Survey of Criminology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Survey of Criminology introduces students to the scientific study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system. This course explores the major theories of crime causation, types of crime, methods of crime measurement, and the societal responses to criminal behavior. Students will examine the historical development of criminology, the roles of police, courts, and corrections, and emerging issues such as cybercrime and juvenile delinquency. By analyzing case studies and current research, students gain a foundational understanding of criminologys key concepts and their application in real-world contexts.
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Criminology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) The ______ school of thought emphasizes human rationality and free will in its explanations of criminal behavior.
A)biosocial
B)classical
C)positivist
D)psychological
Answer: B
Q2) Define theory.
Answer: A set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related and from which a number of hypotheses can be derived and tested.Theories help us make sense of seemingly unrelated facts and propositions.
Q3) Briefly explain the concept of correlation.How do we know if two factors are correlates?
Answer: Correlates are factors that co-vary when one variable changes, the other does as well.Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation.
Q4) Define level of analysis.
Answer: Segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed; that is, individuals, families, neighborhoods, states, etc.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The UCR and NCVS agree on the basic demographics of those most likely to commit crimes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) If a person is arrested and charged for a Part I offense, the UCR records the crime as ______ by arrest.
A)cleared
B)established
C)resolved
D)solved
Answer: A
Q3) A criminologist wants to learn about the rates of truancy and smoking among adolescents.To do this, he or she would be best served by referencing which of the following sources?
A)UCR
B)NCVS
C)NIBRS
D)self-report surveys
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) As a group, juveniles have ______ rates of violent victimization and violent offending.
A)high
B)low
C)moderate
D)varying
Answer: A
Q2) Compared to other age groups, individuals 65 or older are at a greater risk of violent crime victimization.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) Victim precipitation theory is credited to ______.
A)Amir
B)Gottfredson
C)Sampson
D)Von Hentig
Answer: D
Q4) Identify one occupation that has one of the highest risks for victimization.
Answer: police officers; correctional officers; taxi drivers
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Chapter 4: The Early Schools of Criminology
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Q1) Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cartographic criminology is primarily interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______ are known for the emphasis that they place on the scientific method.
A)classicalists
B)hedonists
C)structuralists
D)positivists
Q4) Scholars who employ maps and other geographic information in their research are known as
A)classical criminologists
B)positivists
C)cartographers
D)atavists
Q5) Define human agency.
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Chapter 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal
Behavior
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Q1) Victimization is more prevalent in affluent areas as compared with poor disorganized communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ is a model for residential environments that inhibit crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself.
A)defensible space
Q3) What is choice structuring?
Q4) Negative emotions that function to prevent criminal behavior have been practically ignored in criminology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the central beliefs of the classical school of thought?
Q6) Cultural criminologists agree with evolutionary scholars that ______ are/is more important than ______ in human social decision making.
A)emotions; rationality
B)behavior; emotions
C)rationality; behavior
D)rationality; emotions
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Chapter 6: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) According to Cohen, lower-class youth desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify three of the lower-class focal concerns proposed by Walter Miller.
Q3) Sanchez-Jankowski defines gangs as
A)organized defiant individualism
B)criminal defiant individualism
C)loose associations
D)individual entities
Q4) ______ is the shared power of a group of connected and engaged individuals to influence the maintenance of public order.
A)collective efficacy
B)group efficacy
C)mechanical solidarity
D)organic solidarity
Q5) Discuss Albert Cohen's subcultural theory.What is short-run hedonism? What are middle-class measuring rods and how do they relate to status frustration?
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Which theory attributes delinquency to an excess of definitions favorable to violations of the law over definitions unfavorable to violations of the law?
A)differential association theory
B)neutralization theory
C)self-control theory
D)social bonding theory
Q2) According to social bonding theory, commitment refers to a lifestyle in which people have invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career, rendering much at stake if they were to engage in crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, levels of self-control fluctuate substantially throughout the life course.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define involvement as an element of the social bond.
Q5) Provide an example of positive and negative reinforcements.
Q6) Define self-control according to Gottfredson and Hirschi.
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Chapter 8: Critical and Feminist Theories
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Q1) Conflict theory shares with labeling theory the idea crime is a social construct with no intrinsic meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Peacemaking criminology advocates ______ in response to crime.
A)corporal punishment
B)imprisonment
C)restorative justice
D)the overthrow of capitalism
Q3) According to Marx, which two parties are involved in class struggle?
Q4) ______ means focusing on the ways in which the definition of the crime problem and criminal justice practices support patriarchal practices and worldviews.
A)theorizing gender
B)theorizing patriarchy and crime
C)feminist criminology
D)patriarchal criminality
Q5) Briefly describe peacemaking criminology.
Q6) Briefly define patriarchy.
Q7) Briefly explain Freda Adler's masculinization hypothesis.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Individuals with a highly sensitive reticular activating system are known as A)activators
B)reactors
C)augmenters
D)reducers
Q2) Briefly define the id according to Freud.
Q3) Which branch of the ANS is most associated with the flight/fight reaction?
A)parasympathetic system
B)sympathetic system
C)reticular activating system
D)classical conditioning system
Q4) The belief that psychopathic individuals are biologically different from the norm, in the sense that their brains are structurally different best reflects which of the following theories?
A)low-arousal theory
B)neurobiological theory
C)social learning theory
D)developmental pathway theory
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Q5) Describe the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and crime.What are the policy implications?
Chapter 10: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) The findings of most behavior genetic studies are supportive of the idea that genes affect antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All evolutionary theories of crime focus on______.
A)economic development
B)genetic developments
C)reproductive strategies
D)the behavior activating system
Q3) The flight/fight system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that pumps out epinephrine to mobilize the body for vigorous action in response to threats.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ______ theory is a neurological theory based on the proposition that behavior is regulated by two opposing mechanisms.
A)behavioral dominance
B)reward dominance
C)behavioral inhibition
D)behavioral activating
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Chapter 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) Age-graded theory strongly emphasizes the predictive nature of individual traits over the potential impact of environmental factors or human agency.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List the two super traits identified by super traits theory.
Q3) Describe integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory.What policy implications might result from this theory? Support your answer with what you have learned in this text.
Q4) The immature behavior of many adolescents is matched by the immaturity of their A)peers
B)reasoning
C)brains
D)culture
Q5) The antisocial behavior of life-course persistent offenders tends to A)vary considerably across time and place.
B)remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C)remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D)remain stable across time and place.
Q6) What is meant by the maturity gap?
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Chapter 12: Crimes of Violence
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Q1) What advantages do robbers claim robbery has over other crimes like burglary and dealing drugs?
Q2) Common law murder in the first degree was an act committed with A)malice and forethought
B)deliberation
C)premeditation
D)all of these
Q3) An upset student opens fire in a school cafeteria, killing eighteen of his classmates.This student is best identified as a A)mass murderer
B)sadistic murderer
C)serial murderer
D)spree murderer
Q4) The majority of robbers are over 25 years of age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Robbers are the least educated, most fearless, most impulsive, and most hedonistic of all criminals.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Terrorism
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Q1) Which theory looks to the anticipated gains of suicide bombers, such as martyrdom, financial rewards to their families, and access to sexual paradise, in order to understand their actions?
A)differential association theory
B)rational choice theory
C)routine activities theory
D)social bond theory
Q2) Identify the reasons that individuals join terrorist groups.Based on what is known about their motivations, propose three strategies for reducing terrorist activity.
Q3) Research has shown that most individuals who join terrorist groups are sadists who enjoy inflicting pain on their victims.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define and describe "terrorism" as a category of crime.What distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence?
Q5) Compare the theories of terrorism discussed in the text.Which do you think does the best job of explaining terrorist activities and motivations?
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Chapter 14: Property Crime
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Q1) Burglary statutes contain common language and are extremely similar in each state.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The high recovery rate of stolen vehicles indicates that most motor vehicle thefts are for expressive rather than financial reasons.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In order to be defined as burglary in the present day, a crime must
A)result in substantial financial loss to the victim
B)involve unlawful entry into a structure
C)involve the use of force
D)take place during the night
Q4) What is the most immediate pressure facing burglars after a successful burglary?
Q5) Whether a person is charged with grand theft or petty theft depends on the item's value at the time it was stolen.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What distinguishes grand theft from petty theft?
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Chapter 15: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Coca-Cola used to be made with the same ingredient from which cocaine is derived.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study found that ______ of males and ______ of females admitted that they had engaged in binge drinking in the past 30 days.
A)50%; 24%
B)11%; 17%
C)32%; 16%
D)23%; 11%
Q3) Drugs, now considered illicit, were legally and widely used in the United States for medicinal purposes up until:
A)1850
B)1897
C)1914
D)1962
Q4) What was the Harrison Narcotic Act? Include its significance.
Q5) What were considered the benefits of taxing and legalizing prostitution in ancient Athens?
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Chapter 16: White-Collar Crime
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Q1) In the study of white-collar criminals conducted by Walters and Geyer (2004), which group was found to be the most educated?
A)white-collar only
B)white-collar prior
C)nonwhite-collar
D)none were significantly different
Q2) What is professional occupational crime?
Q3) Do you think that the motives of occupational criminals are the same as, or different than, those of street criminals? Support your answer with what you have learned in class.
Q4) Which of the following means "let the buyer beware"?
A)caveat emptor
B)laissez-faire
C)Machiavellianism
D)Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Q5) Just about everyone who enters cyberspace is a potential victim of cybercrime.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe Plato's allegory and what message was he trying to convey?
Q7) What theory did Walters and Geyer (2004) compare their findings to?
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Chapter 17: Organized Crime
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Q1) The greater the wealth, the greater the organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act outlawed the consumption and manufacturing of alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe Jan Van Dijk's statistical model of the relationship between prevalence of organized crime, corruption, the rule of law, and country wealth.Where does the United States fall and why?
Q4) There are alleged to be ______ La Cosa Nostra families.
A)24
B)18
C)12
Q5) La Cosa Nostra membership is restricted to males of ______ descent.
A)Spanish
B)Italian
C)Sicilian
D)German
Q6) What are the five major opportunity factors identified by Albanese (2000)?
Q7) Explain what the continuum of corruption means.
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