Statistics for Social Research Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Social Research introduces students to the principles and techniques of statistical analysis as applied to social science data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability, sampling, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis, emphasizing the use of statistical methods to interpret and critically evaluate social research findings. Through practical exercises and real-world examples, students learn to design research studies, analyze quantitative data, and effectively communicate statistical results, gaining essential skills for conducting and assessing empirical research in sociology, political science, psychology, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A movie critic rates a movie on a scale from one (lowest)to four (highest)stars.What scale of measurement are the ratings?
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Answer: B
Q2) The size of a reward (in grams)is an example of continuous,quantitative data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouse and not a third party.In this example,the dependent variable is
A)the number of partners
B)the spouse
C)lying
D)forgiveness
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher summarizes a set of frequency data into five intervals.This is an example of a frequency distribution for
A)ungrouped data
B)grouped data
C)inferential statistics
D)population parameters
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is a type of graphical display used to summarize quantitative,continuous data?
A)histogram
B)frequency polygon
C)ogive
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) The sum of relative frequencies for each interval is _____.
A)1.00
B)100%
C)equal to the total number of scores in a distribution
D)both A and B
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A weighted mean must be used when the "weights" are all equal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A weighted mean weighs each sample mean by the sample size for each sample in the formula.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following will decrease the value of the mean?
A)deleting a score below the mean
B)adding a score below the mean
C)adding a score exactly equal to the mean
D)none of the above
Answer: B
Q4) A researcher measures the following scores on an assessment: 2,3,7,3,5,6,and 9.In this example,the mean is smaller than the median.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)________ is a sample statistic that equals a population parameter on average.
A)biased estimator
B)degrees of freedom
C)unbiased estimator
D)sum of squares
Q2) How is the sample variance computed differently from the population variance?
A)only one formula includes a computation for SS
B)the calculation in the numerator is different
C)the calculation in the denominator is different
D)both B and C
Q3) A researcher computes the definitional formula for SS,as finds that (x-M)= 112.If this is a sample of 20 scores,then what would the value of population variance be using the computational formula?
A)5.6
B)5.9
C)112
D)not possible to know because the scores are not given
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following is an example of a binomial distribution,except
A)the number of heads in ten flips of a fair coin
B)the number of males and females in a sample
C)the number of votes for or against a candidate
D)the time it takes to complete a driving test
Q2) A distribution of probabilities for random outcomes of a bivariate or dichotomous random variable is called a
A)binomial probability distribution
B)distribution of expected values
C)random variable distribution
D)mathematical expectation
Q3) A researcher determines that the relative frequency of participants with prescription glasses is .23.Hence,the probability that participants will wear prescription glasses must be greater than p = .23.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The probability of an outcome can be any positive value.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a binomial variable includes
A)time (in seconds)
B)weight (in pounds)
C)sex (male,female)
D)all of the above
Q2) Which of the following is an appropriate step for the normal approximation of the binomial distribution?
A)Check for normality.
B)Find the real limits.
C)Find the proportion located within the real limits.
D)all of the above
Q3) In a normal distribution,50% of all data:
A)fall above the mean
B)fall below the median
C)fall above and below the mode
D)all of the above
Q4) A binomial probability distribution is the distribution of random outcomes for a bivariate or dichotomous random variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following allows researchers to use the standard normal distribution to estimate the probability of selecting sample means?
A)the central limit theorem
B)the skewed distribution rule
C)the fact that sample means vary minimally from the population mean
D)the fact that increasing sample size will decrease standard error
Q2) What characteristic of the sample variance do researchers generally consider more important: unbiased estimator or minimum variance?
A)minimum variance
B)unbiased estimator
C)Neither one;they are equally important.
Q3) A researcher selects a sample of 100 participants from a population with a mean of 38 and a standard deviation of 20.About 68% of the sample means in this sampling distribution should be between a sample mean of
A)34 and 40
B)34 and 38
C)38 and 44
D)36 and 40
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) The alpha level is basically the same thing as the p value.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In hypothesis testing,a researcher can never
A)compute a test statistic before making a decision
B)make decisions about the null hypothesis
C)prove that his or her hypothesis is correct
D)know the likelihood of obtaining a sample mean if the null hypothesis were true
Q3) Researchers state a level of significance in terms of an alpha level.The alpha level indicates
A)the probability of committing a Type I error
B)the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis
C)the probability value for the rejection region
D)all of the above
Q4) The typical level of significance in hypothesis testing in the behavioral sciences is set at .05.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Normality is the assumption that data in the population are normally distributed. A)True
B)False
Q2) A t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom is a z distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher finds that the mean difference in productivity between employees working the morning shift (n = 16)and the night shift (n = 10)is 5.0 units,and the estimated standard error for the difference is 2.7 units.If the null hypothesis states that there is no difference in productivity,then is this result significant at a .05 level of significance?
A)Yes,this result is significant.
B)No,this result is not significant.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) If d = 0.28,then we conclude that mean scores in some population have shifted 0.28 standard deviations below the mean.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The estimate for standard error is placed in the numerator of the test statistic for a related samples t test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The assumptions for a related samples t test apply to both the repeated measures and matched-pairs designs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An example of matching by experimental manipulation would be if we matched participants based on their gender (male,female).
A)True
B)False
Q4) The degrees of freedom for the related samples t test is the number of pairs of participants minus one,and not always the total number of participants minus one.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The estimated standard error is used in the formula to estimate the population mean for the one-sample t.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A point estimate is associated with a high level of confidence that the estimate is in fact equal to the population mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for two related samples selected from at least one population with an unknown variance?
A)standard error
B)estimated standard error
C)estimated standard error for the difference
D)estimated standard error for the difference scores
Q4) To estimate the population mean for the two-independent sample t,the sample size must be known.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are two sources of variation in a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: one attributed to differences between groups and one attributed to error.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The degrees of freedom for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sample size minus one.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called
A)degrees of freedom numerator
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom between-groups
D)both A and C
Q4) A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large.Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?
A)between-persons
B)within-groups
C)between-groups
D)error
Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Bonferroni test controls for testwise alpha.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The source of variation that is associated with differences between groups in a study is called
A)between-groups variability
B)within-groups variability
C)between-persons variability
D)error variability
Q3) For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,the more ________ participant responding between groups,the less powerful the test will be at detecting an effect.
A)consistent
B)inconsistent
C)efficient
D)inefficient
Q4) To report the results of a post hoc test,identify which post hoc test was computed and the p value for significant results.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using an A \(\times\) B ANOVA,a researcher concludes that Factor A is significant,independent of Factor B.In this study,this researcher found a significant
A)main effect of Factor A
B)main effect of Factor B
C)A \(\times\) B interaction
D)post hoc test
Q2) Simple main effect tests are necessary to analyze a significant interaction or a significant main effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which source of variation,if significant,is typically analyzed first?
A)a main effect
B)the interaction
Q4) The following APA summary of a significant main effect is correctly stated: "The main effect of comprehension level was significant,F(2,30)= 3.07,p < .05 (R<sup>2</sup><sup> </sup>= .18).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the following correlation between number of years of education and life satisfaction: r = +0.08.What is the value of the coefficient of determination?
A)0.08
B)0.16
C)0.01
D)0.11
Q2) Which of the following is the assumption that the best way to describe the pattern of data is using a straight line?
A)normality
B)linearity
C)homoscedasticity
D)restriction of range
Q3) We convert r to a t statistic for which of the following correlation tests?
A)Pearson
B)Spearman
C)point-biserial
D)phi
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) With multiple regression,we can use the method of least squares to find the regression equation and test for significance just as we did using simple linear regression.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The standardized beta coefficient,\(\beta\),reflects the distinctive contribution of each criterion variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Linear regression describes the extent to which _______ predicts ________.
A)X;Y
B)the predictor variable;the criterion variable
C)the known variable;the to-be-predicted variable
D)all of the above
Q4) If the mean square residual equals 0.93,then the standard error of estimate equals 0.87.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for a 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence?
A)proportion of variance
B)the phi coefficient
C)Cramer's V
D)all of the above
Q2) When the chi-square test for independence is significant,this indicates that two categorical variables are independent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test,it is necessary to compare differences _________ of the categorical variable.
A)outside the levels
B)across the levels
C)at each level
D)between the levels
Q4) Parametric tests are often called distribution-free tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) To compute the test statistic for the Mann-Whitney U test,we sum the ranks in two groups.The test statistic is
A)the larger total B)the smaller total C)the average of the two totals
D)the product of the two totals
Q2) A researcher computes Wilcoxon T = 12 and finds that this value is larger than the critical value.The decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher computes a one-sample sign test in which the number of pluses is 8,the number of minuses is 2,and the number of scores equal to the median is 1.The test statistic (x)for the sign test is equal to A)1
B)2
C)8
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
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