Survey of Criminal Justice Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the criminal justice system in the United States, examining its key components: law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Students will explore the historical development and current practices of each branch, and gain insight into the processes by which individuals are apprehended, prosecuted, and sanctioned. Emphasis is placed on the roles of criminal law, the impact of public policy, and the interplay between individual rights and community safety. The course also addresses contemporary issues, such as crime trends, juvenile justice, and the challenges faced by professionals working in the sector.
Recommended Textbook
CJ2 2nd Edition by Larry K. Gaines
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17 Chapters
849 Verified Questions
849 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Criminal Justice Today
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Q1) The newest variation on crime that is directly related to the increased presence of computers in everyday life is called:
A) high-tech crime
B) white-collar crime
C) organized crime
D) public order crimes
Answer: A
Q2) Sometimes a constituent consensus forces the government to move more quickly due to public pressure on a crime issue.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The crime control model is a criminal justice model that places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Causes of Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ drugs have chemicals that affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
Answer: Psychoactive
Q2) A theory is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Classical criminology is a school of thought that sees criminal and delinquent behavior as the result of biological, psychological, and social forces.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) __________ is when the relationship between two measurements or behaviors tend to move in the same direction.
Answer: correlation
Q5) __________ is the scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior. Answer: Criminology
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) A felony is usually punishable by a fine and/or jail term of less than a year.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The majority of Part I offenses in the Uniform Crime Reports fall into which category?
A) murder
B) motor vehicle theft
C) robbery
D) larceny/theft
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is an untrue statement regarding the Uniform Crime Reports?
A) it is generally considered the official record of crime in the U.S.
B) it has a high response rate from law enforcement agencies
C) it is able to measure reported crimes
D) it is able to measure unreported crime
Answer: D
Q4) The __________ party in a court case proceeding is called the plaintiff.
Answer: injured
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Chapter 4: Inside Criminal Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the development of the due process clause to the Constitution.
Q2) If four people physically remove a friend from her residence on the property of a religious cult, and argue that the crime of kidnapping was justified in order to remove the victim from the damaging influence of cult leaders, what defense would they be using?
A) self-defense
B) duress
C) insanity
D) necessity
Q3) Intoxication is a defense for __________ ________ in which the defendant claims that the taking of intoxicants rendered him or her unable to form the requisite intent to commit a criminal act.
Q4) The purpose of the "social function" of the law is important for which of the following reasons?
A) To express public morality and teach societal boundaries.
B) To protect society and punish those who have harmed.
C) To express public morality and protect society.
D) To punish those who have harmed and teach societal boundaries.
Q5) A defense for criminal liability that asserts a lack of legal __________ is called insanity.
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Chapter 5: Law Enforcement Today
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Q1) Which of the following is typically NOT one of the responsibilities of the sheriff's department?
A) operating the jail
B) investigating drug crimes
C) carrying out civil and criminal processes within county lines
D) transporting inmates to and from the federal courthouse
Q2) Which of the following agencies has the mission to enforce domestic drug laws and regulations and to assist other federal and foreign agencies in combating illegal drug manufacture and trade on an international level?
A) FBI
B) ATF
C) CIA
D) DEA
Q3) To avoid negative publicity, private security companies are becoming more professional through increased training and better screening of employees.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The primary law enforcement officer in a countyis the __________.
Q5) List and explain the four basic responsibilities of the police.
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Chapter 6: Challenges to Effective Policing
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Q1) According to Gay, Schell, and Schack, officers tend to spend how much of their time on patrol responding to calls for service?
A) one-quarter
B) half
C) three-quarters
D) all
Q2) Officers authorized to make arrests and use force are called:
A) crime scene investigators
B) coroners
C) sworn officers
D) forensic technicians
Q3) The most serious police corruption occurs when police take bribes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that draw a directed police response are called:
A) hot spots
B) directed patrol
C) cold hits
D) cold cases
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Police and the Constitution: The Rules of Law Enforcement
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements that must be present for an arrest to take place?
A) intent
B) seizure or detention
C) understanding
D) compliance
Q2) Explain what a person's expectation to privacy is per the U.S. Supreme Court. Give real world examples of that expectation..
Q3) In which of the following situations is a Miranda warning required?
A) When an identified suspect is questioned in regards to their involvement in a crime.
B) When the police do not ask the suspect any questions that are testimonial in nature.
C) During a stop and frisk when no arrest has been made.
D) When the police have not focused on a suspect and are questioning witnesses at the scene of a crime.
Q4) __________ are situations that require extralegal or exceptional actions by the police.
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Chapter 8: Courts and the Quest for Justice
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Q1) Advocates of the bureaucratic function of courts distinguish between the court's obligation to be fair to the accused and its obligation to be fair to society
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain how a court case reaches the U.S. Supreme Court.
Q3) If a case is reversed and remanded it means it is sent to the U.S. Supreme Court for a new trial.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Missouri Plan is a method of selecting judges that combines appointment and election.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Courts in which most cases usually begin and in which questions of fact are examined are called:
A) trial courts
B) county courts
C) district courts
D) appellate courts
Q6) Explain how the Missouri Plan of judicial selection occurs.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amount or conditions set by the court to ensure that an individual accused of a crime will appear for further criminal proceedings is called:
A) property bond
B) release on recognizance
C) bail
D) preventative detention
Q2) The process through which prosecutors effect an overall reduction in the number of persons prosecuted is called __________.
Q3) ______________ is a Latin term describing the prosecutor's decision not to prosecute a defendant based on his or her determination that a conviction is either unlikely or undesirable.
Q4) A prosecutor is not usually willing to drop a case or reduce the charges against a defendant who is willing to testify against other offenders
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements.
Q6) _________ is a formal investigation prior to trial
11
Q7) U.S. attorneys are nominated by the __________ and confirmed by the
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Chapter 10: The Criminal Trial
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Q1) A witness who has been granted immunity may still refuse to answer questions on the basis of self-incrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Individuals may be tried twice for the same crime if new evidence is found.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The standard of proof used in a criminal trial is:
A) preponderance of the evidence
B) beyond a reasonable doubt
C) criminal surety
D) civil surety
Q4) A __________ is a jury whose members are so irreconcilably divided in their opinions that they cannot reach a verdict.
Q5) __________ is an order that requires correctional officials to bring an inmate before a court or a judge and explain why he or she is being held in prison.
Q6) A(n) ___________ is the questioning of an opposing witness during trial.
Q7) Anything that is used to prove the existence or nonexistence of a fact is called
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Chapter 11: Punishment and Sentencing
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Q1) A __________ is a stipulation that allows a judge to adjust his or her sentencing decision based on the special circumstances of a particular case.
Q2) Sentencing discrimination is a situation in which the length of a sentence appears to be influenced by the defendant's race or another factor not directly related to the crime he or she committed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Legislatively determined guidelines that judges are required to follow are called: A) statutorial guidelines
B) legislative guidelines
C) sentencing guidelines
D) determinate guidelines
Q4) Outline at least two Supreme Court rulings on capital punishment that have impacted the bifurcated process for death penalty sentencing.
Q5) States use a two-stage, __________, procedure for the trying and sentencing of capital cases.
Q6) Explain what the presentence investigative report is and why it is important.
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Chapter 12: Probation and Community Corrections
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Q1) Explain several justifications for community-based corrections programs that are offered by your text.
Q2) A condition of probation that is designed to help reverse the self-destructive behavior of the offender is called a:
A) punitive condition
B) treatment condition
C) standard condition
D) intermediate condition
Q3) The chemical analysis of urine to determine if the subject has been using prohibited substances such as illegal drugs is called __________.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a level of home monitoring?
A) curfew
B) home detention
C) home incarceration
D) electronic monitoring
Q5) A sentence that consists of incarceration in a prison or jail, followed by a probationaryperiod in the community is called a ___________________.
Q6) Explain how probation can be revoked.
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Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
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Q1) Jails are often more difficult to manage than prisons for which of the following reasons?
A) the more diverse and complex population that occurs in a jail facility
B) the large number of juveniles they must house and process
C) the lack of usefulness of jails in today's society
D) the smaller population they serve in a given year compared to prisons
Q2) The race or ethnicity of most jail inmates is:
A) Caucasian, non-Hispanic
B) African American, non-Hispanic
C) Hispanic
D) Asian
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why children of convicts are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior?
A) deterioration of the family structure
B) lack of supervision
C) financial struggles
D) increased support from the state
Q4) The __________ model is based on the assumption that prisoners are incarcerated for reasons of incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution.
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Chapter 14: Behind Bars: The Life of an Inmate
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Q1) Describe at least three of the different job categories for correctional officers according to Lucien Lombardo.
Q2) Explain at least three of the barriers to reentry when an inmate is released from a correctional facility.
Q3) Explain the concept of a total institution as it relates to correctional facilities.
Q4) The practice of separating inmates based on a certain characteristic, such as age, gender, type of crime committed, or race is called __________.
A) prisonization
B) prison segregation
C) relative deprivation
D) jailing
Q5) If convicted offendersfollow the conditions of their parole until the maximum expiration date, or the date on which their sentence ends, then they are discharged from supervision.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the process of parole revocation.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Juvenile Justice System
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Q1) The process during which an official of the court decides whether to file a petition, release the juvenile, or place the juvenile under some other form of supervision is known as the referral.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A __________ is the notification process through which a law enforcement officer or other concerned citizen makes the juvenile court aware of a juvenile's unlawful or unruly conduct.
Q3) The child-savers movement led to the Illinois Juvenile Court Act.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When a child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love this is called __________.
Q5) When the juvenile court first started, juvenile court hearings and records were kept sealed, and the proceedings were closed to the public.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the difference between an adjudicatory hearing and a disposition hearing.
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Chapter 16: Homeland Security
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Q1) Terrorist acts generally target military personnel rather than civilians or "innocent" persons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following refers to placing undercover agents in a position to gain information from hostile foreign intelligence services?
A) electronic surveillance
B) intelligence sharing
C) open-source collection
D) counterintelligence
Q3) In order to search a suspected terrorist's apartment and examine the contents of his or her computer, federal law enforcement does not need a court order based on probable cause that a crime has taken place or was about to take place.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An agency that is primarily concerned with gathering information about potential criminal or terrorist events in order to prevent those acts from taking place is called a(n) __________(general term, not a specific agency name).
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Cyber Crime and the Future of Criminal Justice
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Q1) Digital currency is the introduction of illegally gained funds into the legal financial system with the goal of covering up the funds' true origin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research suggests that the greatest threats to children and teenagers on the Internet are other children and teenagers, not adult pedophiles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is one of the major challenges for law enforcement in dealing with cyber crime?
A) the limited amount of crime that is occurring
B) the difficulty of gathering evidence
C) the ease of dealing with jurisdictional issues
D) the multitude of resources that are available at the local level
Q4) __________ is the willful and repeated emotional harm inflicted on another individual through the use of electronic devices such as computers and cell phones.
Q5) The condition of not being recognized or having a traceable name or identity on the Internet is known as _________.
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