Statistics for Social Sciences
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Social Sciences introduces students to the essential statistical concepts and methods used in the analysis of social science data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis, with an emphasis on interpreting and critically evaluating statistical findings in the social sciences. Students gain practical experience using statistical software and learn to apply quantitative reasoning to real-world social issues, preparing them to conduct research and make data-informed decisions in fields such as psychology, sociology, political science, and education.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interval scales of measurement
A)have equidistant scales
B)have a true zero
C)both a and b
Answer: A
Q2) A researcher records the time it takes to complete a memory task in a sample of 25 participants.He finds that the average participant completed the test in 43 seconds.The average time to complete this task is called a(n)
A)population parameter
B)sample statistic
C)inferential statistic
D)time trial
Answer: B
Q3) Two branches of statistics are independent and dependent statistics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ungrouped data can be distributed as A)intervals
B)categories
C)upper and lower boundaries
D)all of the above
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher measures the time (in seconds)that it takes children to complete a basic reading skills task.What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of children falling into different intervals of time?
A)histogram
B)bar chart
C)scatter gram
D)all of the above
Answer: A
Q3) Bar charts are used to summarize discrete and categorical data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mode and the median are always the same value.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A researcher records 17 scores.What is the median position of these scores?
A)the 9th score in numeric order
B)the average of the 9th and 10th scores in numeric order
C)the average of the 8th and 9th scores in numeric order
D)It's not possible to know this without the raw scores.
Answer: A
Q3) Given the same set of data for a population and sample,would the mean for both data sets be equal?
A)no,the population mean would be larger
B)no,the sample mean would be larger
C)yes,but only if the sample size equaled the population size
D)yes,this would be true anytime both data sets are the same
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following scores for an Olympic gymnast following her routine: 9.9,9.8,9.6,9.5,9.7,9.1,8.9,and 9.8.What is the range for the scores?
A)1.0 (9.9 to 8.9)
B)0.3 (9.8 to 9.5)
C)0.5 (9.6 to 9.1)
D)It is not possible to compute a range with an even number of scores.
Q2) All other things being equal (so assuming that the value of SS never changes),as sample size increases,
A)the degrees of freedom for sample variance decrease
B)the value of sample variance decreases
C)the value in the numerator for sample variance increases
D)the value in the denominator for sample variance decreases
Q3) The advantage of squaring the deviation of each score from the mean and then summing is that
A)it makes the sample variance an unbiased estimator of the population variance
B)it makes the degrees of freedom for sample variance equal to n - 1
C)it produces a minimal positive solution that is not zero,so long as all scores are not exactly the same value
D)both A and C
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Probability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complementary outcomes are exhaustive of all possible outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which rule states that when two outcomes are mutually exclusive,the probability that either one of these outcomes will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities?
A)additive rule
B)multiplicative rule
C)both A and B
D)none of the above
Q3) The expected value of a random variable can be thought of as a "long-term" mean.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher determines that the probability of winning a new game is p = .32.Assuming winning and losing are mutually exclusive events,what is the probability of winning and losing the new game?
A).22
B).68
C)1.00
D)This outcome is not possible.
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a possible value for the standard deviation of a normal distribution?
A)-
B)0
C)-2
D).5
Q2) In a hypothetical job field,10% of workers are promoted within their first year of employment.For this hypothetical job field,what is the probability that exactly 25 workers were promoted in their first year in a random sample of 200 workers? Hint: This is a binomial distribution,where p = .10 and q = .90.
A)less than 5%
B)greater than 95%
C)between 5% and 6%
D)between 15% and 16%
Q3) For a set of data with 25±2.5,at least 95% of scores fall between 20 and 30.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator,follows the central limit theorem,and has minimum variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The shape of the sampling distribution of the mean is approximately ________,whereas the shape of the sampling distribution of the variance is approximately ________.
A)normal;normal
B)positively skewed;normal
C)normal;positively skewed
D)positively skewed;positively skewed
Q3) As sample size decreases,the standard error also decreases.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a researcher selects a sample with a mean of 8,then the mean of the sampling distribution of possible sample means will also equal 8.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample of 36 students from a school population with a mean IQ of 100 and standard deviation of 12.She determines that the mean IQ in this sample is 104.Assuming she computes a one-sample z test at a .05 level of significance,what is the decision for a two-tailed test?
A)Retain the null hypothesis;IQ scores in this sample are the same as those in the population.
B)Reject the null hypothesis;IQ scores in this sample are significantly higher than those in the population.
C)There is not enough information to make a decision.
Q2) The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by the A)level of significance
B)p value
C)probability value
D)both A and B
Q3) The critical values are reported with the test statistic of a one-sample z test using APA format.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the mean difference is equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Effect size measures are an estimate of the size of an effect in a population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A professor compares final exam scores in his psychology class to final exam grades in another comparable professor's class.Assuming that the population variance of exam scores is unknown,what type of t test is appropriate for analyzing differences between these classes?
A)one-sample t test
B)two-independent sample t test
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) The estimated standard error in the t statistic uses the ________ to estimate the ________ when the population variance is unknown.
A)sample variance;population variance
B)population variance;sample variance
C)standard error;sample variance
D)degrees of freedom;sample size
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selecting related samples can be more practical in that selecting related samples may provide a better way to test your hypotheses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Each of the following is an advantage for using the related samples design,except
A)it can be more practical
B)it minimizes standard error
C)it increases the power of a research design
D)it increases the variability measured in a study
Q3) To summarize a related samples t test,we report the test statistic,critical values,and p value.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compared to the two-independent sample t test,the related samples design decreases
A)power
B)effect size
C)standard error
D)significance
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ________ the confidence interval,then the decision would have likely been to retain the null hypothesis.
A)inside
B)outside
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?
A)The less certain an estimate,the more precise the estimate.
B)The more certain an estimate,the less precise the estimate.
C)both A and B
Q3) If the null hypothesis is inside the confidence interval,then the decision was likely to ________ using hypothesis testing.
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)retain the null hypothesis
Q4) The least certain,but most precise,estimate is a point estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A point estimate is associated with a high level of confidence that the estimate is in fact equal to the population mean.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following post hoc tests uses the t-critical value in the calculation to determine the critical value for the test?
A)Schaffé test
B)Tukey's HSD test
C)SNK test
D)Fisher's LSD test
Q2) The test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sum of squares between-groups divided by the sum of squares error.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ANOVA stands for,
A)analysis of variety
B)analysis of variable attributes
C)analysis of variance
D)association of novel operating variable analyses
Q4) Two measures of proportion of variance for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA are eta-squared and omega-squared.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA using a sample of 8 participants.If the degrees of freedom error is 14,then how many groups were included in this study?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
Q2) Which of the following designs are associated with greater power to detect an effect,particularly when there is consistent participant responding between groups?
A)within-subjects design
B)between-subjects design
Q3) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 3 and n = 10.What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A)3.16
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the same participants are observed in each cell or group,we use the two-way between-subjects ANOVA to analyze the data.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2;the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies.In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using omega-squared?
A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) A significant interaction indicates that at least one pair of cell means significantly differs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An A \(\times\) B interaction is associated with 2 degrees of freedom in a 2 \(\times\) 3 between-subjects ANOVA design.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we compute many correlations in a single study,we report each correlation coefficient in a table called a correlation matrix.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ________ variables.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Q3) Linearity is the assumption that the best way to describe a pattern of data is using a straight line.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The coefficient of determination is a measure of significance.
A)True
B)False
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17
Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standardized beta coefficient,\(\beta\),reflects the distinctive contribution of each criterion variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To standardize the beta coefficients,we first,
A)analyze the significance of each data point
B)analyze the residual variation
C)convert the original data to standardized z scores
D)compute the standard error of estimate
Q3) The value of b<sub>1</sub> and b<sub>2</sub> are referred to as,
A)unstandardized beta coefficients
B)standardized beta coefficients
C)regression variation
D)residual variation
Q4) We can evaluate the relative contribution of each predictor variable by evaluating the significance of the added contribution of each factor.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a 3 \(\times\) 5 chi-square test for independence.What are the degrees of freedom for this test?
A)3
B)5
C)8
D)15
Q2) When computing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test,the frequency expected in a given cell should never be less than
A)the sample size
B)the number of cells
C)the frequency observed
D)five
Q3) A researcher computes a 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square test for independence.In this example,the degrees of freedom are 2.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a two-sample sign test,count the number of positive and negative difference scores.The larger number is the test statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a step to average tied ranks?
A)Compute the mean of the tied ranks.
B)Assume the ranks are in order.
C)Rank each score by its effect size.
D)Shift the remaining ranks accordingly.
Q3) A researcher compares the ranks in four groups and computes H = 6.55 for the Kruskal-Wallis H test.What is the decision for this test?
A)Retain the null hypothesis.
B)Reject the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) When the test statistic for the Friedman test is equal to or smaller than the critical value,we reject the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20