Survey of World Civilizations Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Survey of World Civilizations provides an exploration of major civilizations across world history, tracing the development of societies from ancient times through the modern era. The course examines key political, social, cultural, economic, and technological transformations in regions including Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Through comparative analysis, students gain insight into the interactions among diverse peoples, the rise and fall of empires, and the global exchange of ideas, goods, and beliefs that have shaped human civilization. Emphasis is placed on understanding continuity and change, as well as the historical context of contemporary global issues.
Recommended Textbook
World History 7th Edition by William J. Duiker
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Early Humans and the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Yahweh
Answer: Yahweh is the personal name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible. It is often translated as "the Lord" in English translations.
Who? - Yahweh is the God of Israel, as described in the Hebrew Bible.
What? - Yahweh is the name of the God worshipped by the ancient Israelites.
Where? - Yahweh was worshipped by the ancient Israelites in the land of Canaan.
When? - Yahweh has been worshipped by the Israelites since ancient times, and continues to be worshipped by Jews and Christians today.
Why Important? - Yahweh is important to the religious beliefs and practices of Judaism and Christianity. The name Yahweh is considered sacred and is often not spoken aloud by observant Jews. In Christianity, Yahweh is seen as the God of the Old Testament and is often associated with the God of love and mercy.
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Chapter 2: Ancient India
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison to Hinduism,Buddhism was much less egalitarian.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The third-ranked caste,usually viewed as the merchant caste,was the A) kshatriya.
B) pariah.
C) brahmins.
D) vaisya.
E) sudras.
Answer: D
Q3) The Arthasastra,associated with the Mauryan court official Kautilya,has been compared to Machiavelli's The Prince.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The Aryans were a Semetic-peoples.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: China in Antiquity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The terra-cotta figures near the Qin First Emperor's burial mound demonstrate the A) use of ceramics as a sculpture medium, replacing the ivory-casting of the Shang. B) huge expenditures that were devoted to afterlife preparation for the monarch.
C) continuation of the Shang practices of human sacrifices.
D) freeing of the individual soul under the influence of Doaism.
E) transience of human life.
Answer: B
Q2) According to the Historical Records,written during the Han Dynasty,music was introduced into Chinese culture by the sage-kings,not for "amusements of singing and dancing," but rather:
A) to remember the ways of the ancients.
B) to purify the heart.
C) to teach ethical precepts.
D) to pacify aggression.
E) to praise heaven and the emperor.
Answer: B
Q3) eunuchs
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 4: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Antigonid,Seleucid,Attalid,and Ptolemaic dynasties
Q2) If one lived in a way that was harmonious with the natural law,or was submissive to the will of God,then one was living a life of virtue.The preceding statement would be a position advocated by the
A) Epicureans.
B) Stoics.
C) Hellenists.
D) mystery religions.
E) Zoroastrians.
Q3) The plays of Euripides
A) were less complex and less realistic than those of other Greek playwrights.
B) reflected a skepticism that questioned traditional values.
C) had a pro-war flavor.
D) were uncontroversial.
E) influenced those of Aeschylus.
Q4) Sophocles' Oedipus the King
Q5) Who was Homer? Why has his historicity been questioned? To what degree did ideas contained in Homer's writings influence later Greek civilization? Why do you think as you do?
Q6) polis
Page 6
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Q1) Byzantium/Constantinople
Q2) Roman jurists were able to provide a systematic framework for Roman law because A) they came to assume that natural law, or universal law, was based upon reason.
B) the Twelve Tables provided an enduring basis for legislation.
C) the legal interpretation of the praetors maintained legal order.
D) of the universality of the law of nations.
E) of the influence of Plato and Aristotle.
Q3) In the 130s and 120s B.C.E.,Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus advocated the seizure of the large estates owned by the aristocracy and then distribute the lands to landless Romans.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The First Punic War
A) resulted from a Roman invasion of Spain.
B) was waged between Carthage and Rome over control of the island of Sicily.
C) was begun with an attack by Hannibal.
D) discouraged the Romans from developing their naval power.
E) was caused by a Macedonian assault on Sicily.
Q5) consuls and praetors
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Chapter 6: The Americas
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Q1) In contrast with the Aztecs,the Inka created a highly centralized state.
A)True
B)False
Q2) San Lorenzo and La Venta
Q3) The Inka capital was
A) Lima.
B) Cuzco.
C) Monte Verde.
D) Tenochtitlan,
E) Uxmal.
Q4) Amazonia
Q5) Tehuacán valley
Q6) Compare and contrast the development of the Aztec empire with that of the Roman Empire.What are the similarities and what are the differences?
Q7) Amazon River
Q8) Toltecs
Q9) Because the soil lacked sufficient nutrients,agriculture never developed in the Amazon region.
A)True
B)False Page 8
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Chapter 7: Ferment in the Middle East: The Rise of Islam
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Sample Questions
Q1) caliph/khalifa
Q2) Charles Martel
Q3) The capital of the Umayyad caliphate was Baghdad.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Persian empire which experienced defeats at the hands of the Arab armies was the
A) Sassanid.
B) Umayyad.
C) Abbasid.
D) Fatimid.
E) Mongol.
Q5) Muhammad
Q6) Muslim
Q7) Sadi's Rose Garden
Q8) Harun al-Rashid
Q9) Almoravids and the battle of Badajoz
Q10) umma
Q11) majlis Page 10
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Chapter 8: Early Civilizations in Africa
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Q1) "hermit kingdom"
Q2) African art
A) consists only of poetry and sculpture.
B) is very limited, due to the fact that wood was the universal medium of artistic statement.
C) contains no other major examples of architectural achievement except the pyramids. D) includes the impressively crafted, mortar-less structures at Great Zimbabwe. E) appeared only with the coming of Islam.
Q3) The following were true about the trans-Sahara caravan trade except
A) the Arab introduction of the camel into Africa enabled this trade to greatly increase. B) cultural exchanges were stimulated by the growth of the caravan activity.
C) it enabled the Sahara region to become a major crossroad of international commerce.
D) it brought the first Islamic traders to central Africa in the first century B.C.E.
E) it allowed Islam to influence much of Africa south of the Sahara.
Q4) Nok culture
Q5) Swahili
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Chapter 9: The Expansion of Civilization in South and Southeast Asia
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Q1) The greatest of the Kushan rulers was A) Rurika.
B) Tiberius.
C) Chandragupta.
D) Kanishka.
E) Fa Xian.
Q2) Sun Temple at Konarak
Q3) Ellora rock temple
Q4) What was the significance,religious and otherwise,in the careers of the Chinese Buddhist monks Fa Xian and Xuan Zang?
Q5) The Mongol khan from Samarkand who attacked the Islamic state of the Tughluq Dynasty was
A) Tamerlane.
B) Genghis Khan.
C) Chalukya.
D) Malmug Khan.
E) Chandragupta XIV.
Q6) Devi
Page 13
Q7) Using specific examples,discuss the impact of Islam on the art and architecture of India.
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Chapter 10: The Flowering of Traditional China
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Q1) the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty
Q2) Uighurs,Kirghiz,and Khitan
Q3) Li Bo
A) was the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
B) was a historian during the Song Dynasty.
C) was a sober Confucian civil servant.
D) wrote a poem entitled "Drinking Alone in Moonlight."
E) defeated the Mongols at Wuhan.
Q4) Although the earlier Tang dynasty based the civil service examinations exclusively upon Confucian texts,the later Song also included both Daoist and Buddhist texts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gobi Desert
Q6) Although the Sui dynasty ruled only a short time,its successes included the construction of the Grand Canal,linking the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers.
A)True
B)False
Q7) "Chinese civilization reached its apex during the Tang dynasty." Discuss critically.
Page 15
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Chapter 11: The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
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Q1) Japanese peasants were
A) generally more prosperous than merchants.
B) eligible to take the civil service examinations, which were the major way peasants could improve their social and economic status.
C) in the case of the eta, similar in social status to Indian untouchables or pariahs.
D) of a lower status than the merchants.
E) never engaged in rice cultivation because of the steepness of the landscape.
Q2) Which of the following is a valid observation about Japanese poetry?
A) Poetry was usually written only by members of the merchant class.
B) Originally, Japanese poetry was written predominantly in Kabuki.
C) In the early Heian court, it was the means of communication between lovers.
D) Only those in the upper classes were permitted to write poetry until after 1867.
E) It only circulated orally.
Q3) The government under the rule of the shogun was known as the bakufu,or "tent government."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Yi Song-gye
Page 16
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Chapter 12: The Making of Europe
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Q1) the "New Agriculture"
Q2) St.Benedict and.St.Hilda of Whitby
Q3) Which of the following was not characteristic of Gothic architecture?
A) stained glass windows
B) ribbed vaults and pointed arches
C) flying buttresses
D) thick walls
E) extensive use of colored light
Q4) Which of the following revolutionized warfare in the early Middle Ages?
A) gunpowder
B) the stirrup
C) the emergence of a money economy
D) the longbow
E) the Black Death
Q5) The interdict was the weapon used by kings and emperors against the Church.
A)True
B)False
Q6) the ordeal
Q7) communes
Q8) the Capetians
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Chapter 13: The Byzantine Empire and Crisis and Recovery in the
West
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pope Boniface VIII
Q2) France's Louis XI was known as the A) Frog.
B) Bear.
C) Octopus.
D) Tiger.
E) Spider.
Q3) Justinian's most lasting accomplishment was
A) his victory over the Ostrogoths.
B) his defeat of the Muslim armies outside Constantinople.
C) the Corpus Iuris Civilis.
D) his victory over the Nika rioters.
E) the construction of Notre Dame.
Q4) Renaissance
Q5) Justinian's greatest construction achievement was
A) the Hippodrome.
B) building the walls that surrounded and defended Constantinople.
C) the royal palace at the Golden Horn.
D) the Hagia Sophia.
E) the Grand Mosque of Istanbul.
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Chapter 14: New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market
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Q1) All of the following were part of the Columbia Exchange except
A) cows and horses were introduced into the Western hemisphere.
B) potatoes and corn were introduced into Europe from the Americas.
C) potatoes and corn were introduced into the Americas from Europe.
D) smallpox arrived in the Americas from Europe.
E) gunpowder and guns were introduced into the Americas from Europe.
Q2) Amerigo Vespucci
Q3) As a result of European expansion into Africa,
A) the Mwene Metapa was entirely eliminated by the Portuguese.
B) the economic conditions of the continent were unaltered.
C) North African political regimes were toppled by French forces.
D) internal conflict among native African groups was intensified.
E) most Africans became wealthier.
Q4) Hernán Cortés
Q5) cane culture in America
Q6) The first European nation to gain control of Southeast Asia's spice trade was the Netherlands.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Pedro Cabral Page 19
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Chapter 15: Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building
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Q1) In the fifteenth century,the Italians-especially the Venetians-in their commercial empires were only rivaled by A) England.
B) the Hanseatic League
C) the Holy Roman Empire
D) the Byzantine Empire.
E) Spain.
Q2) Louis XIV
Q3) All of the following aided in the development of French absolutism except A) the concentration of central policy-making at Versailles.
B) royal policies effectively weakening the Huguenots and the French nobles.
C) putting down rebellious challenges to royal rule.
D) Louis XIV's removal of the royal princes from the royal council.
E) the king's ability to rule directly over the internal administration of the kingdom.
Q4) the Catholic Reformation
Q5) Although world-wide trade increased in seventeenth century,local,regional,and intra-European trade still predominated.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: The Muslim Empires
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Q1) Treaty of Karlowitz
Q2) Humayun
Q3) Which of the following statements is not an accurate characterization of the nature of Ottoman governmental processes?
A) Originally, Ottoman rule was dominated by tribal law and augmented by Muslim law.
B) The Ottoman Empire was influenced by Byzantine and Persian rule.
C) The sultan ruled from the Topkapi with the assistance of the Grand Vezirs, who were primarily the products of the devshirme process.
D) The government was located in Istanbul, the former Constantinople.
E) The government refused to allow any religion to be practiced in the empire except for Islam.
Q4) Two great military victories in India,in which the winner defeated a force ten times larger than its own,were,respectively,
A) Babur's victory at Delhi and the British victory at Plassey.
B) Buxar's victory at Colombo and the French victory at Pondicherry.
C) Wilson's victory at Mumbai and Babur's victory at Kandahar.
D) Mojoks' victory at Madras and Clive's victory at Kabul.
E) Maharashtra's victory at Walando and Dupleix's victory at Kabul.
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Chapter 17: The East Asian World
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Q1) The Christian missionaries who accompanied the European merchant ships to East Asia
A) came primarily, at first, from the Lutheran and Greek Orthodox churches.
B) seemed less threatening to the Ming and Qing dynasties than to the Tokugawa shogunate.
C) were actually only twenty in number, and were ignored by the governments and peoples.
D) were widely resented by the Chinese population because of their all-too-obvious disinterest in the Chinese language and popular ideas.
E) were refused entry into China.
Q2) Why was capitalism seemingly more successful in Japan than in China in the early modern era?
Q3) The modern-day name for the capital city of the Tokugawa shogunate is A) Edo.
B) Tokyo.
C) Osaka.
D) Nagasaki.
E) Sapporo.
Q4) hangul
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Chapter
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Q1) Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"
Q2) Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre?
A) A period of stagnation and corruption ensued.
B) The Reign of Terror ended.
C) Moderate forces came to control the Revolution.
D) A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory.
E) Napoleon was elected President of France.
Q3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A) was idealistic and honest and never deviated from his promises or commitments.
B) argued that children's education should be strict and regimented.
C) argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."
D) believed that women were "naturally" different from men.
E) both b and c
Q4) What were the causes,the main events,and the results of the French Revolution?
Could its outbreak have been avoided,or possibly postponed? Was the revolution inevitable? Why or why not?
Q5) John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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Chapter 19: The Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
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Q1) "liberalism"
Q2) Steam power
A) could be used anywhere there was a river of sufficient size.
B) was limited by the ability of the horses to keep the generators turning.
C) required no maintenance once the original pistons were operational.
D) was originally used to pump water from mines.
E) was restricted to coastal areas and rapidly rushing rivers.
Q3) Great Britain depended almost entirely upon foreign investment to support its Industrial Revolution at the beginning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War
Q5) Nationalism
A) was a potential threat to the existing political order.
B) had major support only in western, Atlantic-coast Europe until the late 1860s.
C) was firmly opposed by Bismarck and Cavour.
D) won speedy acceptance across Europe because every government was helped by it. E) died out by the late nineteenth century.
Page 25
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Chapter 20: The Americas and Society and Culture in the West
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Q1) "The late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the West was an 'era of anxiety.'" Discuss,with examples.
Q2) Realism in the arts
A) preferred the exotic to the ordinary.
B) preferred poetry rather than prose.
C) never involved itself in social issues.
D) was the sole domain of the French.
E) was typified by the work of Courbet and Flaubert.
Q3) Porfirio Díaz
Q4) Modernism
Q5) The first male-dominated occupation to be entered by women was A) architecture.
B) teaching.
C) jurisprudence.
D) manufacturing.
E) nursing.
Q6) What are the possible explanations why representative government and democracy was so slow to develop in most Latin American countries? Were the reasons historical? Cultural? Environmental? Economic? Or something else?
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Chapter 21: The High Tide of Imperialism
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Q1) Which of the following pairs,naming the European power and its African holding,is not correct?
A) Germany - Congo
B) Italy - Libya
C) Belgium - Congo
D) France - Madagascar
E) Britain - Gold Coast
Q2) Kenya's central highlands
Q3) Within the context of Western economic expansion into the regions of Africa and Asia during the nineteenth century,the term imperialism means the forceful appropriation of all except A) people to buy manufactured goods.
B) low-priced raw materials with which to manufacture goods.
C) advantageous opportunities in which to make highly profitable financial investments.
D) a substitution of African and Asia cultural norms in place of traditional European culture.
E) areas for investments in European-based construction companies.
Q4) E.M.Forster
Q5) Berlin Conference,1884
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Chapter 22: Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia under Challenge
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Q1) The new modernizing policies of the Meiji Restoration included the A) restoration of the hereditary privileges of the daimyo.
B) retained the traditional warrior class system.
C) confiscation of the lands controlled by the daimyo.
D) exile of the samurai.
E) extermination of the samurai with "assisted seppuku."
Q2) By the beginning of the nineteenth century,the practice of foot binding had completely been eradicated in China.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "spheres of influence"
A) were set up in Korea and Annam to enhance Chinese power in both areas.
B) were first created when the United States gained control of the island of Chusan in 1848.
C) enabled the Manchus to regain their power base in their Manchurian heartland.
D) were in part the result of local Chinese strongmen selling exclusive economic privileges to foreign governments and their merchants.
E) in fact, never developed in China but did in Korea.
Q4) extraterritoriality
Page 28
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Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) What made the ideologies of communism and fascism appealing in the 1930s?
Q2) Treaty of Versailles
Q3) Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act
Q4) Which of the following was a manifestation of American isolationism?
A) failure of the United States to participate in the Great War
B) failure of the United States to join the League of Nations
C) failure of President Wilson to take part in the peace treaty deliberations in 1919
D) the American Neutrality Treaty with Germany and the Soviet Union
E) failure of the United States to join the United Nations
Q5) France's Popular Front
Q6) The final German offensive was stopped on July 18,1918 at the A) Masurian Lakes.
B) Second Battle of the Marne.
C) Battle of Verdun.
D) Battle of Argonne Forest.
E) Battle of the Somme.
Q7) Serbia and the Black Hand
Q8) New Economic Policy (NEP)
Q9) Hollywood studio system Page 29
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Chapter 24: Nationalism Revolution and Dictatorship: Asia
the Middle East and Latin America from 1919 to 1939
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Q1) The writings of most early-twentieth-century Chinese authors
A) reflected heavy borrowing from Mongol ideas.
B) were steeped in a passion for the traditional Chinese past.
C) showed contempt for the traditional Chinese past.
D) finally developed a large peasant readership.
E) intellectualized intensely about the Confucian aspects of necessary social values.
Q2) The so-called "May Fourth Movement" was
A) a reaction by Chinese business leaders to the policies of Yuan Shikai.
B) the effort on the part of Sun Yat-sen to gain control of the Peking government.
C) demonstrations by Chinese students and others in opposition to the Japanese being awarded Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong province.
D) an effort by peasants to show support for the radical reform program of Yuan Shikai.
E) the first, unsuccessful attempt by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to stage a coup.
Q3) Would Marx,or Lenin,or Stalin have approved of Mao's "road to socialism"? Why and/or why not?
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Chapter 25: The Crisis Deepens: World War II
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Q1) The purpose of the SS was to
A) augment the duties of the SA.
B) use terror to enforce the policies of the Nazi party.
C) debilitate the development of Aryan supremacy.
D) motivate industrial workers to become more productive.
E) harass the French border guards in the Rhineland.
Q2) By 1939,only two major states in Europe,France and Great Britain,remained democratic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Aerial bombing of wartime Japan
A) occurred only during the last month of the war.
B) had virtually no effect on Japanese industrial facilities.
C) included the first use of an atomic bomb.
D) produced very little destruction of Japanese housing.
E) spared Tokyo entirely.
Q4) The totalitarian state was best exemplified by Mussolini's Italy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the "Final Solution," the Holocaust,Auschwitz-Birkenau and Zyklon B
Page 32
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Chapter 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War
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Q1) Ho Chi Minh
A) was Mao Zedong's only major rival for leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
B) had concluded an agreement for Vietnamese independence in 1946 with the French, but then became engaged in a civil war against militant Buddhists.
C) led a multiparty coalition in an anti-colonialist struggle against the French in the 1940s and early 1950s.
D) sought exile in China after his defeat in Vietnam in 1954.
E) became a democratic politician in North Viet Nam.
Q2) George Kennan and "containment"
Q3) The civil war in Poland between Communists and democrats led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did the relationship between China and the Soviet Union evolve after 1948? What disagreements brought about an end to the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1961? Which factors appear to have been most important? How did a renewed U.S.-Sino relationship shape history after the mid-1970s?
Q5) Korean War
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Chapter 27: Brave New World: Communism on Trial
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ai Wei-wei
Q2) Leonid Brezhnev,Alexei Kosygin,and "de-Khrushchevization"
Q3) The Great Leap Forward
A) was an economic success, raising agricultural production fifteen percent in two years.
B) created huge rural communes but failed economically.
C) was a more conservative approach to land reform.
D) was aimed at organizing urban Chinese life.
E) produced such success that Mao became deified in China.
Q4) After assuming control of the Soviet Union,Nikita Khrushchev's policies
A) became much more belligerent than they had been before he replaced Malenkov.
B) increased Stalinist repression and freed all political prisoners.
C) were characterized by a program of de-Stalinization and broader intellectual tolerance.
D) diminished the spirit of rebellion in the Soviet satellites by promising them complete independence in 1973.
E) placed less emphasis on the consumer aspects of the economy.
Q5) "taking the capitalist road"
Q6) Falun Gong
Q7) Tiananmen Square,1989
Page 34
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Chapter 28: Europe and the Western Hemisphere since 1945
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Sample Questions
Q1) The city that became the art capital of the world after World War II was
A) Paris.
B) London.
C) Tokyo.
D) New York.
E) Moscow.
Q2) "Margaret Thatcher was the most significant British Prime Minister in the last half of the twentieth century." Discuss,pro and con.
Q3) Vincente Fox
Q4) In 1986,a nuclear disaster which occurred in this place served to enhance European awareness of environmental problems.
A) Samarkand.
B) Chernobyl.
C) Aswan.
D) the Three Gorges.
E) Agra.
Q5) Treaty of Rome/European Economic Community (EEC)
Q6) MTV
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Q7) the war on terrorism and the Department of Homeland Security
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Chapter 29: Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East
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Q1) What problems have the nations of the Middle East faced since the end of World War II,and to what degree have they managed to resolve them? How have religious issues affected economic,social,and cultural conditions in the Middle East in recent decades? What are some of the key reasons advanced to explain why democratic institutions have been slow to take root in the Middle East?
Q2) "Islamic fundamentalism is the defining movement in the present Middle East and will remain so into the foreseeable future." Discuss,pro and con.
Q3) "Bantustans"
Q4) African culture has adapted to serve the tourist industry and the export market in the areas of
A) pottery and steel fabrication in Axum.
B) wood carving, painting, and sculpture.
C) publication, tripling the Onitsha Market pamphlets for tourists since 1994.
D) novels and poetry written in local languages.
E) high grade steel manufacturing and export.
Q5) the Taliban and Osama bin Laden
Q6) genital mutilation and polygamy
Q7) Palestinian refugees
Q8) Olusegun Obasanjo
Page 36
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Chapter 30: Toward the Pacific Century
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Q1) Which of the following is true of Japan today?
A) Japanese worker loyalty toward employers is as strong as ever.
B) Japan's gross national product is larger than that of the United States.
C) Japan is the leading importing nation in the world.
D) the Japanese overall per capita standard of living equals or exceeds those of most Western nations.
E) Japan's gross national product has fallen behind that of Taiwan and of Korea.
Q2) According to the agreement between Great Britain and the People's Republic of China,
A) the British were to leave in 1997, regardless of the welfare of the Hong Kong population.
B) the Chinese agreed to permit a half-century of largely self-governing capitalism in Hong Kong, after British rule ended.
C) the true nature of Hong Kong autonomy after the British left was not discussed.
D) the People's Republican Government ended Hong Kong's capitalist system.
E) Hong Kong was recognized as an independent nation by the People's Republic of China.
Q3) Philippines independence,July 1946
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