Statistics for Sociology Final Exam Questions

Course Introduction

Statistics for Sociology introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis as they apply to sociological research. This course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis, with an emphasis on interpreting and presenting data relevant to social phenomena. Through lectures, practical exercises, and real-world case studies, students learn how to critically evaluate sociological data, conduct quantitative research, and effectively communicate findings using statistical tools widely used in the social sciences.

Recommended Textbook

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

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Sample Questions

Q1) Three key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are

A)randomization,manipulation,and variation

B)assignment,manipulation,and comparison/control

C)randomization,manipulation,and comparison/control

D)randomization,condition,and comparison/control

Answer: C

Q2) Each of the following is an example of quantitative data,except A)weight in ounces

B)income in dollars

C)political affiliation

D)age in years

Answer: C

Q3) Quantitative measures can be

A)discrete data

B)continuous data

C)both a and b

Answer: C

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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in

Tables and Graphs

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Sample Questions

Q1) Bar charts are a lot like histograms,except

A)the bars displayed in the graph do not touch

B)the bar chart summarizes quantitative data

C)the bar chart summarizes continuous data

D)all of the above

Answer: A

Q2) When cumulating frequencies from the top down,the data are discussed in terms of

A)greater than

B)at or above

C)at least

D)all of the above

Answer: D

Q3) Grouped data are distributed into ________,whereas ungrouped data are distributed into ________.

A)intervals;statistics

B)statistics;intervals

C)intervals;categories

D)categories;intervals

Answer: C

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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency

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Sample Questions

Q1) The mode should be used with the mean to describe skewed distributions.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

Q2) Which of the following can be used to estimate the median?

A)the 50th percentile of a relative percentage distribution

B)the 50th percentile of a cumulative percentage distribution

C)the mean

D)the mode

Answer: B

Q3) The sample mean equal to 3.20 is equal to a population mean of 3.20.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q4) The mode and the median are always the same value.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability

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Sample Questions

Q1) A researcher computes the following scores: 12,8,14,12,and 10.If these scores were substituted into each formula,the sample variance would be smaller than the population variance.

A)True

B)False

Q2) For a set of data that is normally distributed with 32±4 (M±SD),we know that 68% of the data will fall between scores of 28 and 36.

A)True

B)False

Q3) The definitional formula ______ the computational formula for SS. A)estimates

B)explains

C)diminishes D)equals

Q4) As a general rule,an interquartile range is a better estimate of variability than the IQR.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 5: Probability

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Sample Questions

Q1) When the probability of one outcome changes depending on the occurrence of a second outcome,these outcomes are referred to as

A)mutually exclusive

B)complementary

C)independent

D)conditional

Q2) The multiplicative rule is used to define mutually exclusive outcomes.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Which rule states that when two outcomes are independent,the probability that these outcomes occur together is the product of their individual probabilities?

A)additive rule

B)multiplicative rule

C)both A and B

D)none the of above

Q4) The probability of an outcome is particularly useful for predicting the likelihood of fixed events.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores

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Sample Questions

Q1) Most behavioral phenomena are believed to approximate the normal distribution.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Which of the following is a possible value for the standard deviation of a normal distribution?

A)-

B)0

C)-2

D).5

Q3) Which of the following is required to locate proportions of area under the normal curve?

A)Compute a z-transformation.

B)Find the probability of a z score in the unit normal table.

C)both A and B

D)none of the above

Q4) What is the implication for the tails of a normal distribution being asymptotic?

A)that scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean

B)that extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution

C)that there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions

D)that this characteristic has no practical implication

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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions

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Sample Questions

Q1) Researchers typically sample with replacement,although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A researcher selects a sample of 9 participants from a population with a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 3.About 14% of the sample means in this sampling distribution should be between a sample mean of

A)6 and 8

B)5 and 6

C)9 and 10

D)10 and 11

Q3) A researcher selects a sample of 64 participants from a population with a mean of 10 and a variance of 16.What is the standard error of the mean?

A)10

B)2.0

C)0.5

D)There is not enough information to answer this question.

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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and

Power

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Sample Questions

Q1) A large effect size means that Cohen's d is at least equal to .80.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A null finding is one in which the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

A)True

B)False

Q3) One step to hypothesis testing is to set the criteria for a decision.

A)True

B)False

Q4) Which of the following is not one of the four steps to hypothesis testing?

A)state the hypotheses

B)evaluate the plan

C)set the criteria for a decision

D)compute the test statistic

Q5) The value of power is influenced by the alpha level,sample size,and effect size.

A)True

B)False

Q6) The alpha level is basically the same thing as the p value.

A)True

B)False Page 10

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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and

Two-Independent Sample T Tests

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Sample Questions

Q1) Normality,random sampling,and independence are all assumptions for the one-sample t test.

A)True B)False

Q2) When scores are measured in a single group,the sample standard deviation is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation in the effect size formula for estimated Cohen's d.

A)True B)False

Q3) A researcher computes a two-independent sample t test and finds that the result is undefined (the denominator is equal to 0).This happens when there is no difference between the two groups .

A)True B)False

Q4) Normality is the assumption that data in the population are normally distributed. A)True B)False

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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test

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Sample Questions

Q1) All other things being equal,increasing the sample size will ________ the value of the test statistic for a related samples t test.

A)increase

B)decrease

C)have no effect on

Q2) Using APA format,which value is typically given in parentheses when reporting the results for a t test?

A)The degrees of freedom.

B)The estimate for standard error.

C)The value of the test statistic.

D)The level of significance.

Q3) All other things being equal,reducing the level of significance from .05 to .01 will ________ the value of the test statistic for a related samples t test.

A)increase

B)decrease

C)have no effect on

Q4) The related samples t test is associated with no degrees of freedom.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals

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Sample Questions

Q1) A point estimate is associated with a high level of confidence that the estimate is in fact equal to the population mean.

A)True

B)False

Q2) When the null hypothesis is outside a confidence interval,this indicates that it would likely be retained with hypothesis testing.

A)True

B)False

Q3) The confidence interval for one sample selected from a population with a known variance is computed using a critical value for which type of test?

A)z test

B)t test

C)none

D)both A and B

Q4) The smaller the level of confidence,the more precise the estimate.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way

Between-Subjects Design

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?

A)Fisher's LSD test

B)Tukey's HSD test

C)Studentized Newman-Keuls

D)None;each post hoc test is associated with the same power to detect an effect.

Q2) A researcher has the same 18 participants rate 6 pictures (k = 6),each depicting a person with a different body type.The one-way between-subjects ANOVA is an appropriate test statistic to test for mean differences in the ratings of each type of picture.

A)True

B)False

Q3) The term "between-subjects" refers to

A)observing the same participants in each group

B)observing different participants one time in each group

C)the type of post hoc test conducted

D)the type of effect size estimate measured

Q4) A mean square is a sample variance.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects

Repeated Measures Design

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Sample Questions

Q1) Consistency refers to the extent to which the dependent measure changes in an identifiable or predictable pattern across groups.

A)True

B)False

Q2) The Bonferroni procedure is well adapted for which of the following research designs in which the same participants are observed in each group?

A)a between-subjects design

B)a within-subjects design

C)an independent samples design

D)none of the above

Q3) For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,the partial estimates of effect size remove,or "partial out," which source of variation?

A)between-groups

B)within-groups

C)between-persons

D)error variance

Q4) The Bonferroni test controls for testwise alpha.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way

Between-Subjects Factorial Design

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Sample Questions

Q1) Simple main effect tests are used to analyze a significant interaction by comparing the mean differences of one factor at each level of a second factor.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Not including the total variation,how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)2

B)3

C)4

D)5

Q3) Which of the following is NOT an assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.

B)Participants were selected using a random procedure.

C)One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.

D)There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.

Q4) Eta-squared is a more powerful estimate of effect size than R<sup>2</sup>.

A)True

B)False

Page 17

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Chapter 15: Correlation

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Sample Questions

Q1) We convert r to a t statistic for which of the following correlation tests?

A)Pearson

B)Spearman

C)point-biserial

D)phi

Q2) The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to

A)the correlation coefficient

B)omega-squared

C)eta-squared

D)both B and C

Q3) The correlation coefficient varies between 0 and 1 and can never be negative.

A)True

B)False

Q4) The value of the sum of products can be positive or negative.

A)True

B)False

Q5) Correlation does not show causation.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression

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Sample Questions

Q1) Linear regression is used to measure the extent to which a criterion variable causes changes in a predictor variable.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A researcher computes a perfect negative correlation,in which each data point falls exactly on the regression line.In this example,the value of the standard error of estimate will be

A)less than 0

B)greater than 0

C)equal to 0

D)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Q3) The method of least squares is used to determine the ________ straight line to a set of data points.

A)best-fitting

B)straightest

C)most linear

D)approximate

Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests

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Sample Questions

Q1) A chi-square goodness-of-fit test with 3 levels of a categorical variable will have 3 degrees of freedom.

A)True

B)False

Q2) The formula for the chi-square test measures the size of the discrepancy between observed and expected frequencies.

A)True

B)False

Q3) If the expected frequencies equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence,what do we conclude?

A)the degrees of freedom for the test are equal to 0

B)the test statistic value is equal to 0

C)the frequencies observed fit well with the frequencies expected

D)both B and C

Q4) When the chi-square test for independence is significant,this indicates that two categorical variables are independent.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data

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Sample Questions

Q1) When the test statistic for the Friedman test is equal to or smaller than the critical value,we reject the null hypothesis.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A researcher computes Wilcoxon T = 12 and finds that this value is larger than the critical value.The decision is to reject the null hypothesis.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Nonparametric tests are associated with less power to detect an effect when the data are skewed in the population.

A)True

B)False

Q4) For the Wilcoxon signed-ranks T,when T is less than the critical value,we decide to A)retain the null hypothesis

B)reject the null hypothesis

C)not enough information

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