) the problem of balancing the need for counterterrorist legislation against the protection of basic rights.
B) how to most effectively crack down on potential terrorist supporters.
C) giving as much power as possible to federal and state law enforcement agencies.
D) all of these.
Q3) Are repressive domestic laws an acceptable counterterrorist option? Explain your answer.
Q4) Why do you think many people favor the use of extra-legal options as a counterterrorist option?
Q5) Describe and critique the many missions of the Department of Homeland Security.
Q6) Is torture an acceptable counterterrorist option? Explain your answer.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: What Next the Future of Terrorism
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Q1) Which of the following trends could serve as counterpoints to the continuation of dissident political violence in the near future?
A) There is no single binding or common ideological foundation for political violence.
B) International counterterrorist cooperation has thwarted numerous terrorist conspiracies.
C) Terrorists are likely to become fatigued and abandon their activities.
D) Both "there is no single binding or common ideological foundation for political violence" and "international counterterrorist cooperation has thwarted numerous terrorist conspiracies."
Q2) Briefly discuss the terrorist environment in the new millennium.
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding the challenge of countering extremism is most accurate?
A) Coercive measures alone are only marginally successful.
B) Strong military retaliation is very effective.
C) Repressing adherents of extremist sentiment is a highly effective option.
D) Both "strong military retaliation is very effective" and "repressing adherents of extremist sentiment is a highly effective option."
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