Statistics for Criminal Justice
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Statistics for Criminal Justice introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of statistical analysis as applied within the field of criminal justice. The course covers essential topics including data collection methods, descriptive and inferential statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis. Emphasis is placed on interpreting and critically evaluating criminal justice data, understanding research findings, and using statistical tools to inform policy decisions and practice. Through real-world examples and case studies, students gain practical skills in analyzing crime patterns, evaluating program effectiveness, and presenting statistical findings relevant to law enforcement, courts, and corrections.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 7th Edition by Michael G. Maxfield
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14 Chapters
1259 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Crime Criminal-Justice And-Scientific-Inquiry
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we rely on the "truths" of our culture,we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority,and this is called acceptance of:
A) traditions
B) myths
C) reality
D) agreement
Answer: A
Q2) Social regularities represent:
A) probabilistic patterns
B) probabilistic problems
C) probabilistic predictions
D) probabilistic positions
Answer: A
Q3) When there is pressure to reach a general understanding,there is a tendency toward A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observations
C) illogical reasoning
D) miscalculation
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Theory and Criminal Justice Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Much of the current social science research has moved from description to:
A) exploration
B) explanation
C) understanding
D) theory
Answer: B
Q2) A(n)____________________ is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something.
Answer: paradigm
Q3) Criminal Justice and human behavior can be studied scientifically.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) You count the number of students registered for your research methods class.This is an example of:
A) objectivity
B) subjectivity
C) intersubjectivity
D) theory
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Ethics and Criminal Justice Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not essential in maintaining confidentiality in field or survey interviews?
A) remove names and addresses from data-collection forms
B) keep a master identification file linking numbers to names so that at a future date data can be corrected where necessary
C) put the master file on the computer so that you do not leave paper copies of the file laying around
D) only individuals with a legitimate purpose should have access to the master file
Answer: C
Q2) Federal regulations require special provisions for all of the following categories of subjects,except one.The one not covered is:
A) elderly
B) juveniles
C) prisoners and juveniles
D) prisoners
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: General Issues In Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explanatory studies are not cross-sectional.
A)True
B)False
Q2) It is necessary to be charged before one can be convicted.This statement is representative of:
A) real cause
B) necessary cause
C) sufficient cause
D) probabilistic cause
Q3) Valerie was interested in studying neighborhood anticrime organizations.She observed the activities of a neighborhood anticrime organization from the time of its inception until the time of its demise.Valerie's study was
A) retrospective
B) cross-sectional
C) cohort
D) longitudinal
Q4) A(n)_____________ cause is a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question.
Q5) ___________,units,and time are key elements in planning a research study.
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Chapter 5: Concepts Operationalization And-Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Specifying the different____________ of a concept often paves the way for a more sophisticated understanding of what we are studying.
Q2) Particular empirical measures that may or may not agree with common understandings of our individual mental images about a specific concept are known as:
A) reliability
B) validity
C) accuracy
D) face validity
Q3) Which of the following best represents the abstract "reliability"?
A) a measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept
B) a measure does not adequately reflect the underling concept
C) the measure is stable
D) the measure is unstable
Q4) Sometimes it is necessary to make the same measurement more than once,which is known as:
A) test-retest method
B) inter-rater reliability
C) split-half method
D) face validity
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Chapter 6: Measuring-Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss what your text refers to as "measuring crime for specific purposes." Compare these with the traditional methods.
Q2) Like _____________reporting,NIBRS is voluntary; no agency is required to submit crime reports to the FBI in any form.
Q3) Identify the major efforts to gather information about drug abuse in the United States.How do these measures compare with one another? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Q4) UCR crime data is compiled by the _________________.
Q5) NIBRS reports each crime incident rather than the total number of certain crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which term best describes "one or more offenses committed by the same offender,or group of offenders acting in concert,at the same time and place"?
A) victim
B) offense
C) crime
D) incident
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers conduct experiments copiously in an attempt to develop a more generalized understanding about:
A) criminal behavior
B) the sciences
C) the world we live in
D) human behavior
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) non-equivalent-groups and time-series designs are two general types of quasi-experiments
B) experiments and time-series designs are two general types of quasi-experiments
C) all research purposes are amenable to the use of experimental designs
D) all of the above are true
Q3) Maturation as a threat to internal validity in experiments refers to:
A) some subjects are older than others
B) as people grow and change, results can be impacted
C) only subjects over the age of 21 are mature enough to be part of an experiment
D) none of the above
Q4) Explain the role of randomization in classical experiments.
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Chapter 8: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good way to avoid sampling bias in the assessment of public opinion about a specific criminal justice topic is to employ the use of a radio call-in show since those who call radio talk shows represent everyone in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which method begins with a matrix or table describing the characteristics of a target population?
A) probability
B) snowball
C) quota
D) simple random sampling
Q4) When the researcher must rely upon available subjects such as stopping people on the street to ask opinions about a recent crime,the technique is called_____________.
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Chapter 9: Survey Research and Other Ways of Asking Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a potential problem when using self-report surveys with high-rate offenders?
A) sampling
B) recall error
C) representation
D) bias
Q2) If the respondent must select an answer from among a list provided by the researcher,they are answering ____________________ questions.
Q3) If,on a questionnaire,a respondent is asked "what do you feel is the most important crime problem facing the policy in your city today" they are being asked what type of question?
A) closed-ended question
B) open-ended question
C) contingency question
D) matrix question
Q4) The___________ tends to be based on a much less structured set of open-ended questions than other survey or interview techniques.
Q5) Identify the strengths and weaknesses in general of survey research.
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Chapter 10: Qualitative-Interviewing
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________involve interviewing multiple people simultaneously.
Q2) Semi-structured interviews are helpful when:
A) there is no other choice of interview technique
B) gang members are being interviewed
C) two or more people are doing the interviewing
D) a variety of interview questions are needed
Q3) Focus groups are not typically of value in the qualitative interview process.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A method in which draft descriptions are used to check accuracy of work is referred to as:
A) grounded theory
B) member checks
C) audit trail
D) data mining
Q5) The more connected one is to a group,the more of a ___________they are.
Q6) Individual contribution to a topic of study is known as the structural functionist perspective.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Field-Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Field research is not especially appropriate for topics that:
A) are not easily quantifiable
B) need to be examined in their natural setting
C) require the generation of a theory
D) are limited to aggregate data
Q2) Observations that can be quantified may produce measures for:
A) conversation
B) oral questionnaires
C) purposive sampling
D) hypothesis testing
Q3) Which of the following groups would be good candidates for snowball sampling when doing field research?
A) patrol officers from your city
B) circuit court judges
C) active burglars
D) those arrested for auto theft in 2002 in New Jersey
Q4) Population,time of day,season of the year and weather are known as sampling
Q5) A theory that is created based upon experience and field observations is referred to as a ________theory.
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Chapter 12: Agency Records Content Analysis And Secondary Data
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Q1) Which of the following represent reliability or validity concerns when a researcher uses agency records?
A) the number of general clerical staff since too few is not good
B) changes in the operational definitions the agencies use to specify key terms
C) maintaining consistent procedures the agency uses to collect the data over time
D) agency records are generalizable to similar agencies
Q2) Which of the following is not a problem with respect to units of analysis when using agency records?
A) the definitions of the variables collected
B) the manner in which the data is collected
C) the summary data
D) all of the above are potential problems
Q3) Secondary analysis encompasses which of the following sources of criminal justice data?
A) content analysis of agency records
B) UCR
C) self-reports
D) NCVS
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Chapter 13: Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stakeholders are persons and organizations with an indirect interest in a program.
A)True
B)False
Q2) It is often said that in evaluation research,the research questions may already be formulated.Which of the following is an example of that?
A) in problem analysis usually there is a wide range of alternative choices
B) in process evaluation the focus is on whether specified goals are attained
C) in impact assessments the evaluation is on whether specified goals are attained
D) with the questions already formulated it decreases the amount of involvement for the researcher
Q3) Which of the following would not be an example of an evidence-based policy?
A) the use of CCTV in public entertainment districts to reduce property crime
B) acquaintance rape of college students
C) underage drinking
D) Compstat
Q4) __________represents the process through which subjects are accumulated in experimental and control groups.
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Chapter 14: Interpreting-Data
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of making inferences about a larger population when using univariate tests?
A) the sample must be drawn from the population about which the inference is being made
B) there is an assumption of a non-probability sampling technique
C) when using inferential statistics we assume simple random sampling even when that is not possible
D) inferences only apply to sampling error, not other types of error that may be present
Q2) Which of the following do not represent measures of dispersion?
A) ranges
B) means
C) standard deviations
D) variation in groups
Q3) Which of the following is not accurate concerning empirical research?
A) empirical research is a logical rather than a mathematical operation
B) mathematics is a convenient and efficient language
C) statistics is the applied branch of mathematics
D) empirical research is free of validity problems
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