Statistics for Education Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Education explores fundamental statistical concepts and methods as they apply to educational research and practice. This course introduces students to data collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation within educational contexts, emphasizing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Topics include measures of central tendency and variability, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Through practical examples and real-world educational datasets, students gain the skills to interpret data critically, make informed decisions based on evidence, and evaluate educational interventions and assessments.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a use of descriptive statistics?
A)organizing data
B)interpreting data
C)summarizing data
D)collecting data
Answer: B
Q2) What type of statistics is used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data?
A)inferential
B)descriptive
C)ordinal
D)nominal
Answer: B
Q3) What term is defined as a set of tools and techniques used for describing, organizing, and interpreting data?
A)inference
B)population
C)sample
D)statistics
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) If X= 4,390 and n = 4, what is M?
A)17,560
B).0100
C)1097.5
D)Need more information
Answer: C
Q2) What does the symbol represent?
A)the mean
B)the sum of values
C)the sample size
D)an individual score
Answer: B
Q3) This is calculated by multiplying values by the frequency of their occurrence, adding the total of all the products, and then dividing by the total number of occurrences.
A)mean
B)arithmetic mean
C)mode
D)weighted mean
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the variance for the following set of scores: 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18?
A)12.95
B)3.60
C)6.55
D)24
Answer: A
Q2) Variability is a measure of how much individual scores differ from the _______.
A)mean
B)range
C)standard deviation
D)variance
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following measures how different scores are from one particular score?
A)average
B)correlation
C)variability
D)standard deviation
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution?
A)bar chart
B)frequency distribution
C)histogram
D)cumulative frequency distribution
Q2) What is a histogram?
Q3) What is the general principle of labelling in graph design?
A)Label everything.
B)Do not label everything.
C)Avoid labeling everything.
D)Do not avoid labeling everything.
Q4) Describe the process of creating a class interval.
Q5) The largest class interval goes here on a frequency distribution:
A)the top
B)the bottom
C)in the middle
D)either at the top or bottom
Q6) What is a frequency distribution?
Q7) Besides histograms and polygons, describe four types of charts commonly used in behavioral and social sciences to illustrate data.
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the coefficient of alienation?
A).19
B).34
C).66
D).90
Q2) "The better your time management skills are, the more work you are able to do" is an example of a _______.
A)continuous correlation
B)biserial correlation
C)positive correlation
D)negative correlation
Q3) What would you use to visually represent a correlation?
A)histogram
B)polygon
C)line graph
D)scatterplot
Q4) A correlation coefficient comparing exercise and body mass is -.67.What does this say about the relationship between exercise and weight?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of perfect reliability?
A)1.00
B).5
C).100
D)2.00
Q2) Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
A)measure of consistency
B)measure of stability
C)measure of agreement
D)measure of equivalence
Q3) If you want to know if several different forms of a test are reliable, what type of reliability do you use?
A)parallel forms reliability
B)test-retest reliability
C)interrater reliability
D)internal consistency reliability
Q4) When should you use construct validity?
Q5) Why can we not know the true score for a test?
Q6) What are the traditional types of validity?
Q7) When should we measure internal consistency reliability? Page 8
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
A)a one-tailed test
B)a two-tailed test
C)a research hypothesis
D)all hypotheses
Q2) Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber diets." This is an example of a(n) _______.
A)null hypothesis
B)alternative hypothesis
C)directional hypothesis
D)nondirectional hypothesis
Q4) What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
Q5) Define null hypothesis and research hypothesis.
Q6) Having a large degree of sampling error does not affect generalizability.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do we use standard scores?
Q2) If you fold a normal curve, each half would fit perfectly on top of the other.This characteristic is known as _______.
A)asymptotic
B)symmetry
C)probability
D)variability
Q3) What type of standard score has M = 0 and SD = 1?
A)IQ score
B)T score
C)x score
D)z score
Q4) If a distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 25, how many standard deviations is 0 from the mean?
A)2
B) 2
C)0
D)5
Q5) Define asymptotic.
Q6) What are three characteristics of a normal curve? Page 11
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a high p value
D)increase your sample
Q2) p < .05 means that there is less than 1 chance in _______ that any differences found were not due to the hypothesized reason.
A)5
B)20
C)25
D)100
Q3) As compared with a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval would result in ______.
A)a wider range of values in the confidence interval
B)a smaller range of values in the confidence interval
C)the same range of values in the confidence interval
D)a range that cannot be determined in the confidence interval
Q4) How would a researcher determine when statistical significance is important?
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Q5) What is the difference between Type I error and Type II error?
Q6) Define significance level.
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the effect size formula, what does stand for?
A)the sample mean
B)effect size
C)the population mean
D)the population standard deviation
Q2) The_______ is used as the denominator in the equation for the z value in a one-sample Z-test.
A)standard error of the median
B)standard error of the population
C)standard error of the mean
D)standard error of the sample
Q3) If you have a sample size of 16 and a population standard deviation of 40, what is your standard error of the mean?
A) 10
B)10
C)5
D) 5
Q4) The results of both one-sample Z- and t-test are basically the same.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pooled standard deviation is part of the formula for the Cohen's d effect size.Pooled standard deviation is similar to an average of the standard deviations from both groups.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What does the number 2.001 represent in the following: t = 2.001, p < .05?
A)test statistic
B)t value
C)degrees of freedom
D)significance level
Q3) In the t-test for independent samples, the actual statistical test is _______.
A)nondirectional
B)unidirectional
C)multidirectional
D)quasidirectional
Q4) In the formula that computes a t value, what does n represent?
A)scores for Group 1
B)means for Group 1
C)number of participants for Group 1
D)variance for Group 1
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the critical value is greater than the obtained value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)accept the research hypothesis
D)decrease your p value
Q2) In a t-test for dependent means, the research hypothesis could look like this:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Q3) Dr.Moo would like to find out if participants who ate glazed donuts became happier after they ate jelly-filled donuts.What test should you use to determine this?
A)factorial ANOVA
B)independent-samples t-test
C)dependent-samples t-test
D)repeated-measures ANOVA
Q4) Dr.Moo would like to find out if participants who love cats receive more speeding tickets than participants who love dogs.Identify the type of test she would need to use to determine this, and explain your answer.
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) ANOVA constitutes a pairwise comparison.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the sum of squares total?
Q3) Who is responsible for the invention of the F statistic?
A)Pearson Fisher
B)Karl Pearson
C)R.A.Fisher
D)R.A.Pearson
Q4) Talking about the direction of specific differences in ANOVA would not make any sense because it is a(n) _______ test.
A)monobus
B)multibus
C)omnibus
D)octobus
Q5) The ANOVA can be used to test the differences _______.
A)between two groups only
B)more than two groups
C)within a single group
D)among three groups only
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) An analysis that examines one dependent variable or outcome is known as _______ ANOVA.
A)multivariate
B)simple
C)one-way
D)univariate
Q2) If you wanted to examine whether television viewing through social learning differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., first, second, third, etc.), what is the dependent variable of interest?
A)grade level
B)television viewing
C)students
D)school
Q3) In a factorial ANOVA, the research hypothesis for the interaction might look like this:
A)H : µ pp × n w = µ pp × t n ng = µm ddl × n w = µm ddl × t n ng
B)H : µ pp × n w µ pp × t n ng µm ddl × n w µm ddl × t n ng
C)H : pp × n w = pp × t n ng = m ddl × n w = m ddl × t n ng
D)H : pp × n w pp × t n ng m ddl × n w m ddl × t n ng
Q4) What is a main effect?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you do not predict that a relationship between two variables will be either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A)two tailed
B)ANOVA
C)one tailed
D)Cohen's d
Q2) What is another term for an indirect correlation?
A)negative
B)nondirectional
C)positive
D)unidirectional
Q3) The correlation coefficient can only be used for one-tailed tests.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is another term for a positive correlation?
A)indirect
B)nondirectional
C)direct
D)unidirectional
Q5) What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using Linear
Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is the regression line called the line of best fit?
Q2) What is another name for a regression line?
A)line of best fit
B)scatter plot line
C)line graph
D)line of the estimate
Q3) Standard error of estimate is computed as the variance of all values for error in prediction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Not all lines that are the best fit for a bunch of data points are straight.Rather, they could be _______.
A)linear
B)invalid
C)curvilinear
D)parallel-linear
Q5) A perfect correlation would translate into perfect prediction in the case of linear regression.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?
A)20
B)30
C)50
D)100
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact
Q3) What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?
A)p < .05
B)p< .10
C)p< .15
D)power
Q4) Write a sample research question where the McNemar test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Multivariate analysis of variance is also known as ______.
A)Path
B)ANOVA
C)MANOVA
D)Factor
Q2) Which of the following advanced procedures is characterized by the use of more than one dependent variable?
A)ANOVA
B)ANCOVA
C)MANOVA
D)repeated-measures ANOVA
Q3) The goal in ______ analysis is to represent those things that are related to one another by a more general name?
A)path
B)logistic
C)factor
D)meta
Q4) Give an example of a research situation where multiple regression would be the most appropriate statistical technique.
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which tool allows you to cross-tabulate more than one variable?
A)correlation
B)compare means
C)cross-tabs
D)regression
Q2) SPSS syntax is an effective way to run ______ analysis.
A)data
B)large data
C)big data
D)information
Q3) Which is a special tool that allows you to easily visualize and manipulate rows and columns as well as the contents of cells?
A)pivot tables
B)Excel tables
C)pivot figures
D)Excel figures
Q4) What is an example of a research situation in which you would use data-mining techniques?
Q5) What is big data?
Q6) What is data mining?
Page 24
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, what is one of the most important things to remember when buying a statistics software package?
A)buy direct from the manufacturer
B)try before you buy
C)always buy shareware
D)share software packages with friends
Q2) Self-prompting dialog boxes and the ability to use macros to automate tasks are features of _______.
A)SPSS
B)STATISTICA
C)Minitab
D)R
Q3) Which of the following statistical software packages is free?
A)PSPP
B)Minitab
C)SPSS
D)JMP
Q4) PSPP is an open-source variant of SPSS.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
Q2) The URL of a website will work consistently from day to day.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which website contains names including Galton, Fisher, and Spearman?
A)WWW virtual library
B)History of Statistics
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q4) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) You should always make a _______ of your data file and keep it in a separate location.
A)cleaner version
B)simpler version
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q2) You should personally train people to collect or transfer your data if you want to be confident that they understand the data collection process as well as you do.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______ when and where you will be collecting your data.
A)Develop a plan of
B)Do not depend on any individuals of
C)Plan a detailed schedule of
D)Plan a complex version of
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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