Survey of Psychology Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Survey of Psychology provides an overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course introduces major concepts, theories, and research findings in key areas of psychology such as biological foundations, perception, learning, memory, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Students will explore how psychological principles apply to everyday life and gain insight into both individual and group behavior. Designed for both psychology majors and non-majors, the course emphasizes critical thinking, the scientific method, and the relevance of psychological research in understanding the human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 10th Edition by Rod Plotnik
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27 Chapters
5275 Verified Questions
5275 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Discovering Psychology
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188 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Test anxiety from the humanistic perspective is seen as being related to problems in developing potential.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which approach has surpassed the popularity of behaviorism in the modern era?
A) functionalism
B) Gestalt
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive
Answer: D
Q3) Given the historical changes in the definition of psychology,which of the following definitions would have been more likely to be used in the early years of psychology?
A) Psychology is the study of observable behavior.
B) Psychology is the study of behaviors and mental processes.
C) Psychology is the study of the basic elements of sensation and perception.
D) Psychology is the study of observable actions and cognitive functions.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Psychology and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend has two children.The youngest of them,a three-year-old boy,was recently diagnosed with ADHD.You find that odd because:
A) ADHD rarely shows up in males.
B) The symptoms of ADHD typically are first observed around the age of ten.
C) In general, the youngest child in a family does not show ADHD.
D) A diagnosis of ADHD before the age of 4 does not follow the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Answer: D
Q2) According to your textbook,statistical procedures are used to:
A) determine if the control group was randomly assigned to the dependent variable
B) determine if the experimental group was randomly assigned to the dependent variable
C) determine if the observed differences in the dependent variables are due to the independent variable or to something else
D) determine if the observed differences in the independent variables are due to the dependent variable or to something else
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Brains Building Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parkinson's disease involves the neurotransmitter dopamine.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A patient with Parkinson's disease was recently prescribed L-dopa.In how long is it likely that he will start showing unwanted jerky movement?
A) 6 months
B) 2 to 3 years
C) 5 to 10 years
D) 15 years
Answer: C
Q3) Consider this: A tired,listless brain walks into a restaurant and looks on the menu for something that could provide fuel for it.What "entree" does the brain order?
A) Hormone deluxe
B) Glucose platter
C) Calorie soup
D) Neurotransmitter buffet
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Incredible Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans have more sophisticated neurons than chimpanzees and this explains the difference in intelligence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why would a split-brain patient say that he saw the word "ART" when "HE ART" is flashed on the screen in front of him?
A) "ART" goes to the left hemisphere, which has the ability to speak
B) "ART" goes to the right hemisphere, which has the ability to speak
C) "ART" goes to the corpus callosum, which has the ability to speak
D) "ART" goes to the thalamus, which has the ability to speak
Q3) You are about to give a speech to a group of 100 people.Your ____ division is especially active as you notice butterflies in your stomach,a dry mouth,and sweaty palms.
A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) parietal lobe
D) cerebellum
Q4) Executive function is governed by the frontal lobes.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Sensation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stan,who is blind because of damage to the optic nerves,is participating in a research study on artificial senses.He is eligible for an experimental device to help him see,at least partially.Which of the following is best suited for Stan?
A) cochlear implant
B) upon further review, Stan cannot be helped
C) artificial eye and retina
D) implanting tiny wires from a camera into his visual cortex
Q2) Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
A) the fovea; the lens
B) small amounts of light; bright light
C) opsin; rhodopsin
D) light adaptation; dark adaptation
Q3) The auditory receptors are called:
A) hair cells
B) rods
C) ossicles
D) cones
Q4) Why can the inability to feel pain be fatal?
Q5) How do the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory explain color vision?
Page 7
Q6) Explain why we soon stop smelling scents if we are repeatedly exposed to them.
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Chapter 6: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term describes our tendency to perceive sizes,shapes,and colors as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics keep changing?
A) convergence
B) organizational constancy
C) retinal constancy
D) perceptual constancy
Q2) Diane and Debbie are at an outdoor circus.Their father has purchased each a helium balloon.Debbie accidentally lets go of her balloon and it floats farther and farther away.The balloon appears to be becoming smaller and smaller.Both Diane and Debbie believe that the balloon remains the same size.Their perception is best explained by:
A) Gestalt psychology
B) motion parallax
C) interposition
D) size constancy
Q3) When the image of a stimulus changes shape or size on the retina,we perceive the actual stimulus to be changing.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Sleep and Dreams
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Sample Questions
Q1) "When I was a kid I used to wet my bed all the time.Now I think I must have been dreaming that I was going to the bathroom." Is this person's explanation correct?
A) No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 4 and dreaming occurs in REM.
B) No, bedwetting occurs in REM and dreaming occurs in Non-REM.
C) Yes, bedwetting occurs in REM and that is when dreaming also occurs.
D) No, bedwetting occurs in Non-REM Stage 1 and dreaming occurs in Non-REM Stage 4.
Q2) Who will spend the most time in REM sleep during the course of a 24-hour period?
A) a 60-year-old man
B) a 35-year-old woman
C) a 10-year-old boy
D) a 6-month-old girl
Q3) About ____ Americans have at least one or more of the sleep disorders presented in Module Seven.
A) 12 million
B) 35 million
C) 70 million
D) 120 million
Q4) Explain Freud's theory of dreams and the activation-synthesis model of dreams.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Hypnosis and Drugs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a recent study of college students,it was found that those who reported that they have good or above-average emotional health is:
A) almost perfectly predicted by individual students' college majors.
B) is higher than it has been in the last 30 years.
C) has rebounded after a decline in the 1990s.
D) at its lowest level in the last 25 years.
Q2) Which of the following best illustrates the effects of MDMA?
A) depressant + hallucinogenic
B) hallucinogenic + stimulant
C) stimulant + analgesia
D) euphoria + analgesia
Q3) Which of the following individuals is least likely to be effectively treated with hypnosis?
A) Will, who experiences anxiety and tension
B) Megan has asthma attacks
C) Levi, who wishes to lose some weight
D) Kali suffers from pain from an accident
Q4) Present a brief summary of tolerance,addiction,dependency,and withdrawal symptoms in drinking alcohol.
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Chapter 9: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your authors,the conditioning of racial prejudice can take place through all but which of the following mechanisms?
A) direct experiences
B) innate experiences
C) observational experiences
D) verbal experiences
Q2) Pavlov's explanation of classical conditioning is called:
A) stimulus substitution
B) cognitive perspective
C) prediction theory
D) generalization theory
Q3) Using classical conditioning,how would you condition a person to eye blink when hearing a song? Make sure you specify the NS,UCS,UCR,CS,and CR.
Q4) Spontaneous recovery is defined as the:
A) resultant product of cognitive learning
B) reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
C) discrimination of certain stimuli from other similar stimuli
D) generalization of a response to other similar stimuli
Q5) What is the role stimuli and responses play in the three kinds of learning?
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Chapter 10: Operant and Cognitive Approaches
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Sample Questions
Q1) After a period of extinction,a temporary increase in the rate of responding is called:
A) spontaneous recovery
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization
Q2) The type of learning that focuses on the consequences of behavior is called:
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) process conditioning
D) latent learning
Q3) Bart the bear picks up a teddy bear.In operant conditioning,this behavior is called a(n)____.He is given an apple,which is the ____ of picking up the teddy bear.
A) reinforcer; consequence
B) conditioned response; reinforcer
C) operant response; consequence
D) consequence; reinforcer
Q4) Define positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement,as well as providing an example for each.
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Chapter 11: Types of Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Elizabeth Loftus,food aversions can be:
A) a genetic disposition
B) unlearned through behavioral therapy
C) only acquired through several negative experiences
D) the result of a false memory
Q2) Place the three memory processes in their correct order with regard to the flow of memory.
A) retrieval, storage, encoding
B) encoding, retrieval, storage
C) storage, encoding, retrieval
D) encoding, storage, retrieval
Q3) Sensory memory holds information for up to 30 seconds.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The initial kind of memory that holds information in a "raw" form for a few seconds is called:
A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) chunking memory
D) maintenance rehearsal memory
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Remembering and Forgetting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reminders we create in making associations between previously learned information and newly learned information are called:
A) retrieval cues
B) nodes
C) scripts
D) schemas
Q2) If you let your memory flow freely,you will find that one memory triggers another memory,which triggers another.How would the network theory explain this?
A) Different brain chemicals are associated with different memories.
B) Memories are connected in an enormous cognitive network.
C) Some memories cause interference with others, while those that do not tend to be associated with each other.
D) The neurons that make up a particular memory become more sensitive to each other's signals.
Q3) We can create retrieval cues by making associations with what we are learning and what we already know.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) For Sternberg,intelligence is measured by:
A) analyzing the reasoning that people take in solving problems
B) asking people to define various types of words
C) how well they do in academic settings
D) the activation of neural assemblies in the cerebral cortex
Q2) Which gifted child is most likely to have social and emotional problems?
A) Shawn, whose parents are supportive and encourage him
B) Lydia, whose parents push her to take risks with her creativity
C) Joe, whose parents are critical whenever he fails or makes mistakes
D) Sarah, whose parents think that she is bright but not gifted
Q3) The case of Chris Langan illustrates that even though one might have a high IQ,extraordinary career success most likely requires:
A) innate intelligence
B) being raised in a nurturing environment
C) earning a college degree
D) expertise in computer technology
Q4) What is Head Start? What effect does it have on intelligence over the childhood years and into adulthood?
Q5) Do IQ scores predict academic achievement and job performance?
Q6) What is the relationship between brain size and intelligence?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Thought and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study on political preferences,strong supporters of candidates use reasoning to evaluate their candidates' positions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A way we group or classify objects and events based on some shared characteristics is called a(n)____.
A) concept
B) cognition
C) heuristic
D) algorithm
Q3) The less musical training a person has,the more activity there is in the brain areas devoted to speech and communication.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "Rules of thumb" or mental shortcuts are known as:
A) framings
B) heuristics
C) brainstorming
D) prototypes
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Chapter 15: Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sexual problems only occur in the excitement and orgasm stages.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the approach taken by KIPP and how SLANT can help poor and minority students to succeed in school.
Q3) With regard to homosexuality,most professional health organizations consider:
A) homosexuals to experience higher rates of depression
B) homosexuality to be outside the range of normal sexual behavior
C) homosexuality to be within the range of normal sexual behavior
D) homosexuality to be superior to the heterosexual lifestyle
Q4) Estrogens are secreted by the ____,whereas androgens are secreted by the ____.
A) ovaries; testes
B) brain; body organs
C) lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
D) male; female
Q5) The fact that a bird builds a nest in the spring is an example of a(n):
A) extrinsic behavior
B) self-actualization need
C) fixed action pattern
D) drive-reduction
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Schachter-Singer experiment,subjects explained their arousal by focusing on the situation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At about ____,infants begin to smile,even infants who are ____.
A) 1 to 3 days; blind
B) 8 to 10 weeks; blind
C) 1 to 2 weeks; deaf
D) 4 to 6 weeks; blind
Q3) When Westerners listen to music,they perceive the fast songs as happy and slow songs as fearful.What about the Mafa farmers in Cameroon?
A) they show the same pattern as Westerners
B) they show the opposite pattern as Westerners
C) they perceive both types of songs as happy
D) they perceive both types of songs as fearful
Q4) Emotions include appraisal and observable behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What roles do the amygdala and prefrontal cortex play in detecting emotions?
Page 18
Q6) Describe the four components of an emotion using the emotion of happiness.
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Chapter 17: Infancy Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The case of Alex,the little Romanian boy,illustrates:
A) how the legal system can fail to meet the needs of children
B) how malnutrition affects physical development
C) the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood
D) the importance of prenatal check ups
Q2) Recent research has found that adults who were abused as children are more likely to have moderate to severe depression if:
A) they did not inherit a gene that regulates stress
B) they have more than three siblings
C) they do not have children themselves
D) they abuse alcohol or drugs
Q3) There is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sophia is a very shy and inhibited six-year-old.What should her parents do?
A) provide her with support and encouragement
B) show their anger at her shyness
C) nothing-she'll outgrow it
D) protect her from any situation that may prove to be anxiety-provoking
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Chapter 17: Infancy Childhood Part II
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is resiliency? Describe the factors that contribute to it.
Q2) Describe the proximodistal and cephalocaudal principles of development.
Q3) What are teratogens,and why is development in the fetal stage most susceptible to them?
Q4) Describe the effects of smoking and alcohol on prenatal development.
Q5) According to Piaget,what are the four stages of cognitive development?
Q6) Describe the significant changes in germinal,embryonic,and fetal stages of prenatal development.
Q7) Explain the principle of bidirectionality in describing the interaction between a parent and an abused child.
Q8) Describe the reasons Judith Harris concluded that parents have less effect on children's development than peers.
Q9) Why is the nature-nurture issue such an important question?
Q10) Present a summary of the sensory abilities of vision,hearing,and smell of a newborn.
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Adolescence and Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has indicated that in marriages that fail,couples deal with marital conflict by:
A) venting their anger and frustration
B) confronting disagreements in an open way
C) being straightforward about their problems
D) criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling
Q2) The time of life characterized by many biological,personality,cognitive,social,and personality trait changes between the ages of 12 and 18 is called:
A) adolescence
B) senesce
C) transition
D) matriculation
Q3) Compared to older adults,younger adults are better at:
A) interpreting the significance of information
B) recalling many details
C) extracting the meaning of information
D) using prior information to understand new information
Q4) Boys who mature early tend to be less confident and shyer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.How might you satisfy each of the levels?
Q2) Freud believed that:
A) early childhood is very important in shaping personality
B) personality develops after puberty
C) the influence of early childhood experiences in the shaping of personality is greatly overrated
D) one's personality changes too often to be predicted or studied reliably
Q3) Using handwriting analysis to describe an individual's personality:
A) is becoming a more widely accepted measure
B) lacks validity
C) is a valid approach to personality measurement
D) shows one's strengths and weaknesses
Q4) Freud's ideas such as id,the Oedipus complex,and the basic drives of sex and aggression:
A) are very difficult to demonstrate experimentally or verify
B) have been proven in several studies
C) were actually developed by Carl Jung
D) are assumed to be incorrect by most psychoanalytical theorists
Q5) What roles do the ideal self and real self play in Rogers' theory?
Page 22
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Chapter 20: Social and Cognitive and Trait Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some companies that use personality tests claim that it has real benefits,such as decreases in:
A) liability lawsuits
B) absenteeism
C) quantum personality change in employees
D) health insurance payments
Q2) If intelligence has a heritability of .5 to .7,it means that:
A) 50-70% of a person's IQ score is explained by genetic factors
B) 50-70% of IQ scores are explained by genetic factors
C) 5-7% of a person's IQ score is explained by genetic factors
D) 25-49% of a person's IQ score is explained by genetic factors
Q3) One criticism of social cognitive theory is that:
A) many concepts have not been experimentally based
B) it takes into account interactions among cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental factors
C) too little attention is paid to childhood experiences
D) these concepts have been unsuccessfully used in programs for change
Q4) Children who can delay gratification tend to be more intelligent.
A)True
B)False
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Health,stress and Coping
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Sample Questions
Q1) You visit your family doctor,complaining of migraine headaches.The doctor says that your headaches are psychosomatic.He further explains that that means your headaches are just imagined and are not real.So he tells you to go home and stop worrying.Given your knowledge of stress,you correctly conclude:
A) migraine headaches are only psychological
B) your doctor doesn't know what he is talking about
C) your doctor is well-trained
D) your doctor's definition of psychosomatic is correct, but he should have given you some medication
Q2) Biofeedback trains people to:
A) lower the level of epinephrine in their blood stream
B) use emotion-focused coping
C) exert more control over their autonomic nervous system
D) make effective use of defense mechanisms
Q3) If we use defense mechanisms as our primary means of coping with anxiety,then:
A) we will save ourselves a great deal of undue psychological harm
B) our social relationships will improve
C) we will not have to rely on machines and medication to help us cope
D) we are preventing ourselves from confronting and working on our problems
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Page 24
Chapter 22: Assessment and Anxiety Disorders
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Q1) According to research,the typical woman who marries a man who is currently serving prison time:
A) can be described as unattractive
B) has little experience with romance
C) is intelligent and accomplished
D) suffers from anxiety disorders
Q2) Insanity is a legal term.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following behaviors would be considered abnormal,based upon the statistical frequency approach?
A) buying groceries
B) answering the telephone
C) winning a multimillion dollar lottery
D) getting married
Q4) In the past,somatization disorder was known as:
A) humor imbalance
B) preeclampsia
C) the vapors
D) hysteria
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Chapter 23: Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia
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Sample Questions
Q1) In treating depression,psychotherapy when compared to drugs:
A) reduces relapse
B) increases relapse
C) increases suicide risk
D) reduces mania
Q2) Bonnie,who is severely depressed,is scheduled to receive ECT.If hers is similar to typical cases that call for the use of ECT,how many sessions per week can she expect?
A) one
B) three
C) five
D) seven
Q3) A book entitled ____ focuses on the genetic,neurological,and physiological factors related to mood disorders.
A) Failing to Self-Actualize: The Mood Disorders
B) Mood Disorders: The Biological Factors
C) Cognitive Theories of Mood Disorders
D) Unconscious Conflicts in Mood Disorders
Q4) Describe the approach taken by Beck to treat mild depression.
Q5) What are the most effective treatments for depression and bipolar disorder?
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Chapter 24: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) When using meta-analysis to evaluate psychotherapy's effectiveness,the most improvement occurs in:
A) 1 to 12 sessions
B) 13 to 18 sessions
C) 19 to 24 sessions
D) 25 to 30 sessions
Q2) You are watching a TV talk show.The guest is an advocate of Freudian psychoanalysis and correctly claims that the concept of _____ has been supported by research.
A) systematic desensitization
B) the Oedipus complex
C) id
D) unconscious forces
Q3) The term deinstitutionalization refers to:
A) moving mental patients from the prisons into mental hospitals
B) the dramatic increase in the number of mental patients during the 1950s
C) offering low-cost mental health care to a community
D) releasing mental patients from mental hospitals and returning them to the community
Q4) Describe the use of systematic desensitization in treating a spider phobia.
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Chapter 25: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an audience is known to be initially opposed to a persuasive message,which of the following types of communication will be most effective in changing the audience's attitudes?
A) a one-sided message
B) a fear-inducing message
C) a message from a non-credible source
D) a two-sided message
Q2) An experienced waiter can tell very quickly if a customer is a potential big tipper,and then serves the customer accordingly.To do this,the waiter would probably rely on a(n):
A) self-schema
B) person schema
C) event schema
D) subconscious schema
Q3) What roles were played in Milgram's study on obedience?
A) co-workers
B) artist and critic
C) teacher and learner
D) patient and doctor
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Chapter 25: Extenssion: Social Cognition and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The peripheral route uses facts,figures,and arguments to persuade.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A stereotype saves time and energy in terms of thinking about people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors in aggressive behavior.
Q4) Part of the decision-stage model of helping is determining the costs and rewards of helping.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss why people help or do not help,using the decision-stage model and arousal-cost-reward model.
Q6) You start with a small request and then a large request in the foot-in-the-door technique.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Using the Asch and Milgram studies,describe the power of groups and authority figures.
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