Sustainable Development Solved
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Sustainable Development is an interdisciplinary course that explores the principles, challenges, and opportunities associated with achieving a balance between economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social equity. Students will examine the historical evolution of the concept, analyze global and local development strategies, and assess the role of policy, technology, and innovation in advancing sustainability goals. The course encourages critical thinking about current issues such as climate change, resource management, poverty alleviation, and ethical decision-making, preparing students to contribute effectively to a more sustainable and equitable world.
Recommended Textbook
Keller Natural Hazards 3rd Canadian Edition by Edward
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Page 2
A. Keller
Chapter 1: Introduction to Natural Hazards
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91 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following natural hazards cause(s)the greatest number of deaths per year in North America?
A) tornadoes and windstorms
B) lightning
C) car crashes
D) earthquakes
E) expansive soil
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle has the longest residence time of hundreds of thousands of years?
A) oceans
B) lakes
C) ice caps
D) the atmosphere
E) aquifers
Answer: C
Q3) What are the four sub-cycles that constitute the geologic cycle.
Answer: Tectonic.Rock.Hydrologic.Biogeochemical.
Q4) List two natural hazards over which human activities have no influence.
Answer: Earthquakes.Volcanoes.Tsunami.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oceanic Plates migrate and move at a rate of ________ per year.
A) one metre
B) several metres
C) almost insignificant amounts
D) only a few millimetres
E) several centimetres
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following,forms the thickest layer on the interior of the earth?
A) lithosphere
B) mantle
C) outer core
D) crust
E) inner core
Answer: B
Q3) Vancouver,British Columbia is at great risk of a serious mega-quake due to movement along the Cascadian Subduction Zone.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of
A) the amount of ground displacement.
B) the energy released.
C) the duration of the earthquake.
D) the ground displacement and the energy released.
E) the position of the earthquake.
Answer: D
Q2) What is a seismic gap?
Answer: When earthquakes occur on a fault,not all portions of the fault move.Particularly on long faults (extending for thousands of kilometers)some portions show repeated earthquake activity.Segments of the fault for which there is no record of motion are known as seismic gaps.
Q3) Of the four types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes,these types of waves roll the ground like waves at sea.
A) P waves
B) S waves
C) Love waves
D) body waves
E) Rayleigh waves
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Tsunamis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the term secondary effects of tsunamis and give some examples.
Q2) Sri Lanka experienced the second greatest death toll (after Indonesia)in the 2004 tsunami.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Flank collapse of volcanic islands leads to local tsunamis,which diminish rapidly away from the source.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Any body of water can experience a tsunami.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following countries was NOT affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?
A) Australia
B) India
C) Somalia
D) Thailand
E) Sri Lanka
Q6) Why are tsunamis more common in the Pacific than in the other oceans?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the role of education and experience in decreasing fatalities from volcanic hazards.
Q2) The most abundant elements in magma are
A) nickel and iron.
B) silicon and calcium.
C) iron and magnesium.
D) iron and silicon.
E) silicon and oxygen.
Q3) Maars are
A) lava flows on Earth's Moon.
B) cinder cones on the flanks of larger volcanoes.
C) lava flows in Hawaii that flow all the way to the ocean and are quenched by seawater.
D) craters formed by the interaction of magma with groundwater.
E) basaltic lava flows with low explosivity.
Q4) What is a large igneous province? Give a likely modern example.
Q5) Compare and contrast the main types of volcanoes.How are they classified? Provide examples.
Q6) What changes in volcanic gas composition could indicate an imminent eruption?
Q7) List the main gases emitted during volcanic eruptions.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Landslides
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Sample Questions
Q1) If subsurface bedding planes are parallel to a slope surface,and people cut and fill the slope to build housing sites,what type of mass movement is most likely?
A) slump
B) translational slide
C) avalanche
D) rock fall
E) earth flow
Q2) The forces acting on slopes rarely change with time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following provinces in Canada is likely prone to the lowest risk from landslides?
A) British Columbia
B) Alberta
C) Saskatchewan
D) Quebec
E) New Brunswick
Q4) What is a rock avalanche?
Q5) What are direct and indirect effects of landslides?
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Chapter 7: Snow Avalanches
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Sample Questions
Q1) What happens to snow that falls on slopes steeper than about 60 degrees?
Q2) Avalanche hazard is commonly increased
A) on slopes greater than 60 degrees.
B) on tree covered slopes.
C) on steep talus covered slopes.
D) at lower elevations.
E) on slopes with gullies or ravines.
Q3) In mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere,more avalanches happen on
A) sunny leeward slopes where wind deposits alternating weak and strong snow layers.
B) sunny south or southwest facing slopes where the sun weakens the surface snow layers.
C) west facing leeward slopes where weak slabs fail during warm afternoons.
D) west facing windward slopes where variable wind speed creates weak layers.
E) shady north or northeast facing slopes where most avalanches occur during cold weather.
Q4) The run-out zone is the part of the avalanche path along which the avalanche accelerates.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Subsidence and Soil Expansion and Contraction
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is subsidence on the Nile River delta linked with dam construction upstream?
Q2) Limestone dissolution in a karst setting is due largely to the generation of this acid.
A) nitric acid
B) humic acid
C) carbonic acid
D) perchloric acid
E) bicarbonate acid
Q3) In karst areas,natural discharges of groundwater at the surface are known as springs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thin-bedded limestone rocks are more vulnerable to dissolution than thick-bedded limestone rocks.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a disappearing (and/or reappearing)stream?
Q6) Briefly explain how the withdrawal of subsurface fluids can lead to subsidence.
Q7) If sinkholes are caused by dissolution by water,why do collapse sinkholes commonly occur during periods of drought?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: River Flooding
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a channel restoration technique?
A) reestablishing deeper pools
B) protecting channel banks by planting native trees
C) removing urban waste from stream channels
D) straightening of the river channel
E) reestablishing shallower riffles
Q2) In an area where agriculture is the primary human use of floodplain land,which would be more damaging: a flood in the winter or a flood in the summer? Why?
Q3) Consider a stream that begins at 1000 m elevation in the mountains and flows to sea level over a distance of 500 km.What is its base level?
A) 0 m
B) 100 m
C) 250 m
D) 500 m
E) 1000 m
Q4) Floodplains are only built at times of overbank flow.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When do ice-jam floods usually occur?
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Chapter 10: Atmosphere and Severe Weather
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tornadoes are classified on the basis of
A) maximum width and wind speed.
B) duration and damage.
C) maximum wind speed and damage.
D) maximum width and height.
E) duration and wind speed.
Q2) On Earth,most energy returned to space comes from
A) infrared emissions from the Earth's surface.
B) ultraviolet emissions from the Earth's surface.
C) reflection from clouds.
D) reflection from the Earth's surface.
E) The energy intercepted by Earth is used for life processes and nothing is returned to space.
Q3) What are the requirements for a severe thunderstorm?
Q4) If you observe cumulus clouds,what's the weather like?
Q5) Nearly all the weight and pressure of the atmosphere is below 50 km altitude.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is a water spout?
Q7) Describe the stages of the development and life of a tornado.
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Chapter 11: Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cyclones can dramatically increase the amount of coastal erosion that takes place.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why is hurricane risk increasing rapidly in the United States?
A) Insurance companies have stopped insuring coastal property.
B) The U.S. federal government will no longer provide disaster relief to hurricane-prone regions.
C) Sea level is rising about one meter per year putting more people at risk.
D) Human population density in coastal areas is skyrocketing.
E) Hurricanes are getting stronger due to global warming.
Q3) Hurricane Juan was a category 5 hurricane that made landfall in Nova Scotia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Though tropical cyclones form over water,extratropical cyclones can form over land or water.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Outline the natural service functions of severe weather.
Q6) What are the major hazards associated with cyclones?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Waves, Currents, and Coastlines
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you went down to the shoreline and wanted to measure the wave period of incoming waves,what equipment would you need?
A) a measuring tape
B) a meter stick
C) a stopwatch
D) a measuring tape and a stopwatch
E) a meter stick and a stopwatch
Q2) Longshore drift and beach drift are both processes associated with littoral transport.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you were watching waves from the shore and started counting the seconds between one crest to the next,what would you be measuring?
A) Wave height
B) Wave length
C) Wave period
D) Wave energy
E) Wave speed
Q4) Explain the differences between eustatic and relative sea level.
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14
Chapter 13: Wildfires
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is flaming combustion?
Q2) Pine beetles have killed many acres of forest in British Columbia and Alberta.Discuss the links among beetles' life cycle,wildfires,and climate change.
Q3) Santa Ana winds are associated with wildfires in western Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fires can produce a hydrophobic soil layer; what is this?
Q5) Wildfire scientists and firefighters classify fire behaviour according to
A) the wind speed at the fire site.
B) the amount of precipitation that has fallen in the region.
C) the humidity at the fire site.
D) the layer of fuel that is allowing the fire to spread.
E) the species of vegetation that is being burnt.
Q6) Under what conditions do wildfires develop?
Q7) Large wildfires in southern California
A) are increasing in severity and intensity due to fire suppression.
B) rarely result in loss of property.
C) will likely become smaller in the future due to increased urbanization.
D) have increased greatly in number.
E) have decreased greatly in number.
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Chapter 14: Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might global warming increase the frequency or intensity of violent storms?
Q2) The coldest part of the past 10,000 years is called
A) the Holocene Epoch.
B) the Pleistocene Epoch.
C) the Younger Dryas.
D) the Little Ice Age.
E) the Cenozoic Era.
Q3) Of the following,which is the best description of the greenhouse effect?
A) the transmission of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
B) the reflection of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
C) the absorption of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
D) the absorption of infrared radiation by the atmosphere
E) the destruction of the ozone layer by absorption of ultraviolet radiation
Q4) What is solar forcing?
Q5) Computer models show that the present warming on Earth cannot be accounted for fully by natural variations in solar output and volcanoes,but must include human activities as well.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss links between climate change and human food security.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Meteorite Impacts and Extinctions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The K-T Boundary Mass Extinction coincides with a clay layer in the sedimentary layer which has unusual high concentrations of what metal?
A) iridium
B) nickel
C) iron
D) chromium
E) gallium
Q2) What is a meteor?
A) a rocky body less than a few meters across
B) a dust-sized particle in the asteroid belt
C) a rocky, metallic object up to 1000 km in diameter
D) an icy, rocky body with a highly elliptical orbit
E) a meteoroid that has entered Earth's atmosphere
Q3) As long as asteroids remain in the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter,they pose no hazard to Earth.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Earth is still growing.How is that possible?
Q5) What is the "Big Bang"?
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