Sustainable Development Exam Review
Course Introduction
Sustainable Development is a multidisciplinary course that explores the principles, strategies, and challenges involved in meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This course covers key topics such as environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth, delving into global issues like climate change, poverty reduction, resource management, and sustainable policy-making. Through case studies, discussions, and project-based learning, students gain an understanding of how sustainable development can be achieved at local, national, and international levels, and the role individuals, communities, governments, and organizations play in promoting sustainability.
Recommended Textbook Economic Development 10th Edition by Michael
P. Todaro
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Chapter 1: Economics, Institutions, and Development: a Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following demonstrates international interdependence?
A)the oil shocks
B)the debt crisis
C)global warming
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q2) In defining development to include more than just the growth of per capita income, there is an implicit assumption that the growth of per capita income alone is not sufficient to guarantee the reduction of poverty and the growth of self-esteem. Is it possible that there could be growth of ?per capita income without the achievement of these other objectives?
Answer: Per capita income can show growth even when that growth does not touch vast portions of the population. The growth may be centered in one area or sector of the economy for example. Also, most developed countries have, at some time in their histories, introduced policies emphasizing equity.
Q3) In reviewing discussions of life in developing countries, what is it about lifestyles in the low-income countries compared with lifestyles in the high-income countries that most strikes you? Why?
Answer: This is an open-ended question to stimulate reflection.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Comparative Economic Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neutral technological progress occurs when
A)higher output levels are achieved with the same quantity and combinations of factor inputs.
B)higher output levels are achieved by more capital intensive methods.
C)higher output levels are achieved by more labor intensive methods.
D) higher output levels are achieved.
Answer: A
Q2) Most successful examples of modern economic growth have occurred in a country with
A)a temperate-zone climate.
B)a market economy.
C)exports of manufactured goods.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q3) Comment on the following statement: The level and growth rate of real GDP per capita can be a misleading indicator of development. At the same time, countries that experience sustained increases in real GDP per capita over time will tend to be more developed.
Answer: Open-ended essay.
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Chapter 3: Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the following schools: linear stages, structural change, dependence, and neoclassical.
Answer: Discussed in detail in the chapter and in the comparative case study at the end of the chapter.
Q2) What are the key assumptions of the Lewis model that give rise to its conclusions? How would the theory's conclusions differ if these assumptions do not hold?
Answer: There may be a variety of answers depending on what was emphasized in the lecture. The answer should include the existence of surplus labor in the rural sector that guarantees an infinitely elastic labor supply in industry until the surplus is exhausted and a propensity to save by industrialists equal to one. The lack of rural surplus labor (and infinite labor supply) would imply that when industrialists reinvest their profits there is no guarantee that their surplus increases. A low marginal propensity to save by industrialists puts a break on the labor transfer process.
Q3) Patterns of development or structural change analysis stress internal change in a developing country's economic, industrial, and institutional structure. What are some of the most important changes?
Answer: Discussed in the text.
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Models of Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) How can the O-ring theory help explain the existence of a low-level equilibrium that an economy may find itself in?
Q2) The Big-Push theory argues that coordination failures may arise because of A)pecuniary externalities.
B)technological externalities.
C)lack of human capital.
D) All of the above.
Q3) Show in a diagram an S-curve and a 45-degree line. Are all three points of intersection stable equilibrium points? Explain.
Q4) Based on the HRV growth diagnostic framework and the case study in Box 4.2, what are the binding constraints faced by Brazil, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic and how can these constraints be overcome?
Q5) What three factors distinguish models of endogenous growth from their neoclassical counterparts?
Q6) The O-ring theory places emphasis on A)education of the labor force.
B)skill complementarities.
C)purchases of machinery and equipment by firms.
D) None of the above.
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Chapter 5: Poverty, Inequality, and Development
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Q1) Discuss some policies or strategies that would give firms an incentive to substitute labor for capital within modern production techniques.
Q2) One of the characteristics of the poor is that they are
A)more likely to be employed in the modern industrial sector.
B)more likely to come from small families.
C)more likely to be well educated.
D) more likely to live in a rural area.
Q3) Explain why a Lorenz curve can never lie to the left or above the 45 degree line.
Q4) Consider the following distribution of income in a 12-person economy, with the modern urban?wage 3, the traditional rural income 1, and the informal urban wage 2: (1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3). The poverty line 1.25. Suppose rural incomes are raised to 1.5 through expanded agricultural exports. What happens to relative inequality? Absolute poverty? Calculate the Ahluwalia-Chenery Welfare Index for terciles (3 fractiles) under GNP weights and equal weights. Why is the equal-weighted index higher?
Q5) Explain the difference between size and functional measures of income distribution.
Q6) Just what is it that makes a technology "appropriate" for a developing country?
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Chapter 6: Population Growth and Economic Development:
Causes, Consequences, and Controversies
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Q1) Which of the following is a direct implication of the view that childbearing is an economic decision?
A)People will not have additional children unless they can earn a profit from doing so.
B)Social factors have no effect on childbearing decisions.
C)Compulsory education will increase fertility because educated children have the potential to earn higher salaries.
D) Fertility should fall with improved opportunities for women to work in jobs outside the home.
Q2) Approximately how many women were estimated to be "missing" in China?
A)20-30 million
B)35-48 million
C)44-50 million
D) 52-58 million
Q3) Explain the reasons for the hidden momentum of population growth and state its implication for population levels.
Q4) China has adopted a unique approach to the population growth problem. Please explain. Have they been successful? Please explain.
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Chapter 7: Urbanization and Ruralurban Migration: Theory and Policy
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Q1) How could the removal of labor market distortions increase employment even if the elasticity of factor substitution is very low?
Q2) Other things constant, the elimination of factor price distortions in developing countries would?most likely
A)decrease rural-urban migration.
B)have little effect on rural-urban migration.
C)increase rural-urban migration.
D) increase urbanization.
Q3) If the rural wage is 4 and the formal urban wage rate is 10, there will be rural to urban migration if the formal urban unemployment rate is A)50%.
B)60%.
C)70%.
D) all of the above.
Q4) The informal sector exhibits A)free entry.
B)labor intensive methods.
C)small, competitive firms.
D) all of the above.
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Chapter 8: Human Capital: Education and Health in Economic Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human capital is best defined as
A)the amount of wealth people have.
B)the amount of money people have to spend on schooling.
C)human capacities that raise productivity.
D) the average education level of the population.
Q2) Credential inflation results from
A)a combination of cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation.
B)rigidities in the industrial sector.
C)the need to select from among qualified applicants in the modern sector.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Is child labor a problem in developing countries? Explain.
Q4) Child labor is a widespread problem that applies primarily to children
A)between the ages of 5 and 14.
B)between the ages of 10 and 14.
C)between the ages of 12 and 14.
D) between the ages of 12 and 16.
Q5) What is human capital and why is it crucial to expand human capital as part of the development process?
Page 10
Q6) Investment in human capital is very similar to investing in physical capital. True or false? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 9: Agricultural Transformation and Rural Development
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Q1) An agrarian system refers to
A)the pattern of land ownership.
B)the type of crops grown.
C)the processing of agricultural commodities.
D) an economy that has no industry.
Q2) A program through which new ideas, methods, and advice are offered to farmers to increase farm yields is known as
A)agricultural extension.
B)agricultural mechanization.
C)an agrarian system.
D) land reform.
Q3) The primary goal of an agricultural extension service is to
A)bring new areas under cultivation.
B)increase the yield per hectare.
C)introduce land reform.
D) assist rural-urban migration.
Q4) What are some of the specific policies aimed at improving the productivity of women farmers in Kenya?
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Q5) What is the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa and who are its primary supporters?
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
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Q1) Describe the basic issues involved in setting up a system of national accounts that includes the value of environmental capital and its loss.
Q2) Recurrent flooding in Bangladesh is causing the land area of the country to shrink. In what ways might environmental mismanagement play a role in explaining this phenomenon?
Q3) Provide a short definition of sustainable development.
Q4) Debt-for-nature swaps are most generally
A)beneficial only to the developing country.
B)beneficial only to the developed country.
C)beneficial only to the bank which can write off the debt.
D) beneficial to all countries.
Q5) Why might it be in the direct economic interest of the United States to finance rain forest conservation programs in the Amazon?
Q6) Discuss the relationship between poverty, growth, and the environment.
Q7) An example of a biomass fuel is
A)coal.
B)nuclear fuel.
C)manure.
D) oil.
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Chapter 11: Development Policymaking and the Roles of
Market, State, and Civil Society
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Q1) What are accounting, or "shadow" prices for project appraisal? In what way do they differ from market prices, and why do we need them? Additional question or part of question: How can reference to world prices help countries gauge the real opportunity costs of development projects?
Q2) A plan that sets targets to cover all major aspects of the national economy is known as a/an _____ plan.
A)interindustry
B)complete
C)comprehensive
D) economic
Q3) If the population growth rate is 2%, the incremental capital output ratio is 3, the saving ratio is 24%, and the depreciation rate is 5%, the rate of growth of income is A)1%.
B)2%.
C)3%.
D) 5%.
E) 8%.
Q4) How does the Washington Consensus differ from the Santiago Consensus?
Q5) Why must projects be appraised? What do we learn from project appraisals?
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Chapter 12: International Trade Theory and Development Strategy
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Q1) Developing countries might be unable to respond smoothly to changing international price signals because of
A)a lack of government regulation.
B)an abundance of skilled labor.
C)inelastic supply curves.
D) limited foreign exchange.
Q2) The dependence on the export of one or two primary products for a majority of the revenue from exports is most severe in countries in
A)South Asia.
B)East Asia.
C)Sub-Saharan Africa.
D) Latin America.
Q3) Economists frequently urge governments of developing countries to replace import quotas with import tariffs as a first step in a strategy that aims to reduce import protection. What is the reasoning offered by economists to support this recommendation to developing countries?
Q4) What are the drawbacks of overvaluing the exchange rate as an import substitution policy?
Q5) Explain the difference between nominal and effective tariffs.
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Chapter 13: Balance of Payments, Developing-Country
Debt, and the Macroeconomic Stabilization Controversy
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Q1) A significant problem of a dual exchange rate system is that it
A)is difficult to administer.
B)leads companies to pursue rent-seeking behavior.
C)promotes black markets.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Q2) The need for exchange controls may arise from
A)overvalued exchange rates.
B)export promotion policies.
C)a current account surplus.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Why may the debt crisis be only "sleeping," rather than "dead?"
Q4) Debt equity swaps may lead to
A)increased foreign ownership.
B)greater domestic inflation.
C)lower debt servicing requirements.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q5) What is meant by the term odious debt?
Q6) Outline the principal sources of the debt crisis. Page 16
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Chapter 14: Foreign Finance, Investment, and Aid: Controversies and Opportunities
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Q1) One of the significant criticisms of MNCs is
A)the relatively low wages they pay.
B)on balance, they bring in more capital than officially registered.
C)increased monetary policy effectiveness.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q2) Discuss the pattern of allocation of foreign aid by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to developing countries in recent years. What are the priorities of the DAC members in allocating foreign aid among recipients?
Q3) In the two-gap model, which of the following gaps, when binding, leads to foreign aid having the largest impact on GNP?
A)Fiscal gap
B)Savings gap
C)Foreign exchange gap
D) None of the above
Q4) Critically evaluate the following statement: "If no other assistance is available, tied aid should be accepted anyway, on the grounds that developing countries should accept any help they can get."
Q5) Explain the motives of developed countries in providing foreign aid.
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Chapter 15: Finance and Fiscal Policy for Development
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Q1) Why do NGOs target women borrowers while making microloans?
Q2) What are the major market failures that imply a potential role for state intervention in financial markets?
Q3) Does it matter how much a developing country saves? Explain why or why not. Discuss theories and evidence on whether developing countries can increase the net savings rate in the economy through public policy. In particular, consider whether this can be accomplished through increased or decreased taxation of one or more types, and increased or decreased government spending of one or more types.
Q4) Compare and contrast the experience of Poland and Chile in their efforts at privatizing SOEs. Make sure you include a background discussion of privatization, methods adopted, and outcomes of privatization in the two countries.
Q5) How can joint liability lower the interest rate for microborrowers?
Q6) What is meant by the term dynamic incentives in the context of making loans to micro borrowers.
Q7) In what ways do the actual and potential roles of central banks differ between developed and developing countries?
Q8) Why are women considered to be more creditworthy for microloans?
Q9) Explain how group lending works.
Page 19
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Chapter 16: Some Critical Issues for the Twenty-First
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Q1) Evidence of global warming is controversial as is its connection to rain forest destruction. Therefore, what is the case for a policy that affects developing countries' decisions regarding environmental preservation?
Q2) A production facility whose operations are distributed across countries to take advantage of price differentials is known as
A)a multinational corporation.
B)a free trade area.
C)a global factory.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q3) What is the relationship between land reform and rain forest preservation?
Q4) Gases that trap heat within the earth's atmosphere and can thus contribute to global warming are known as ______ gases.
A)polluting
B)greenhouse
C)noxious
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
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