Survey of Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Survey of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course covers key concepts, theories, and research findings across major areas of psychology, including biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, development, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Students will explore how psychological principles apply to everyday life and gain an understanding of the methods psychologists use to study human and animal behavior. The course aims to cultivate critical thinking skills and an appreciation for the diversity of human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by Carole Wade
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Humanistic psychologists try to dig below the surface of a person's behaviour to get to its unconscious roots.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Psychologists from the biological perspective would be likely to agree that anxiety is due to forbidden, unconscious desires.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Psychology became a formal discipline in the sixteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Q1) CPA ethical standards require researchers to:
A) avoid double-blind studies.
B) avoid the use of deception.
C) limit the use of volunteers as subjects.
D) obtain informed consent from subjects.
Answer: D
Q2) Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and values are called:
A) field research.
B) laboratory observations.
C) control conditions.
D) psychological tests.
Answer: D
Q3) The likelihood of lying about a touchy topic is reduced when respondents:
A) are questioned by a compassionate interviewer.
B) are paid for their participation in the survey.
C) are guaranteed anonymity.
D) receive explanations regarding the importance of the survey.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Q1) Which of the following best describes the position of most psychologists today on the nature-nurture issue?
A) Nature and nurture interact to produce both our psychological and our physical traits.
B) Nature is more important in producing our physical traits, while nurture is more important in producing our psychological traits.
C) Nature produces our physical traits, while our psychological traits are produced by an interaction of nature and nurture.
D) Some of our psychological traits are produced primarily by nature and some primarily by nurture, but nature is most important in producing our physical traits.
Answer: A
Q2) ________ emphasizes the evolutionary mechanisms that might help explain similarities in behaviour.
A) Nativism
B) Empiricism
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Behavioural genetics
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Q1) Jellyfish and worms have the beginnings of a nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which part of the neuron acts like an antenna to receive messages from other neurons?
A) dendrite
B) cell body
C) axon
D) glia
Q3) Motor nerves carry messages from special receptors in the skin, from muscles, and from sense organs to the spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Harmful effects can occur when neurotransmitter levels are:
A) either too high or too low.
B) too high.
C) too low.
D) sufficient, but neurotransmitters are released too slowly.
Q5) What drives are associated with the functioning of the hypothalamus?
Q6) Why is the parasympathetic nervous system compared to the brakes of a car?
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Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Q1) Stimulants are:
A) drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system.
B) capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behaviour.
C) drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system.
D) drugs derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria.
Q2) Chronic insomnia affects about ________ of all adults.
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 35%
Q3) Sigmund Freud would argue that everything in a dream is symbolic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true of recreational drugs?
A) There is no evidence that light or moderate use damages the brain.
B) There is general agreement that heavy or very frequent use can cause permanent damaging effects to the brain.
C) Some drugs are more dangerous than others.
D) All psychoactive drugs can cause tolerance and withdrawal.
Q5) Describe the common effects of opium.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) When the lens of the eye focuses light on the retina, the result is a/an:
A) upside-down image.
B) sideways image.
C) peripheral image.
D) colourless image.
Q2) The stimulus for a sound is a wave of pressure created when an object vibrates or when compressed air is released.
A)True
B)False
Q3) On a bright, sunny day, Marie enters her very dark garage. Since the light does not work, her eyes must adjust through a process of dark adaptation. Research shows that after 15 minutes, dark adaptation is:
A) complete in the rods, but is still occurring in her cones.
B) complete in both the rods and cones.
C) complete in the cones, but is still occurring in her rods.
D) still occurring in both the rods and cones.
Q4) Rods are much more sensitive than are cones in darkness.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Q1) Intermittent reinforcement schedules vary in how the reinforcers are delivered. Describe the two major types of intermittent schedules.
Q2) Research supports the biological basis of fear conditioning and fear extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pavlov said that learning occurs when:
A) animals or humans think that a particular stimulus acts as a signal for a response. B) animals or humans form an internal representation about a classically-conditioned behaviour.
C) a response is produced reflexively by the presence of an eliciting stimulus.
D) a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Q4) Stimulus generalization has occurred if a child learns to fear spiders and then responds to beetles with fear.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the role glutamate appears to play in the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned fear response.
Q6) Explain the distinction between primary and secondary punishers.
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Q1) conformity studies
A)Solomon Asch
B)Stanley Milgram
C)Muzafer Sherif
D)Phillip Zimbardo
Q2) What is an attitude? Give an example of an attitude that would be considered explicit and one that would be considered implicit.
Q3) Stanford prison study
A)Solomon Asch
B)Stanley Milgram
C)Muzafer Sherif
D)Phillip Zimbardo
Q4) Who conducted an experiment on conformity in which people were asked to judge the length of lines?
A) Solomon Asch
B) Philip Zimbardo
C) Stanley Milgram
D) Muzafer Sherif
Q5) List the procedures used by researchers to measure implicit prejudice.
Q6) What is cognitive dissonance? List one example of this state of tension.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Q1) Define language. To qualify as a language, what criteria must a communication system meet?
Q2) the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief
A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)heuristic
D)mental set
E)algorithm
Q3) Many people report mental images in the sensory modalities of smell, touch, taste, and pain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The traditional approach to intelligence, the ________ approach, focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests.
A) cognitive
B) contextual
C) psychometric
D) triarchic
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Chapter 10: Memory
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Q1) You remember most of the gifts you received for your sixteenth birthday.
A)Short-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Procedural memory
E)Episodic memory
Q2) Kyla is attending university in her third year of psychology. The fact that she can use previously learned information about psychology to help her succeed in her current classes can be accounted for by the process of:
A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) priming.
Q3) Owen is convinced that one of the questions on his psychology exam will be to name the eight reindeer that pulled Santa's sleigh. What kind of test question would the professor use to measure recognition? What about recall? Which type of test would be easier for Owen? Speculate on the reason it would be easier.
Q4) Why is short-term memory sometimes called a "leaky bucket"?
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Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Q1) Display rules involve social/cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "It's too bad my car was totalled by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've been wanting." This is an example of:
A) reappraising the situation.
B) making social comparisons.
C) learning from the experience.
D) cultivating a sense of humour.
Q3) You have just finished a very stressful final exam period filled with late nights and high anxiety. You start to feel yourself coming down with flulike symptoms. According to Selye's GAS, you are in the ________ phase.
A) exhaustion
B) alarm
C) recovery
D) resistance
Q4) Briefly explain how the HPA axis system works.
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13
Chapter 12: Motivation
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Q1) An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives.
A)set point
B)leptin
C)bulimia
D)anorexia
E)basal metabolism
Q2) Which of the following is one of the top four psychological needs identified in a study of U.S. and South Korean college students?
A) security
B) popularity
C) money
D) autonomy
Q3) The authors would be most likely to agree with all of the following statements about work EXCEPT:
A) work is paid employment.
B) poets work, even though they are paid erratically.
C) students work at studying.
D) homemakers work at running a household.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Q1) Piaget underestimated the cognitive skills of adults.
A)True
B)False
Q2) the fundamental sense of being male or female
A)gender
B)gender identity
C)gender schema
D)sex
E)gender typing
Q3) Margaret and Harry Harlow
A)private speech
B)object permanence
C)strange situation test
D)moral development
E)contact comfort
Q4) Jean Piaget said that strategies used by children to solve problems are meaningless until about seven years of age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why has there been public concern about the exposure of pregnant women to lead?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an emphasis shared by all psychodynamic theories?
A) an emphasis on unconscious thoughts and feelings from childhood that later form characteristic habits, conflicts, and often self-defeating behaviour
B) an emphasis on the role of early childhood experiences
C) an emphasis on adult experiences as the cause of ongoing problems
D) an emphasis on unconscious processes within the mind
Q2) Which psychosexual stage is most crucial for the formation of personality, according to Freud?
A) the genital stage
B) the phallic stage
C) the oral stage
D) the anal stage
Q3) If you do not want to be taken in by the Barnum effect, beware of your selective perceptions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Three crucial aspects of the environment are parents, peers, and particular situations. How much, and in what ways, does each of these aspects contribute to personality?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to the textbook's discussion of dissociative disorders:
A) between 1789 (a young German woman was the earliest reported case) and 1957 (the film The Three Faces of Eve was released), there were more than 40 000 cases reported worldwide.
B) patients' physiological responses show unique patterns for each personality, which provides empirical support for "mental splitting."
C) the splitting of consciousness in this way is more common among individuals from collectivist cultures than individuals from individualist cultures.
D) each identity appears to have its own memories, preferences, personality traits, and medical problems.
Q2) The DSM-IV describes personality disorders as enduring patterns. What are some of the factors that might lead to a temporary pattern of personality disturbances?
Q3) During adolescence, when the brain is supposed to undergo a natural pruning of synapses, schizophrenic brains do not prune away enough synapses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are typical symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder?
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Q1) ________, such as Valium and Xanax, increase the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
A) Tranquilizers
B) Antipsychotic drugs
C) Antidepressants
D) Lithium carbonate
Q2) ________ occurs when a client responds to her therapist with unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts about her parents.
A) Transference
B) Exposure treatment
C) Free association
D) Flooding
Q3) A therapist considers her method to be a form of "depth" therapy because her goal is to delve into the deep unconscious processes of her patients. Which type of therapist would she represent?
A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) existential
D) behavioural
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Page 18