Statistics for Social Research Question
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Course Introduction
Statistics for Social Research provides students with foundational knowledge and practical skills in applying statistical methods to analyze social phenomena. The course covers key concepts such as descriptive statistics, probability, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and the use of statistical software. Emphasis is placed on interpreting data, understanding sampling techniques, and drawing valid conclusions from empirical research. Through lectures, hands-on exercises, and real-world case studies, students learn to critically evaluate statistical findings and apply quantitative reasoning to social science questions.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A movie critic rates a movie on a scale from one (lowest)to four (highest)stars.What scale of measurement are the ratings?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Answer: B
Q2) A therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouses and not from a third party.In this example,the dependent variable is
A) the number of partners.
B) the spouse.
C) lying.
D) forgiveness.
Answer: D
Q3) A score on a multiple-choice exam (0-100 points)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Twelve percent of students scored at or below a failing grade on an exam.A percentile rank distribution would be appropriate to summarize this outcome.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The data should be grouped for the following data set: 0,0,0,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,0,0,1,and 2.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A researcher wants to determine how many participants will take less than 24 s to complete a cognitive performance task.If he constructs a frequency distribution for these data,what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer his question?
A) a simple frequency distribution
B) a relative frequency distribution
C) a cumulative frequency distribution from the bottom up
D) a cumulative frequency distribution from the top down
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following can be used to estimate the median?
A) the 50th percentile of a relative percentage distribution
B) the 50th percentile of a cumulative percentage distribution
C) the mean
D) the mode
Answer: B
Q2) When would it be appropriate to calculate a population mean?
A) When data are measured for a portion of individuals from a population.
B) When the sample mean is not available.
C) When data are measured for all members of a population.
D) When it is not possible to measure all data in a population.
Answer: C
Q3) To measure attraction,a researcher records the following data for the distance (in inches)between two persons sitting in a waiting room: 46,32,10,23,18,46,and 60.Is the mode equal to the median in this example?
A) Yes.
B) No; the median is larger than the mode.
C) No; the mode is larger than the median.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) One reason the denominator for sample variance is (n - 1)is because this makes it an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
A)True B)False
Q2) Suppose a researcher observes a population of 12 people and computes SS = 192.In this example,the standard deviation is 4.
A)True B)False
Q3) The standard deviation is always positive or equal to 0.
A)True B)False
Q4) A researcher computes the following scores: 12,8,14,12,and 10.If these scores were substituted into each formula,the sample variance would be smaller than the population variance.
A)True B)False
Q5) The sample standard deviation is equal to 6 when SS = 360 and n = 11. A)True B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A news poll showed that voters had no preference for either of three candidates.In this example,the probability of a vote for,say,Candidate A equals ______.
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 2/3
D) 1.00
Q2) The proportion or fraction of times an outcome is likely to occur is referred to as A) probability.
B) a random event.
C) sample space.
D) luck.
Q3) A researcher determines the probability that a research study will reveal something new is p = .80.What is the probability that the study will reveal something new or not reveal something new?
A) .80
B) .64
C) 1.00
D) .16
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7
Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following number of birdcalls made during an experimental session with robins: 7.2 ± 0.6 (M ± SD).Assuming these data are normally distributed,what is the probability that robins made more than nine birdcalls during this experimental session?
A) .9987
B) .4987
C) .0013
D) The probability is not listed in the unit normal table.
Q2) A researcher records the following time spent sleeping per night (in hours)in a group of participants: 5.8 ± 1.8 (M ± SD).The researcher decides to categorize participants who sleep between 6 and 8 hr as moderate sleepers.What percentage of participants fell in this category?
A) about 39%
B) about 11%
C) about 35%
D) about 7%
Q3) All z scores above the mean are positive,whereas all z scores below the mean are negative.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample of size 6 from a population of size 10.How many possible samples of this size can be selected using theoretical sampling?
A) 100,000
B) 1,000,000
C) 10,000,000
D) over 60,000,000 samples
Q2) A researcher selects from a participant pool of four males and six females.He determines that the probability of selecting two male participants is p = .16.Based on this probability,what strategy did the researcher use to sample participants?
A) sampling with replacement
B) sampling without replacement
Q3) The sampling distribution of sample variances is approximately normally distributed. A)True B)False
Q4) As sample size decreases,the standard error also decreases. A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a z statistic and obtains z = 2.10.If this were a one-tailed (lower-tail critical)test,then the decision would be to reject the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher reports that the size of an effect in some population is d = 0.88.Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for d?
A) The effect observed in the population was significant.
B) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the sample.
C) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the population.
D) Mean scores shifted 0.88 standard deviations in the population.
Q3) If the value of the test statistic is in the rejection region,then
A) p < .05.
B) the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
C) the value of the test statistic is larger than the critical value.
D) all of these.
Q4) As the population standard deviation increases,the power to detect an effect increases.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures mean health scores of children at a local school and compares these scores to the mean health score known in the general population.Assuming that the population variance is unknown,what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher reports that the mean difference in response time to an auditory versus a visual cue is 0.83 s,with a pooled sample variance equal to 2.45.What is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.53; medium effect size
B) d = 0.53; large effect size
C) d = 0.34; small effect size
D) d = 0.34; medium effect size
Q3) When the proportion of variance explained by some treatment is larger than 0.25,we conclude that there is a large effect in the population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) All other things being equal,reducing the level of significance from .05 to .01 will ______ the value of the test statistic for a related-samples t test.
A) increase
B) decrease
C) have no effect on
Q2) The estimated standard error for difference scores is the denominator of the test statistic for a related-samples t test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The estimated standard error for difference scores is in the denominator of the test statistic for the related-samples t test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The repeated-measures design,but not the matched-pairs design,is associated with greater power to detect an effect compared with the independent-samples design.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ______ the confidence interval,then the decision would likely be to reject the null hypothesis.
A) inside B) outside
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the ______ precise the estimate. A) more
B) less
Q3) In a sample of 18 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M<sub>1</sub> - M<sub>2</sub> = 8.8 and an estimated standard error for the difference (S<sub>M1 </sub><sub>-</sub><sub> </sub><sub>M2</sub>)of 1.8.What is the lower confidence limit for this interval?
A) 6.4
B) 7.0
C) 10.6
D) 11.2
Q4) There is no difference between a point estimate and an interval estimate.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unlike \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>,the formula for \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> corrects for the number of groups and the size of error in its estimate of effect size.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The degrees of freedom total for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the total sample size minus one.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher randomly assigns 24 participants to one of four groups.At a .05 level of significance,the critical value for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 3.49.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B) Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure.
C) One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.
D) All of these.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher observed the mating behavior of 10 porpoises in five different social conditions.What are the degrees of freedom between groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A) 4
B) 9
C) 27
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) A researcher measures the amount of high fat foods (in grams)consumed by 8 rat subjects 1 day,3 days,and 5 days following the introduction of a high fat diet.If SS<sub>BG</sub> = 30 and SS<sub>E</sub> = 70 for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,then what is the decision at a .05 level of significance?
A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) To compute a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we must assume that participants are independently sampled between groups.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The denominator of the test statistic for the main effects and interaction in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA ______.
A) is equal to 0
B) is equal to mean square error
C) is equal to mean square between groups
D) is a measure of variance for differences between groups
Q2) A researcher computes a 3 * 4 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12
Q3) A two-way ANOVA is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the variance of two group means for the levels of one factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Simple main effect tests are necessary to analyze interactions,not main effects.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A statistical procedure used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two factors is called ______.
A) effect size
B) power
C) a correlation
D) coincidence
Q2) The sign (+ or -)of a correlation coefficient indicates the direction of a relationship between two factors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The coefficient of determination is the square root of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The closer that data points fall to the regression line,the more closely two factors are related.
A)True
B)False
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17
Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes an analysis of regression with 1 and 18 degrees of freedom.If F = 3.05,then the decision will be that X is a significant predictor of variation in Y.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The scores or data points for a regression analysis are typically reported in ______.
A) a scatter plot
B) a bar chart
C) a pie chart
D) all of these
Q3) To summarize any type of regression analysis using APA format,we report each of the following except the ______.
A) test statistic
B) degrees of freedom
C) p value
D) critical values
Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
A) analysis of variance
B) the t tests
C) chi-square test
D) Pearson correlation
Q2) A researcher computes a 2 * 2 chi-square test for independence.What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A) 3.84
B) 5.99
C) 7.81
D) 9.49
Q3) A researcher computes a 4 * 4 chi-square test for independence and estimates the following effect size: V = .36.This effect size is ______.
A) small
B) medium
C) large
Q4) A 2 * 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis for the Friedman test is that the sum of ranks in each group does not differ between groups.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher finds that the number of positive ranks is 13 and the number of negative ranks is 4 using a sample of 17 participants.Based on these data,what is the decision for a related-samples sign test at a .05 level of significance?
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) For a Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test,we decide to reject the null hypothesis when T is larger than the critical value.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The null hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis H test is that scores above and below the median are equal.
A)True
B)False
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