Survey of American History
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Survey of American History provides an overview of the major social, political, economic, and cultural developments in the United States from pre-Columbian times to the present. Emphasizing key events, influential figures, and transformative movements, the course explores how diverse groups have shaped and contested the nations identity. Topics include colonization, independence, expansion, civil conflict, industrialization, reform movements, world wars, and contemporary issues, with attention to the experiences of women, Indigenous peoples, and minorities. The course fosters critical thinking about the forces that have defined America and its role in the world.
Recommended Textbook
AMERICA A Narrative History 10th Edition by
David Emory Shi
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Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures
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Q1) All of the following are true of the Anasazis EXCEPT that they:
A) lacked a rigid class structure
B) engaged in warfare only for self-defense
C) lived in the Southwest
D) were transformed by the arrival of horses
E) were destroyed by a prolonged drought
Answer: D
Q2) Around 1500 B.C.E., which group in Middle America (Mesoamerica) began developing large cities, including gigantic pyramids?
A) Aztecs
B) Incas
C) Mayas
D) Pueblos
E) Mexica
Answer: C
Q3) Cahokia was a large, advanced regional center for the Mississippian culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Englands Colonies
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Q1) Cecilius Calvert
A)Carolina
B)Georgia
C)Maryland
D)Massachusetts Bay
E)New Jersey
F)New Netherland
G)Pennsylvania
H)Plymouth
I)Rhode Island
J)Virginia
Answer: C
Q2) As a result of the Glorious Revolution, England abolished the monarchy and became a republic.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Colonial Ways of Life
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Q1) New England was settled by:
A) a joint-stock company
B) religious fundamentalists
C) military officers
D) the king and his family
E) ex-convicts and debtors
Answer: B
Q2) Puritan commitment to education is best explained by their:
A) need for a literate workforce
B) commitment to Enlightenment principles
C) prior exposure to schools in England
D) innate love of learning
E) need to read the Scriptures
Answer: E
Q3) Jonathan Edwards saw emotionalism as a weakness among Christians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: From Colonies to States
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Q1) Edward Braddock
A)was a British general in the French and Indian War
B)surrendered Fort Necessity to the French
C)wrote Common Sense
D)architect of the Albany Plan of Union
E)warned citizens of Lexington of a British military advance
F)wrote Two Treatises on Government
G)was a British war minister during the French and Indian War
H)organized the Sons of Liberty
I)proposed the Stamp Act
J)was the governor of the Dominion of New England
Q2) The immediate consequence of Pontiac's Rebellion was most Americans believing that:
A) they could now live in harmony with the Native Americans
B) they should abandon their forts and move east
C) Pontiac was too strong to be defeated
D) all Indians must be removed
E) victory against the French was at best a mixed blessing
Q3) Describe the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the impact it had on the relationship between Britain and the American colonies.
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Chapter 5: The American Revolution, 1776-1783
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Q1) Thomas Jefferson
A)author of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
B)wrote The American Crisis
C)surrendered his army to Washington at Yorktown
D)American commander in the South known as the "fighting Quaker"
E)was a brutal British leader in the South
F)major American peace negotiator
G)arrogant British general defeated at Saratoga
H)promised American slaves their freedom if they would join the British war effort
I)fought against Indians in Kentucky
J)ended Benedict Arnold's plot, hanged as a spy
Q2) Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress:
A) combined legislative and executive power
B) shared power with a supreme court
C) was superior to the various state governments
D) was largely a debating society with no clear areas of authority
E) would elect the president
Q3) Discuss Lord Dunmore's proclamation and how it impacted the colonists.
Q4) Explain why 1777 has been referred to as the "year of setbacks" for the British.
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Chapter 6: Strengthening the New Nation
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Q1) The emergence of political parties: A) was anticipated by the writers of the Constitution B) was strongly encouraged by President Washington C) resulted from a division between monarchists and republicans D) brought the United States to the brink of civil war E) reflected basic philosophical differences between Jefferson and Hamilton
Q2) The partisan divisions of the 1790s ended the friendship of Adams and Jefferson for an extended period.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Alexander Hamilton, the United States needed a national bank to provide a stable currency and act as an engine of prosperity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Constitution mentioned the word "slave" (or "slavery") eighteen times.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Examine the Whiskey Rebellion with an eye on the issue of whether or not it was a serious threat to the life of the young nation.
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Chapter 7: The Early Republic, 1800-1815
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of Jefferson's ending of the international slave trade?
A) It finally achieved in 1807 what many members of the Constitutional Convention had wanted to do in 1787.
B) Illegal trade in slaves continued well after the deadline.
C) The last day to legally import slaves was January 1, 1808.
D) It was supported by many southerners because they felt African-born slaves were more prone to revolt.
E) At the time of its enacting, most southern states permitted purchasing slaves internationally.
Q2) Jefferson showed his commitment to limited government by:
A) cutting military spending
B) selling the national bank
C) ending the tariff
D) abolishing the Postal Service
E) canceling the national debt
Q3) The Federalist party was badly hurt by its involvement in the Hartford Convention.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Emergence of a Market Economy, 1815-1850
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Q1) The Erie Canal did all of the following EXCEPT:
A) stretch from Albany to Buffalo
B) dramatically reduce freight rates
C) inspire more canal construction
D) increase shipping through the port of New York
E) bankrupt New York State with its huge cost
Q2) By the 1830s, most western products reached New Orleans by:
A) steamboat
B) flatboat
C) mule train
D) wagon
E) railroad
Q3) Trace the impact that industrialization had on the environment.
Q4) One striking aspect of the Lowell factories was:
A) the happiness of their workers
B) their employment of young single women
C) the superior quality of their products
D) their minimal impact on natural surroundings
E) that they paid workers in stocks
Q5) Discuss the unique role Catholicism played in the resistance to immigration.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1828
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Q1) The Supreme Court ruled that congressional power to regulate commerce "is complete in itself" and "may be exercised to its utmost extent" in:
A) Fletcher v. Peck
B) Gibbons v. Ogden
C) Dartmouth College v. Woodward
D) Cohens v. Virginia
E) McCulloch v. Maryland
Q2) The idea of federal support for internal improvements:
A) was explicitly authorized by the Constitution
B) lost popularity due to the War of 1812
C) was represented by the construction of the National Road
D) was equally popular in all sections of the country
E) was one of Madison's key proposals in his reelection campaign
Q3) What led to the development of the Monroe Doctrine, and how did President Monroe transmit his ideas to the American people?
Q4) James Monroe was the first president from New York.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What factors led to the decline of the first party system?
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Chapter 10: The Jacksonian Era, 1828-1840
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Q1) The attempt to censor the mail revolved around which issue?
A) tariffs
B) western land claims
C) slavery
D) Indian threats
E) South Carolina's nullification
Q2) John C. Calhoun represented South Carolina.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Henry Clay was Andrew Jackson's second vice president.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How long did the economic calamity that destroyed Van Buren's presidency last?
A) twelve years
B) until the end of Van Buren's term
C) seven years
D) it was very brief, but deeply destructive
E) three years
Q5) The Tariff of 1828 proved to be the impetus behind the entire nullification controversy. Examine the process that brought this about.
Page 12
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Chapter
11:
The South, Slavery, and King Cotton, 1800-1860
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Q1) Middling farmers in the South:
A) usually owned slaves
B) generally supported white supremacy
C) lived on the verge of starvation
D) were the lower class of the region
E) were outnumbered by the planters
Q2) Which of the following was not a part of the "masculine" culture of the Old Southwest's frontier?
A) violence
B) gender equality
C) alcohol use
D) gambling
E) sexual promiscuity
Q3) Tobacco was the first major cash crop of the South.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Agricultural diversity in the Old South was practically nonexistent.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What roles did religion, folklore, and family life play in the lives of slaves?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform, 1800-1860
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Q1) Detail the rise of the temperance movement in American society. What was the outcome of this movement's efforts?
Q2) The secular utopian community Brook Farm hosted both male and female visiting lecturers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the various religious movements of the era-the rational religions, the Second Great Awakening, the Mormons, and so on-characterizing the origin and adherents of each.
Q4) Margaret Fuller edited the Dial, a transcendentalist journal.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Brigham Young:
A) rejected Joseph Smith's teachings on plural marriage
B) completely revised the Book of Mormon
C) declared war on Joseph Smith's killers
D) led the Mormons to Utah
E) founded a Mormon university
Q6) Discuss the concept of Deism and its influence on the development of American society.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Western Expansion, 1830-1848
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Q1) Members of the Donner party engaged in cannibalism when stranded on their way to California.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are true about Winfield Scott's assault on Veracruz EXCEPT:
A) Scott led an assault against what was considered to be the strongest fortress in North America
B) Scott's assault was the largest amphibious operation ever attempted by U.S. military forces
C) it was carried out without a loss
D) the victory made General Scott a national hero
E) Mexico surrendered as a result of Scott's victory
Q3) How were the Spanish missions in California different from those established in Texas?
A) The Spanish faced more native opposition in Texas than in California.
B) The missions in California were not very long lasting or influential.
C) The Indians were allowed to keep their native customs and rituals.
D) The workers received wages for their work.
E) The California missions received better funding once Mexico won its independence.
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Chapter 14: The Gathering Storm, 1848-1860
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Q1) The Compromise of 1850:
A) gave Texas more territory
B) admitted Utah as a slave state
C) postponed California statehood
D) ended slavery in Washington, D.C.
E) strengthened the fugitive slave law
Q2) The discovery of gold in California did all of the following EXCEPT:
A) spur a massive migration of gold seekers
B) hasten the demise of the Indians
C) encourage American dreams of a Pacific empire
D) result in an infusion of gold into the U.S. economy that led to a prolonged period of national prosperity
E) create a population with an equal balance of men and women
Q3) On what legal basis did Dred Scott sue for his freedom?
A) He had married a free woman.
B) The physical abuse he suffered was illegal.
C) He argued that slavery was unconstitutional.
D) He claimed that living for extended periods in areas where slavery was forbidden made him free.
E) His father was a free man.
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Chapter 15: The War of the Union, 1861-1865
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Q1) All of the following were strategies used to build the armies of the Civil War except:
A) calling for volunteers
B) implementing a draft
C) kidnapping recent immigrants
D) allowing former military personnel to reenlist
E) using currently enlisted military personnel
Q2) Lincoln stressed repeatedly that the "paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Copperheads were members of the extreme fringe of the peace wing of the Democratic party.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Congress in 1862 resorted to printing paper money to address the shortfall in tax revenues.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss how the Civil War was "the most traumatic event in American history."
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Chapter 16: The Era of Reconstruction 1865-1877
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Q1) The Freedmen's Bureau was the first federal experiment in providing assistance directly to people rather than to states.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why did southern Democrats agree to the Compromise of 1877?
A) It gave the Democrats the White House for the first time since before the Civil War.
B) It permitted the Democrats to gain control of the Senate.
C) It ensured the last federal troops would be withdrawn from the South.
D) It restored slavery.
E) It recognized the rights of states to secede.
Q3) Many former Confederates resented the new state constitutions imposed by Radical Republicans because:
A) all former Confederates were denied the right to vote
B) their provisions allowed for black voting and civil rights
C) former Confederates were uniformly banned from holding any public office
D) their provisions granted universal female suffrage
E) state governments were dismantled and replaced by direct federal administration
Q4) What were the major economic issues between 1868 and 1876?
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1860-1900
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Q1) Write an essay that explains the significance of railroad expansion in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Discuss how these railroads were financed, who the people were behind the expansion, and how they affected the economic development of the country in the late nineteenth century.
Q2) Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil?
A) Its scientists found new technical processes for refining oil more efficiently.
B) It bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges low.
C) It was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising.
D) Rockefeller was lucky to find the highest-quality oil on his Ohio farm.
E) Its corporate structure-known as vertical integration-allowed the company to grow tremendously.
Q3) From the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century:
A) the value of manufactures increased six-fold
B) farm production declined
C) average wages and earnings declined
D) fewer women and children worked
E) innovation in business remained stagnant
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Chapter 18: The New South and the New West, 1865-1900
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Q1) Due to high cotton prices, many sharecroppers were able to save money and buy farms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the role of women in the New West.
Q3) Describe the pattern of race relations in the South from the end of Reconstruction to 1900.
Q4) The Comstock Lode refers to:
A) a reservation set aside for Indians in Texas
B) a mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada
C) a black disenfranchisement plan promoted by Bourbons
D) a cattle drive that ran through Ohio
E) the largest mountain in the Rockies
Q5) One of the goals of the New South prophets was a diversified agriculture. What factors stood in the way of this goal?
Q6) The average annual income of white southerners was double that of Americans outside the South.
A)True
B)False
20
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Chapter 19: Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt, 1865-1900
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Q1) Mugwumps were centered in:
A) the land grant colleges across the country
B) the agricultural colleges of the South
C) the Far West and major universities
D) the Midwest and small colleges
E) large cities and major universities in the Northeast
Q2) Social Darwinism implied the need for:
A) strong central government
B) forced natural selection
C) competition for dominance between different social groups
D) hands off, laissez-faire government policy
E) racial equality
Q3) Herbert Spencer:
A) coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"
B) was the influential president of Harvard University
C) invented the modern game of basketball
D) was the first person to earn a PhD from an American university
E) cowrote On the Origin of Species with Charles Darwin
Q4) Describe politics in the Gilded Age. What were the main issues? What factors influenced voters to be either Republican or Democrat?
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Chapter
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Q1) A major reason that the United States annexed the Philippines despite anti-imperialist opposition in the United States was because:
A) Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo requested annexation
B) the islands were located very close to China and China's potential markets
C) anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan agreed to become the civil governor of the territory
D) Americans wanted to avenge their defeat in the Philippine-American War
E) the Philippines offered the largest and most developed untapped market in the entire Eastern Hemisphere
Q2) During the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt:
A) served as secretary of the navy
B) was a war correspondent for the New York Journal
C) fought in Puerto Rico
D) destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay
E) took part in the land fighting in Cuba
Q3) How did Hawaii become part of the United States?
Q4) What was the Open Door policy, and how did it come about?
Q5) What effect did American ownership of the Philippines have on U.S. foreign policy?
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Chapter 21: The Progressive Era, 1890-1920
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Q1) Frederick W. Taylor:
A) was an Oregon reformer responsible for many progressive measures enacted there
B) wrote The Principles of Scientific Management
C) was the progressive editor of Arena
D) was founder of the National Child Labor Committee
E) authored the bill on reclamation for the western states
Q2) The author of Working People and their Employers was:
A) George F. Baer
B) Ray Stannard Baker
C) Henry Demarest Lloyd
D) Washington Gladden
E) Ida M. Tarbell
Q3) Who were the muckrakers, and what impact did they have on American society?
Q4) The Underwood-Simmons Tariff created the first regular federal income tax.
A)True
B)False
Q5) William Howard Taft finished second in the presidential election of 1912.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
22: America and the Great War, 1914-1920
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Q1) President Wilson suffered a temporarily incapacitating stroke in France while negotiating the peace treaty.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following influenced the U.S. decision to enter the war against Germany
EXCEPT:
A) the overthrow of the czarist government in Russia
B) Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare
C) Germany's offer of an alliance to Mexico
D) unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans
E) Germany's sudden breakthrough on the Western Front
Q3) Describe the election of 1916. Who were the major parties, and what were the significant issues in the campaign?
Q4) Former president Theodore Roosevelt was one of the biggest supporters of the League of Nations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How and why were civil liberties curtailed during World War I? What was the effect of these curtailments?
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Chapter 23: A Clash of Cultures, 1920-1929
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Q1) How did the scientific work of Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Werner Heisenberg influence American thought?
Q2) Discuss the meaning and significance of the Harlem Renaissance.
Q3) The 1920s "New Era" was created by advances in all of the following EXCEPT:
A) communications
B) transportation
C) government-funded programs
D) business organization
E) the spread of mass consumerism
Q4) The NAACP favored militant protests over legal challenges as a way to end racial discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The novel This Side of Paradise concerned:
A) immigrant life in New York City
B) the lax enforcement of Prohibition
C) modernist student life at Princeton
D) fundamentalist attacks on modernism
E) the beginnings of Miami's tourist industry
Q6) Describe the defensive temper of the 1920s. What factors contributed to it?
Page 25
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Chapter 24: The Reactionary Twenties
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Q1) Despite the many well-founded criticisms of Warren Harding as president, he was a visionary for his era in the field of:
A) civil rights
B) economic development
C) government oversight
D) business regulation
E) bank development
Q2) Calvin Coolidge
A)was the secretary of the Treasury
B)was Harding's secretary of state
C)was the secretary of the interior
D)was the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan
E)died in 1923
F)wrote American Individualism
G)was the Republican vice-presidential candidate in 1920
H)was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1928
I)was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1924
J)was the Progressive party presidential candidate in 1924
Q3) Trace the rise of Calvin Coolidge to the presidency of the United States.
Q4) How might the decade of the 1920s be called "the decade of prosperity"?
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Chapter 25: The Great Depression, 1929-1939
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Q1) Despite the New Deal, full recovery from the Depression did not come until the crisis of World War II.
A)True
B)False
Q2) By the end of 1937, which group had coalesced against the New Deal?
A) African Americans
B) liberal Democrats
C) all western Democrats
D) Populist party members
E) a bipartisan conservative bloc
Q3) In early 1937, FDR proposed to reform the Supreme Court by:
A) requiring justices to retire at age 70
B) adding up to six additional members
C) removing justices appointed by previous presidents
D) making justices regularly run for election
E) requiring Senate confirmation hearings
Q4) Describe the gains made by labor during the New Deal.
Q5) How did New Deal reforms attempt to raise farm prices and stabilize industry?
Page 27
Q6) Discuss the impact the New Deal had on immoralities in the United States.
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Chapter 26: The Second World War, 1933-1945
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Q1) An incident at the Marco Polo Bridge in 1937 triggered a full-scale war between Japan and French Indochina.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was the Good Neighbor policy? How did it reflect the general foreign policy mood of the nation?
Q3) The Battle of Leyte Gulf underscored Japan's ability to continue its defense of the Philippines.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What lessons does the D-day offensive offer about the significance of preparation and planning for the success of an operation? What other factors beyond preparation and planning does the D-day invasion suggest you consider when assessing why certain operations fail or succeed?
Q5) What factors influenced the Allied victory in the Pacific? Which factor do you think was the most significant? Explain your position.
Q6) During World War II, presidential authority expanded significantly.
A)True
B)False
28
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Chapter 27: The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945-1952
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Q1) When North Korean Communists invaded South Korea:
A) South Korean forces initially repulsed the invaders
B) the United Nations authorized military intervention against the aggressors
C) Truman persuaded Congress to declare war on North Korea
D) Stalin told the North Koreans to stop their aggression
E) the Soviets used their Security Council veto to prevent United Nations action
Q2) As the 1948 election approached:
A) Truman seemed to be in deep political trouble
B) Democrats were strongly united
C) relations with the Soviets were clearly improving
D) Truman seemed reluctant to run for reelection
E) the economy slid into a recession
Q3) Describe the Red Scare that followed the end of World War II. What factors caused it? What were its major results?
Q4) J. Strom Thurmond was from New York.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Henry Wallace ran for president in 1948 as the Progressive party candidate. A)True
B)False
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Cold War America, 1950-1959
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Q1) Before becoming president, Eisenhower was most shaped by his experience in:
A) business
B) the military
C) higher education
D) politics
E) the law
Q2) The GI Bill of Rights provided financial assistance for home loans and college expenses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) After the war, Americans were most eager to:
A) purchase
B) save
C) travel
D) pursue education
E) work overtime
Q4) Many adults, having experienced the Depression and wartime rationing, were eager to consume more in the 1950s.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 29: A New Frontier and a Great Society, 1960-1968
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Q1) Describe the Warren Court's impact on American domestic life in the 1960s.
Q2) Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson:
A) had a humble and modest character
B) was a fairly typical southern conservative
C) may have been involved in the assassination
D) like Kennedy, had been born into wealth and privilege E) genuinely cared about the disadvantaged in society
Q3) Had Kennedy lived, he would certainly have removed U.S. troops from Vietnam.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The major purpose of the Soviet missiles placed in Cuba was to:
A) deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba
B) show hard-liners in the Soviet military that Khrushchev was sufficiently tough
C) launch an attack upon the United States
D) make Castro more dependent upon the Soviets
E) get Kennedy to let the Soviets have West Berlin
Q5) Describe the candidates, issues, and results of the presidential elections of 1960, 1964, and 1968.
Q6) Describe the major trends in the cold war in the 1960s.
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Chapter 30: Rebellion and Reaction, 1960s and 1970s
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Q1) Along with the black power movement, other marginalized groups asserted their causes in the 1960s. Detail both the "brown power" (Hispanic rights) and "red power" (Native American rights) movements.
Q2) Within a year after taking control of the South, the Vietnamese Communists were at war with the:
A) Soviets
B) Cambodian Communists
C) Japanese
D) French
E) South Vietnam
Q3) In April 1970, Nixon extended the war when he sent troops into:
A) Laos
B) China
C) Cambodia
D) Thailand
E) North Vietnam
Q4) What economic problems did President Ford face? How did he try to solve these problems, and how successful was he?
Q5) Describe the domestic policy of the Nixon administration.
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Chapter 31: Conservative Revival, 1977-1990
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Q1) The Gulf War was triggered by Saddam Hussein's invasion of:
A) Saudi Arabia
B) Iran
C) Egypt
D) Israel
E) Kuwait
Q2) President Bush ordered the invasion of Grenada, a small Pacific island, after its unstable government threatened to nationalize American-owned businesses located there.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A high percentage of the homeless people of the 1980s were:
A) Reagan supporters
B) formerly wealthy
C) mentally ill
D) easy to lift out of homelessness
E) receiving large welfare payments
Q4) Were the Reagan and Bush administrations more successful at handling domestic or foreign problems? Explain.
Q5) What was America's role in world affairs during the Reagan and Bush years?
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Chapter 32: Twenty-first-century America, 1993-present
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Q1) Between 1997 and 2006, home prices rose very impressively in Sunbelt states.
A)True
B)False
Q2) President Obama stated that the ACA "was an experiment."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the issue of global terrorism. How has this affected all aspects of American society?
Q4) Briefly assess Clinton's achievements in domestic policy.
Q5) The politician who led the Republican takeover of Congress in the mid-1990s was:
A) Kenneth Starr
B) Newt Gingrich
C) Dick Cheney
D) Pat Buchanan
E) Alan Greenspan
Q6) What factors might account for the Republican gains in the 1994 elections?
Q7) Did American foreign policy change significantly when Bill Clinton became president? Fully explain.
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Q8) Detail the election of 2000. Discuss the major candidates and issues. How was the outcome of this election ultimately decided?
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