Survey of Western Civilizations
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Survey of Western Civilizations provides a comprehensive overview of the major events, cultural developments, and influential figures that have shaped Western societies from ancient times to the modern era. The course examines the evolution of political systems, philosophical thought, art, literature, and religious movements across regions such as Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Americas. Through the exploration of key historical periods such as Classical Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution students will gain insight into the foundational ideas and conflicts that have contributed to the development of Western culture and its global impact.
Recommended Textbook
The Western Heritage Combined Volume 11th Edition by Donald M. Kagan
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30 Chapters
2397 Verified Questions
2397 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Civilizations of the Mideast tend to have which of the following features in common?
A)Reason is not employed independent of religion.
B)The standard form of government is a republic.
C)Religion and politics are separate.
D)Individual freedom is important.
Answer: A
Q2) Around 1000 to 600 b.c.e. ,a Mede named ________ changed the traditional Aryan worship.
A)Ahura Mazda
B)Zarathushtra
C)Ahriman
D)Vedic
Answer: B
Q3) According to Hammurabi's laws,polygamy was based on ___________.
A)wealth
B)slave owning
C)race
D)necessity
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following poleis is located in Attica?
A)Athens
B)Sparta
C)Corinth
D)Thebes
Answer: A
Q2) Some scholars have suggested that a group of pirates known as ________ destroyed Pylos.
A)Miletus
B)Cnossus
C)Dorians
D)tholos
Answer: C
Q3) The Greek polis was thought of as a community of ________.
Answer: relatives
Q4) By confronting the Greeks with the differences between themselves and the new people they met,colonization gave them a sense of cultural identity and fostered a ________ spirit.
Answer: Panhellenic
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Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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Q1) In 386 b.c.e. ,Plato founded the ________,a center of philosophical investigation and a school for training statesmen and citizens.
Answer: Academy
Q2) After divorcing his first wife,Pericles entered into a liaison with a female companion from Miletus named ________.
A)Khloe
B)Demeter
C)Ourania
D)Aspasia
Answer: D
Q3) In the late fifth century b.c.e. ,the Spartans,under ________,obtained the support of the Persians,cut off the Athenian food supply through the Hellespont,and starved the Athenian people into submission.
Answer: Lysander
Q4) The term "________" was coined in the nineteenth century to describe the period of three centuries during which Greek culture spread far from its homeland to Egypt and deep into Asia.
Answer: Hellenistic
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Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
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Q1) Unlike the terms reached after defeating their Italian neighbors,Rome,under the influence of the conservative Cato,imposed a peace on Macedonia and Carthage that was ________.
A)contingent on cultural exchanges
B)freely given
C)generous
D)harsh
Q2) As Rome defeated her neighbors on the Italian peninsula,her peace treaties offered ________.
A)special status as allies for some
B)no quarter
C)prominence to successful military leaders
D)cash for land
Q3) After two major wars,the Romans cited a technical breach of the peace to spitefully destroy ________.
A)Athens
B)Carthage
C)Gaul
D)Etruria
Q4) One of the rewards held out to defeated enemies in Italy was Roman ________.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Augustus granted himself the powers of an absolute ruler,he did not proclaim this ascension openly.In what ways did he retain the appearance of republican government? Why?
Q2) Less than a hundred years after the crucifixion,membership in the Christian community was ________.
A)virtually unknown
B)a crime
C)plummeting
D)expensive
Q3) Constantine's father was a ________ under Diocletian.
A)Caesar
B)censor
C)consul
D)mercenary
Q4) The historian Tacitus related an incident in which Nero used a city fire ________.
A)as inspiration for a poem
B)as an excuse to kill Christians
C)to promote his new fire department
D)as light to read by
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Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:
Creating a New European Society and Culture 4761000
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charlemagne created a center of learning in ________,where pure scholarship was taught alongside administrative skills for royal bureaucrats.
A)Aachen
B)Paris
C)Arles
D)Rome
Q2) ________ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.
Q3) When Charles Martel seized church property to distribute to the men who would make up his Carolingian army,the church did not object because ________.
A)it knew it would receive compensation
B)it depended on the Franks for armed protection
C)Martel effectively controlled the pope
D)Martel controlled Rome
Q4) Monophysites believe ________.
A)that the trinity inhabited only one body,that of Jesus
B)that Jesus was only immortal,never a man
C)that Jesus was only a man,never immortal
D)in a single god
Q5) What were the main contributions of the Franks to Western civilization?
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Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: the Rise of European Empires
and States (1000-1300)
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Q1) After 962,the western church ________.
A)broke away from the control of Otto I
B)established an army of its own
C)gained control of the Papal States
D)fell under the political control of Otto I
Q2) ________ teachings were teachings that,although not necessarily heretical,nonetheless challenged church orthodoxy.
Q3) How did Gothic construction techniques enhance the interior beauty of churches?
A)They allowed for the priest to be more visible to the congregation.
B)The lowered ceilings created a more intimate atmosphere for worship.
C)Walls were filled with large stained glass windows.
D)Thick stone walls better insulated the church in winter.
Q4) Which of the following distinguished Gothic from Romanesque architecture?
A)rounded arches
B)heavy columns
C)flying buttresses
D)commonly used for church buildings
Q5) The High Middle Ages witnessed the peak of Romanesque art and the transition to
Q6) What factors influenced the move from Romanesque to Gothic art and architecture? Page 9
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Chapter 8: Medieval Society:
Hierarchies, towns, universities, and Families (1000-1300)
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following were least likely to be taxed by secular rulers?
A)laity
B)clergy
C)theologians
D)merchants
Q2) The one social group that was open to all,regardless of birth or military skill,was the ________.
Q3) Which of the following social groups emerged after the revival of towns in the eleventh century?
A)the landed nobility
B)the clergy
C)the peasantry
D)long-distance traders and merchants
Q4) Only the nobility were legally allowed to________,but over time uncommon wealth enabled a persistent commoner to qualify.
Q5) With the appearance of cathedral schools,the ________ began to lose its monopoly on higher education.
Q6) Bologna was famous for its university,which was a union of _______.
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Q7) In the later Middle Ages,serfs started paying their dues in ________ payments.
Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political
Breakdown (1300-1453)
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Sample Questions
Q1) The plague barely touched areas away from major trade routes such as ________.
A)Constantinople
B)Italy
C)France
D)Russia
Q2) The use of the ________ gave the English the tactical advantage in the war.
A)trebuchet
B)longbow
C)catapult
D)cannon
Q3) In addition to limiting wages to pre-plague levels,the Statute of Laborers passed by the __________ in 1351 restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters' land.
Q4) Why might the Moscow nobility not have minded Mongol rule?
A)They were treated as equals.
B)They were united in a determination to increase agrarian production.
C)Moscow became preeminent in Russia.
D)Their subjects were spared the duty of military service.
Q5) How did the Hundred Years' War contribute to the growth of nationalism and the centralization of political power in both France and England?
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Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
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Sample Questions
Q1) Examine the excerpt from Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man.How significant is the choice outlined in this excerpt? Are the basic opinions limited? Do they differ from what the church thought life's limits and options were? Is the concept of freedom in this passage a modern one? What do you believe is Mirandola's definition of "free will"? Explain.
Q2) Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?
A)England, France, and Spain
B)France, England, and Denmark
C)Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain
D)England, France, and Germany
Q3) In Jiménez's Complutensian Polyglot Bible,Hebrew,Greek,and ________ appeared together.
Q4) Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?
A)The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
B)Medieval Christian values are important teachings.
C)The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth.
D)Art must be abstract and formulaic.
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Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries,lay religious groups shared a common goal of religious __________.
A)domination
B)independence
C)ecstasy
D)simplicity
Q2) Thirteenth- through fifteenth-century lay religious movements shared a common goal of ________.
A)religious simplicity in the imitation of Jesus
B)a more complex understanding of God's true nature
C)overthrowing the institutions of the church
D)establishing a more authoritarian church to more efficiently suppress heretics
Q3) The new Protestant schools and universities were most likely to teach ________.
A)the ideas of humanism
B)the ideas of Scholasticism
C)strict church doctrine
D)Roman Catholicism
Q4) Why did Martin Luther's message appeal to so many German princes? Explain how they used his critique of the church to strengthen their own political positions.
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Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
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Sample Questions
Q1) Refer to the piece "Going to the Theater." What were the basic elements and purpose of the medieval stage,and what was carried over from it to the Elizabethan theater? How did these new theaters change the social habits of their guests?
Q2) The Edict of Nantes was criticized for ________.
A)revoking the rights of the Huguenots
B)creating a state within a state
C)turning a long cold war into a long hot war
D)removing Catholicism as the official religion of France
Q3) French Protestants were known as ____________ and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s.
Q4) The most successful politique was ________.
A)Oliver Cromwell
B)Philip II of Spain
C)Elizabeth I of England
D)Mary I of England
Q5) The national covenant,led by Louis of Nassau,called the ___________,is a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.
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Chapter 13: European State Consolidation in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
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Q1) Under the Treaty of Dover,Charles II allied with the ________ against the _______.
A)French;Spanish
B)German Empire;Dutch
C)French;Dutch
D)English;French
Q2) In what way did the Sejm fail Poland?
A)The Sejm failed to advance successful military operations.
B)The Sejm was ruined by royal intrigue that took away power from the governing body.
C)The Sejm was made up of foreigners who did not know the issues of Poland.
D)The Sejm required unanimity for any legislative action,which blocked effective government.
Q3) The Militia Ordinance gave the English Parliament the power to ________.
A)raise its own army
B)raise or lower taxes
C)dissolve the monarchy
D)house soldiers in the homes of citizens
Q4) The palace at ________ is a perfect example of how Louis XIV used the physical setting of his court to exert political control.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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Q1) The method of investigation that relies on evidence,experimentation,and observations derived from sensory experiences to construct scientific theory is the ________ method.
Q2) Bernini was hired by Urban VIII to decorate ________.
Q3) The method by which scientists draw generalizations derived from,and test hypotheses against,empirical observations is known as _________________.
Q4) The witch hunts ended because,among other things,________.
A)they threatened the social order
B)Protestants were more preoccupied with the devil
C)the power of words seemed greater after Gutenberg
D)no judges were left
Q5) How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists?
A)It increased the accuracy of physical observations.
B)It required a new level of mathematical accuracy.
C)It improved navigation.
D)It required increased attention to scientific subjects.
Q6) During the era of the scientific revolution,_____________ knowledge was only in the process of becoming science as we know it today.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
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Q1) The leader of the brutally suppressed Russian rebellion in 1773 and 1775 was
A)David Hume
B)Emelyan Pugachev
C)Josiah Wedgwood
D)Robert Jacques Turgot
Q2) The painting Robert Andrews and His Wife illustrates what traditional linkage of the Old Regime?
A)commerce and the middle class
B)the nobility and servile labor
C)land and nobility
D)inherited privilege and an urban lifestyle
Q3) For girls that became servants,this work was generally ________.
A)a prelude to marriage
B)a career
C)considered demeaning
D)a welcome escape from the family
Q4) Nearly all French peasants were subject to certain feudal dues called ________.
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Q5) Compare the nobility of the 1700s with today's elite.In what ways are they comparable and different?
Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
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Q1) The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the _________ stage of European imperialism.
A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
Q2) Although the primary trade pattern of the transatlantic economy was from Africa and Europe to the Americas,a secondary trade pattern existed between ________.
A)New England and the West Indies
B)New England and India
C)the West Indies and South America
D)the West Indies and India
Q3) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War,new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between ________.
A)Prussia and Austria
B)Great Britain and Austria
C)France and Great Britain
D)France and Austria
Q4) The ________ system was meant to maintain Spain's monopoly on trade.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
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Q1) What were Mary Wollstonecraft's objections to Rousseau's ideas on women? If Rousseau were writing today,what response would you give to his ideas about the role of women? Use the empirical arguments and appeal to rational thought that he would have expected of the writers in his day.
Q2) The phrase "enlightened absolutist" indicates a ________ government dedicated to the rational strengthening of the central absolutist administration at the cost of lesser centers of political power.
Q3) Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?
A)Moses Mendelssohn
B)Immanuel Kant
C)Adam Smith
D)Cesare Beccaria
Q4) His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.
A)supported laissez-faire policies
B)was a physiocrat
C)was a proponent of mercantilism
D)was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies
Q5) Voltaire's most famous satire,________,attacked war,religious persecution,and what he considered unwarranted optimism about the human condition.
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Chapter 18: The French Revolution
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Q1) The Thermidorian Reaction was a product of what two developments?
A)the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Great Fear
B)the Tennis Court Oath and the Reign of Terror
C)the Reign of Terror and the growing power of the sans-culottes after the deaths of Robespierre and Danton
D)the white terror and the establishment of the Directory
Q2) Consider the events of the Reign of Terror.In a brief essay,explain the causes that led to the revolutionary tribunals and the events that led to their demise.Discuss the reasons that the terror led to the government sanction of thousands of executions.
Q3) What justification did the Paris Commune give for the September Massacres?
A)They claimed that the people held in city jails were counterrevolutionaries and threatened the gains of the revolution.
B)They claimed that the aristocrats executed in the massacre had worked against the goals of the revolution and could not be trusted to be free.
C)They claimed that the massacres targeted counterrevolutionaries.
D)They claimed that the massacres were directed by the Legislative Assembly against enemies of the state.
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Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
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Q1) One of the central features of the Romantic movement in Germany was the emergence of ________.
A)nationalism
B)rebellion
C)chauvinism
D)partisanship
Q2) Explain why the establishment of Consulate effectively ended the revolution in France.
Q3) ___________ of Russia wanted all of Poland under his control.
Q4) For his service in recovering the port of Toulon from the British,Napoleon was
A)appointed a brigadier general
B)given command in Italy
C)asked to serve as First Consul
D)asked to serve as head of the Directory
Q5) The Battle of Trafalgar _________.
A)ended any possibility of France invading England
B)took Prussia out of the war
C)took Russia out of the war
D)led to a short-lived peace
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Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)
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Q1) What were the political characteristics of the July Monarchy? What role was Catholicism given under Louis Philippe? Was the new government clerical,anticlerical,or both? Do you think the July Monarchy represented a solid break with the past? Why or why not?
Q2) What did Louis XVIII hope to achieve in his constitution called the Charter?
A)He hoped to suppress the Roman Catholic Church.
B)He hoped to improve trade.
C)He hoped to bring about the policies of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
D)He hoped to reconcile with the aristocracy and the church.
Q3) The Four Ordinances were an example of ________.
A)conservative reaction
B)liberal reform
C)radical reform
D)the work of the Concert of Europe
Q4) The single most powerful European political ideology proved to be ________.
A)nationalism
B)communism
C)republicanism
D)liberalism
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Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest
(1830-1850)
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Q1) The revolutions of 1848 and 1849 ________.
A)resulted in a unified middle and working class
B)were successful in establishing liberal or national states
C)ended monarchy in Europe forever
D)failed to establish liberal or national states
Q2) The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was an example of the implementation of
A)Chartism
B)classical economic theory
C)nationalism
D)socialism
Q3) The English Factory Act of 1833 made the factory owner responsible for providing _____ hours of education for children age nine to thirteen.
Q4) How did railways affect industrial expansion? Were early railways used to transport people,products,or both? How did railways affect the steel and iron industries?
Q5) A major shift in the family and factory structure,characterized by an increase in the size of machinery and factories,began in the mid-_____.
Page 24
Q6) Ships used as prisons were called _______.
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Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
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Q1) In 1866,Prussia went to war with ________,after siding with it against Denmark in 1864.
Q2) Which of these describes the military operations of the Crimean War?
A)The British and French troops were superior to those of the Ottomans and Russians.
B)The Russian troops were superior to all other forces.
C)The Ottoman troops were superior to all other forces.
D)All of the troops were inept,ill-equipped,and poorly commandeD.
Q3) Refer to the excerpt "Heinrich von Treitschke Demands the Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine." On what grounds does Treitschke base the German claim to Alsace and Lorraine? Why does he contend it is proper to ignore the wishes of the people involved? What,if any,political morality informs his views?
Q4) Issued as a decree from the sultan,the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane attempted to ________.
A)formally annex Serbia and all Slavic peoples to the Ottoman Empire
B)reorganize the empire's administration and military along European lines
C)pressure bureaucrats to recognize only Christianity as a legitimate religion
D)democratize the Ottoman Empire
Q5) The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 at the Palace of ________.
Q6) Bismarck's values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.
Page 25
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Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society
and Politics to World War I
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Q1) ________ is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews.
Q2) The doctrines put forth by Eduard Bernstein,known as ________,which questioned whether Marx was right to demand revolution,were eventually rejected by German socialists.
Q3) European migration ________ Europe because ________.
A)hurt;it created a labor shortage
B)hurt;it created a brain drain of highly skilled workers
C)shamed;it undercut its image of superiority
D)benefited;it relieved social and population pressures
Q4) Which of the following lagged behind other European countries economically in the late 1800s?
A)Germany
B)Austria-Hungary
C)the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire
D)Norway and Sweden
Q5) Explain how migration patterns have affected the world's food and resource situation.What reasons are given for a persistent crisis in certain regions of the world?
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Q6) In the nineteenth century,the ________ set the values and goals for most of the society.
Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
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Q1) From midcentury on,writers used science to question ________.
A)ethics
B)history
C)religion
D)philosophy
Q2) Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were most successful in ________.
A)converting Muslims to Christianity
B)helping to abolish slavery
C)educating young Arabs in science and medicine
D)promoting more tolerant views of nonwhites
Q3) Which of the following became a major factor in the emerging mass politics?
A)political cartoons
B)letters to the editor
C)front-page editorials
D)transcripts of political speeches
Q4) The first person to use race to explain history was ________.
Q5) Theodor Herzl advocated __________.
Q6) In his novel In Search of Time Past,Marcel Proust adopted a ________ format that helped him to explore his memories.
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Q7) The Irish writer ________ argued against romanticism and false respectability.
Chapter 25: The Age of Western Imperialism
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Q1) The largest missionary society in ________ had over a million members.
A)the United States
B)France
C)Germany
D)Britain
Q2) What explains the similarities and differences between the ways various European states acquired and ruled empires in Africa during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Q3) To preserve their political power and economic privileges,the white elite of South Africa eventually enforced a policy of racial ________,or "separateness."
Q4) The Open Door Policy ________.
A)was strongly supported by Russia
B)allowed all nations to trade in China on equal terms
C)divided China into sections,opening trade to the United States and U.S.allies
D)allowed China to control its own trade
Q5) Indian Hindus organized the ________ in 1885 with the goals of modernizing Indian life and liberalizing British policy.
Q6) British and Russian rivalry over Central Asia ended with ________.
Q7) The ________ closed the Americas to European colonization.
Page 28
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Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
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Q1) Why did the Bolsheviks oppose World War I?
A)They believed it benefited only capitalism.
B)They considered it an obstacle to their revolutionary ambitions.
C)They considered military aggression antithetical to socialist beliefs.
D)They feared a Germany victory.
Q2) Woodrow Wilson called America's war aims the ________.
Q3) Which nation had the largest number of soldiers potentially available in World War I?
A)Great Britain
B)the United States
C)Russia
D)Germany
Q4) At the Congress of Berlin in 1878,________.
A)Germany claimed a new role on the world stage
B)Russia was permitted to occupy Constantinople
C)Bosnia-Herzegovina became an independent state
D)the Ottoman Empire was dismembered
Q5) The two countries that became administrators of mandates carved out of the former Ottoman Empire were ________.
Q6) The Kingdom of Serbs,Croats,and Slovenes was also known as ________.
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Chapter 27: The Interwar Years: the Challenge of Dictators and Depression
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Q1) Which of these describes attitudes toward the Versailles settlement in the 1920s and 1930s?
A)near-unanimous opposition
B)general satisfaction
C)discontent among the defeated parties
D)widespread optimism
Q2) Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.
Q3) Mussolini's brokering of the Lateran Accord resulted in ________.
A)disdain among Italians,the majority of whom opposed a separate state for the Vatican
B)fear among Italians,the majority of whom opposed Catholicism as a national religion
C)anger among Italians,with many feeling that Italy's concessions had been too costly
D)approval among Italians,bringing increased respectability to Mussolini's regime
Q4) What were the major developments in the economy of the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s? In your opinion,which (if any)Soviet economic policies truly embodied socialist principles?
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Chapter 28: World War Ii
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Q1) The victory of Hitler over all of northwestern Europe can be attributed primarily to
A)inferior British and French troops
B)superior German numbers
C)French lack of resolve
D)blitzkrieg
Q2) The German invasion of ________ was the immediate cause of World War II.
A)the Soviet Union
B)France
C)Poland
D)Czechoslovakia
Q3) What concession did the Western powers make to the Soviet Union in order to gain its participation in the war against Japan?
A)They ceded Eastern Europe to the Soviet Union.
B)They ceded the Soviets Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands.
C)They agreed to Stalin's demand for $20 billion in reparations from Germany.
D)They agreed to Stalin's demand for forced German labor.
Q4) Defense against Germany during World War II was known as "The ________" in the Soviet Union.
Q5) The Big Three for most of the war were _________.
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New Europe
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Q1) Which of these post-war trends was stalled or reversed by the invasion of Iraq?
A)U.S.-European cooperation
B)the spread of Muslim reformism
C)the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
D)unilateralism
Q2) The Helsinki Accords ________.
A)represented a step forward in recognizing human rights in Eastern Europe
B)sought to limit the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
C)were opposed by the United States
D)were initiated by U.S.President Jimmy Carter
Q3) Why did Russia object to Kosovo's independence?
A)It might lead other republics to leave the federation.
B)It feared Kosovo was providing arms and other assistance to Chechen rebels.
C)It feared Kosovo would align with Poland.
D)It feared China would profit from the weakness in the Russian Federation.
Q4) The first meaningful elections since the 1950s were held in Iraq in ________.
A)1985
B)1995
C)2005
D)1975
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Chapter 30: Social, cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West Through the Present
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Q1) Warfare was the chief catalyst for the invention of the computer because
A)the splitting of the atom led to the knowledge necessary to develop complex electronic circuitry
B)major powers developed new weapons that required exact mathematical ballistic calculations to effectively strike targets with bombs
C)governments required the organization of large databases of information
D)major powers funded massive research and development labs that had a free rein to experiment and develop new products
Q2) Refer to the excerpt "Toys from Europe Conquer the United States." How has LEGO been an example of the European penetration of popular culture around the world? Why has the influence of LEGO on children's toys been less controversial than the emergence of American fast-food chains in Europe?
Q3) The European Economic Community (EEC)was also called the ________.
Q4) Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.
Q5) What were the advantages of the European Union's adoption of a common currency? Are all member countries to benefit equally? Consider the exchange of foreign currency in your answer.
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