Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
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Course Introduction
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences introduces students to statistical concepts and methods used in analyzing data within psychology, sociology, and related disciplines. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance, emphasizing their application to behavioral research. Students develop practical skills in data collection, interpretation, and presentation, while critically evaluating statistical results in scientific literature. The course prepares students to make informed, evidence-based conclusions about behavior using quantitative methods.
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Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil
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J. Salkind
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics? Its Up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) When might a person use descriptive statistics?
Answer: Descriptive statistics are used to describe the characteristics of a data set.
Q2) Most of the basic statistical procedures were first developed and used in agriculture and which of the following fields?
A) biology
B) botany
C) astronomy
D) geology
Answer: C
Q3) What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing information to make the information more easily understood?
A) Analysis
B) Data
C) Interpretation
D) Statistics
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: B
Q2) In the formula for computing the mean, what does the letter "n" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: B
Q3) Calculate the median of the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The median is 15
Q4) Calculate the median for the following data set: 5, 15, 10, 15, 5, 10, 10, 20, 25, 15
Answer: The median is 12.5
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18
Answer: The variance is 12.95
Q2) The average and which of the following can be used to describe the characteristics of a distribution and show how distributions differ from one another?
A) mode
B) median
C) variability
D) sum
Answer: C
Q3) What is the formula for the inclusive range?
A) r - n +1
B) h - l + 1
C) (h - l)r
D) h - l
Answer: B
Q4) What is the range of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The range is 9
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the 10 ways to create great figures outlined in the text.
Q2) In order to create a histogram in Excel, you must identify the "bins" you want. To what are the bins referring?
A) Polygon
B) Tally marks
C) Histogram
D) Class interval
Q3) If the mean of a set of scores is greater than the median, what can be said about the distribution?
A) Negatively skewed
B) Positively skewed
C) Platykurtic
D) Leptokurtic
Q4) What is the definition of a cumulative frequency distribution?
Q5) What do you call a continuous line that represents the frequency of scores within a class interval?
A) Polygon
B) Line graph
C) Histogram
D) Tally marks
6
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Q1) When data points group together in a cluster from the lower left-hand side of the xy axis to the upper right-hand side, what is this?
A) Negative slope
B) Positive slope
C) Negative intercept
D) Positive intercept
Q2) If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called?
A) Positive correlation
B) Negative correlation
C) Positive causation
D) Negative causation
Q3) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the Pearson correlation coefficient?
A) .19
B) .34
C) .66
D) .90
Q4) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which level of measurement is concerned only with the characteristics of an outcome that fits into a category?
Q2) What would the interrater reliability be for a 50-item measure in which the number of agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?
A) 0.45
B) 80%
C) 0.90
D) 95%
Q3) High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type of validity?
A) Concurrent validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Content validity
D) Construct validity
Q4) How does interrater reliability measure consistency?
A) Over time
B) From form to form
C) Across different tests
D) From rater to rater
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following symbols represents the average score of Group 1?
A) \(H _ { 1 }\)
B) \(\mu 1\)
C) \(\bar { X } 1\)
D) \(H _ { 0 }\)
Q2) Which of the following represents a null hypothesis?
A) \(H _ { 1 } : \bar { X } _ { 1 } > \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
B) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } = \mu _ { 2 }\)
C) \(H _ { 1 : } : \bar { X } _ { 2 } \neq \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } > \mu _ { 2 }\)
Q3) What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?
A) One-tailed test
B) Two-tailed test
C) Nonparametric test
D) Frequency test
Q4) If the null hypothesis states that there will be no difference in the average score of 9th graders and the average score of 12th graders on the ABC memory test, how should you state the nondirectional research hypothesis?
Q5) Explain what is meant by the fishing trip approach to doing research.
Q6) Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and a research hypothesis.
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately what percent of scores fall between -1 and -2 standard deviations under the normal curve?
A) 34%
B) 14%
C) 68%
D) 95%
Q2) How is the T score calculated?
Q3) If you know the z score, standard deviation, and mean, what formula would you use to compute the raw score?
A) \(X = ( \ { z } + s ) / \bar { X }\)
B) \(\bar { X } = z ( s ) + X\)
C) \(X = z ( s ) + \bar { X }\)
D) \(z = \bar { X } - X / s\)
Q4) What percent of all scores fall below a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Page 10
Q5) What do standard scores allow researchers to do that raw scores cannot?
Q6) Write the formula for calculating a z score.
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Chapter 9:
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Q1) Which of the following occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is really false?
A) Type I error
B) Incorrect decision
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q2) Which of the following is a statement of equality?
A) Research hypothesis
B) Directional hypothesis
C) Nondirectional hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q3) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Q4) What does 1 - ? represent?
A) Alpha level
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q5) What is the formula for calculating power?
Q6) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis. Page 12
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) If z represents the test statistic used which results in z=2.05, p<.05 what does this result indicate?
A) That 2.05 is the critical value
B) That 2.05 is not the critical value
C) The probability is less than 5% that on any one test of the null hypothesis, the sample and the population averages differ
D) The probability is less than 5% that on any one test of the null hypothesis, the sample and the population averages agree
Q2) If the n is less than 30, what should the distribution be?
Q3) Degrees of freedom for the Z Test are not required given that z-scores of 1.96 and 2.58 are used for 5% and 1% respectively.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the obtained z value is more extreme than the critical value, then?
A) The hypothesis is non-directional
B) The null hypothesis can be accepted
C) The null hypothesis cannot be accepted
D) The hypothesis is directional
Q5) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does t stat represent?
Q2) In the following, what are the degrees of freedom: t???? = 2.001, p < .05?
A) 29
B) 30
C) 31
D) 32
Q3) What is the formula used to calculate degrees of freedom for a t test for dependent groups?
A) n - 1
B) n + n - 1
C) n - 1 + n
D) n + n
Q4) To determine whether you will reject the null hypothesis, the test statistic must be compared against the:
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Page 15
Q5) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) To compute the test statistic or t value you must first approximate the sample size through calculating the?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q2) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A) Reject the null hypothesis
B) Accept the null hypothesis
C) Reduce the p value
D) Decrease your sample
Q3) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
Q4) In the formula that computes a t value, what does n?D represent?
A) Sum of the difference between groups
B) Sum of the means for Group 1
C) Sum of the means for Group 2
D) Sum of the differences squared
Q5) What does t stat represent?
Q6) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent? Page 16
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many?
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Q1) If you wanted to examine whether the level of parental involvement differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), what is the independent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students
C) Parents
D) Level of parent involvement
Q2) What is the MS between value?
Q3) What type of ANOVA is used when there is only one type of treatment or grouping factor with more than two levels?
A) One-way
B) Two-way
C) Three-way
D) Four-way
Q4) When interpreting F??, ??? = 8.80, p < .05, how many groups were examined?
A) 30
B) 27
C) 3
D) 2
Q5) What is the formula for computing the F statistic?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Write the null and research hypotheses to test both the main effects and interaction between gender and treatment (treatment = two levels).
Q3) What is the appropriate test statistic given the following situation? You are testing for differences between scores of the same participants; the participants are being tested more than once; you are dealing with two or more groups; and you are dealing with more than one factor or independent variable.
Q4) How many null hypotheses are associated with a two-way ANOVA?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q5) What is a multivariate analysis of variance?
Q6) What does a factorial 3 × 2 design represent? Give an example.
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the formula for calculating degrees of freedom for a correlation coefficient, what does the n represent?
A) Sample size
B) Number of groups
C) Number of pairs
D) Population
Q2) If you are examining the relationship between variables (not the difference between groups) and only two variables are being used, what is the appropriate test statistic?
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a research hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient?
A) \(H _ { 1 : } \rho _ { x v } \neq 0\)
B) \(H _ { 1 : } : \rho _ { x w } = 0\)
C) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x v } = 0\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x w } \neq 0\)
Q4) How do you calculate the degrees of freedom when testing the correlation coefficient?
Q5) How would you decide whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed test for a correlation coefficient?
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to use two predictor variables, what must be the case concerning the variables?
Q2) How is the symbol Y? interpreted?
A) Y intercept
B) Y predictor
C) Y prime
D) Y score
Q3) Which of the following is like a standard deviation for all error scores in regression?
A) Error of the estimate
B) Error standard deviation
C) Standard error of estimate
D) Precision of error
Q4) Which of the following Excel functions calculated the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A) SLOPE
B) CORREL
C) INTERCEPT
D) PEARSON
Q5) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) A one-sample chi-square is also known as which of these?
A) Goodness of fit test
B) Test of independence
C) Wilcoxon rank
D) Mann-Whitney
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Q3) Which of the following Excel functions is used for the chi-square test of independence?
A) CHIDIST
B) CHISQUARE
C) CHITEST
D) CHI
Q4) Name two other nonparametric procedures, and explain when they would be used.
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Q5) How are the degrees of freedom associated with the one-sample chi-square calculated?
Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following allows you to equalize initial differences between groups?
A) analysis of variance
B) analysis of covariance
C) structural equation modeling
D) factor analysis
Q2) Which of these is a way to look for patterns in sets of data, which was first used by the business community looking at (and for) financial trends?
A) data mining
B) repeated measures
C) path analysis
D) factor analysis
Q3) Which of the following examines data to see if a theoretical relationship is sustained?
A) repeated measures
B) covariance
C) path analysis
D) ANOVA
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