Stress Management
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Stress Management is a course designed to equip students with practical tools and strategies to identify, understand, and effectively manage stress in their personal and academic lives. The course covers the physiological and psychological aspects of stress, explores common sources and symptoms, and examines evidence-based techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation exercises, time management, and cognitive restructuring. Through interactive activities and self-assessments, students learn to develop adaptive coping mechanisms, build resilience, and promote overall well-being, preparing them to handle challenges in both academic and professional settings.
Recommended Textbook
Stress Health and Well Being Thriving in the 21st Century 1st Edition by Rick Harrington
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15 Chapters
750 Verified Questions
750 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Stress and Health
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Q1) Holmes and Rahe created an instrument called the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Describe this scale and what it measures.
Answer: Holmes and Rahe created an instrument called the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)to measure life change events.On the Social Readjustment Rating Scale,life change events range from a low of 10 points for events like "minor violations of the law" to a high of 100 points for "death of a spouse." In their model of stress,higher life change event scores for the last 6 months to a year indicate a person has a greater likelihood of developing an illness.This idea spurred debate over whether stress is determined by objective life events or subjective appraisals of these events.
Q2) What is the second step or process in Lazarus's Appraisal and Coping Model?
Answer: The secondary appraisal process involves assessing how well we can deal or cope with a given situation.Coping refers to the effective use of resources and strategies to deal with internal or external demands.Part of the coping assessment process involves estimating the degree of control we have over the stressor.As you might assume,the less control we perceive we have over the stressor,the more stressful we perceive the event to be.
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Chapter 2: Positive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies have found that intelligence is ____ to well-being.
A) positively correlated to a significant degree
B) negatively correlated to a significant degree
C) only superficially related
D) not appreciably related
Answer: D
Q2) Are married people happier? What is the relationship between marriage and happiness?
Answer: One study revealed that nearly double the number of married adults (40%)stated they were very happy than never married adults (24%).However,this study does not show us how marriage affects couples across time.Another study revealed that on average most individuals got a very small boost in happiness levels after marriage,then adapted over about a two year time period,and returned to their pre-marriage baselines.Further,the study found support for the idea that "happy people are more likely to get and stay married." This finding probably accounts for some of the differences in overall happiness levels between married and unmarried individuals reported by Myers.
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Chapter 3: Stress and the Nervous System
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Q1) The ____ is responsible for many of the vegetative functions of the body (e.g., heartbeat, respiration, etc.)and consists of the medulla oblongata, which sits directly above the spinal cord, the pons, which sits above the medulla, and the midbrain, which lies rostral (toward the head end)to the pons.
A) cerebellum
B) parasympathetic branch
C) autonomic nervous system
D) brain stem
Answer: D
Q2) Epinephrine helps to stimulate the release of ____ into the blood stream from ____ stores in the liver and muscles and through a process called ____ converts non-carbohydrate energy stores into glucose for use by the skeletal muscles.
A) glutamate, glutogen, glutogenesis
B) glycogen, glucose, gluconeogenesis
C) sucrose, sucrose, sucrogenesis
D) glucose, glycogen, gluconeogenesis
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Stress, Illness, and the Immune System
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Q1) Explain monocytes and macrophages.
Q2) A pathological condition in the body's tissues and systems usually has a recognized pattern of signs and symptoms and is referred to as a(n)____.
A) illness
B) sickness
C) disease
D) infection
Q3) Only the ____ receives manipulation in an experimental study.
A) non-experimental group
B) experimental group
C) control group
D) experimental design group
Q4) What is the gold standard experimental study in medicine for determining causal relationships?
Q5) ____ is a synonym for illness.
A) Immunity
B) Sickness
C) Disease
D) Infection
Q6) Describe the first layer of the human protective and immune systems.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Impact of Stress on Health Conditions
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Q1) Describe the nine recommendations for reducing the risk of myocardial infarction (MI).
Q2) ____ is also a serious inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by GI symptoms and ulcers of the colon.
A) Irritable bowel syndrome
B) Inflammatory bowel disease
C) Crohn's disease
D) Ulcerative colitis
Q3) Describe coronary heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis.
Q4) Does stress play a role in the development of lupus or its prognosis?
Q5) What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)and how does it differ from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Q6) What role does stress play in atopic dermatitis?
Q7) ____ is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of and sometimes damage to the joints and surrounding tissues.
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Inflammatory joint disease
C) Systemic autoimmune disorder
D) Systemic lupus erythematosus
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Personality and Stress
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Q1) Explain differential appraisal.
Q2) Johan Denollet and his associates introduced ____ and defined it as a personality type that has high negative affectivity (NA)and high social inhibition (SI). A ____ person is similar to an introverted neurotic.
A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D
Q3) What are the three anger expression styles Davidson and Mostofsky used in their study of anger expression as a gender-related risk factor for CHD (coronary heart disease)? How do these styles differ between men and women?
Q4) What is Eysenck's PEN Model?
Q5) Whereas ____ are considered more temporary internal phenomena, ____ are considered more enduring and stable personality characteristics.
A) traits, states
B) states, traits
C) dispositions, temperaments
D) temperaments, dispositions
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Chapter 7: Anxiety, Anger, and Depression
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Q1) Discuss the four phases of Beck's cognitive-behavioral approach to treating depression.
Q2) Meta-analytic studies report that exposure therapy is the most effective treatment for ____ when combined "with relaxation training and/or breathing retraining techniques."
A) panic disorder
B) GAD
C) phobias
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
Q3) The first line of drug treatment today for most forms of anxiety disorders is the SSRIs. Why?
Q4) GAD is more commonly diagnosed in women than men. What is the most prominent cause for this gender difference?
Q5) Define ruminative thinking.
Q6) Describe existential anxiety. Provide examples. What events may trigger existential anxiety?
Q7) Describe the medical student syndrome.
Q8) Describe the positive psychology approach that Maddux suggests should replace the illness ideology approach (e.g., the DSM).
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Chapter 8: Interpersonal Stress
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Q1) What is the central challenge of bicultural adaptation?
Q2) ____ is a hormone found in high concentrations in nursing women that is believed to facilitate maternal-infant bonding.
A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Oxytocin
Q3) In ____, one person directs a hostile, angry, or accusatory remark toward the other which in turn prompts a negative response in kind from the targeted person. Each round of verbal exchanges leads to attack and counterattack that escalate tensions and conflict rather than lead to resolution and reduced tension.
A) positive reciprocity
B) negative reciprocity
C) demand-withdraw pattern
D) stonewalling
Q4) Enumerate the choices for minority group members when dealing with the unique challenges associated with biculturalism.
Q5) Enumerate the benefits of maintaining a secure ethnic identity.
Q6) Describe a "Duchenne smile."
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Job Stress
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Q1) Describe the Pareto principle in relation to time management strategy.
Q2) Define the term stress as it is used in the job-demands control model and other organizational stress contexts. List the three categories of strains and provide examples of each.
Q3) In the ____ dimension of Maslach's three dimensional model of burnout, a person feels emotionally depleted, drained, and lacking in emotional resources.
A) emotional exhaustion
B) cynicism
C) depersonalization
D) reduced efficacy
Q4) Define circadian rhythm. What behavioral changes occur when this is disturbed?
Q5) List the two conditions in which the determination of a misfit occurs.
Q6) People who ____ may experience concentration difficulties or physical fatigue as the worries and pressures of unfinished tasks mount from their tendency to spread themselves thin.
A) procrastinate
B) are perfectionists
C) have too many goals
D) lack goals
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Chapter 10: Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches
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Q1) In order to restore shaken or lost meaning, changes need to be made to either the situational meaning or the global meaning or both to bring them into alignment with each other. Discuss the process of meaning making.
Q2) ____ is a specific type of coping strategy in which one intentionally sets aside other projects to focus on the problem.
A) Restraint coping
B) Mental disengagement
C) Suppression of competing activities
D) Denial
Q3) Discuss the goodness of fit hypothesis.
Q4) What is global meaning?
Q5) Another way to conceptualize the different specific coping strategies is to think of them as intersecting along two dimensions: problem-focused versus emotion-focused and approach versus avoidance coping. Discuss.
Q6) What questions can one ask to self-challenge irrational beliefs?
Q7) Discuss Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training (SIT). What concept is it based on? What combination of cognitive and behavioral skill-building approaches does it use? Elaborate on its three phases.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical Activity and Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the effects of weight-bearing exercise on bone health?
Q2) Physical activity during ____ may protect against developing ____ in late adulthood.
A) adolescence, dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease)
B) adolescence, Parkinson's
C) midlife, pseudodementia
D) midlife, dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease)
Q3) Cardiorespiratory function, relative leanness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility are examples of ____.
A) physical health
B) physical fitness
C) physical exercise
D) physical activity
Q4) How do we know if we are engaging in moderate intensity activity? We know when we are able to talk during the activity but cannot ____.
A) speak for more than several minutes
B) listen
C) think clearly
D) sing
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Chapter 12: Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name several different types of fat and their health benefits and risks.
Q2) ____ vitamins and ____ minerals need to be obtained from dietary or supplement sources.
A) Most, most
B) Most, all
C) All, most
D) All, all
Q3) According to the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board's most current guidelines for a healthy balance of macronutrients, we should consume ____% to ____% of our total macronutrients from carbohydrates, 10% to 35% from protein, and 20% to 35% from fats.
A) 25, 45
B) 35, 55
C) 45, 65
D) 65, 75
Q4) Explain complete and incomplete proteins and why this is relevant to health and certain groups of eaters.
Q5) What is fiber and why is it important?
Q6) Americans consume far too much of what mineral? How much is too much and why?
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Q7) List some pharmacologically-based smoking cessation tools.
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Chapter 13: Self-Regulation Relaxation Strategies
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Q1) Are procedures like systematic desensitization that use imaginal exposure as effective as procedures that use in vivo (i.e., live)exposure? Provide an example.
Q2) Schulz developed six formulas or exercises that focus on different systems of the body. The heaviness formula focuses on ____.
A) vascular dilation
B) muscular relaxation
C) heart regulation
D) visceral organ regulation
Q3) Describe the basic process for Stress Management Exercise 13.1, an abbreviated adaptation of the procedure developed by Charlesworth and Nathan (1985, 2004).
Q4) Compare and contrast Schultz's autogenic training with Jacobson's progressive relaxation training.
Q5) By learning how to relax the somatic nervous system, Jacobson believed that the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system would follow suit. Provide research evidence for this idea.
Q6) Is the "hypnotic state" a unique state defined by characteristic psychophysiological markers? If not, what does the hypnotic state constitute?
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Chapter 14: Meditation, Yoga, and Biofeedback
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Q1) Describe the desensitization theory.
Q2) Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, and Toney (2006)looked at the primary self-report instruments used to measure mindfulness. What were the three factors that emerged that best predicted psychological symptoms?
Q3) Describe Raynaud's phenomenon.
Q4) Describe a theory of why time distortion occurs during meditation.
Q5) Jean Kristeller (2007)suggests that the practice of mindfulness meditation can be divided into three aspects. Describe the second aspect, open awareness.
Q6) Herbert Benson's ____ meditation, patterned after TM, is a form of meditation with the largest body of research findings. This form of meditation is technically classified as concentrative meditation since the strategy employed is to focus or concentrate on one stimulus.
A) mantra
B) mindfulness
C) Zazen
D) loving kindness
Q7) Is biofeedback training for tension-type headache more effective for children and adolescents or adults?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Guidelines for Stress Management and Well
Being Enhancement
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Q1) What are the benefits of the practice of meditation?
Q2) Avoid altogether foods that contain ____-fats.
A) monounsaturated
B) trans
C) polysaturated
D) polyunsaturated
Q3) According to Antonovsky, are stressors inherently pathogenic? Why or why not?
Q4) Discuss the process of keeping a stress log. How can it help you respond to your stressors?
Q5) Provide tips on how to give up tobacco use.
Q6) As we age, we lose about ____ pound(s)of muscle each year unless we exercise.
A) a quarter
B) a half
C) a pound
D) two
Q7) How can one start a 10,000 step program?
Q8) Describe the basics of time management.
Q9) Discuss Seligman's authentic happiness and well-being theories. Page 17
Q10) What are some anger management strategies you can use to curb chronic excess hostility and anger?
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