Statistical Methods in Behavioral Science
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of statistical techniques commonly used in behavioral science research. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation and regression analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nonparametric tests. Students will learn to critically evaluate research findings, select appropriate statistical methods for various research questions, and interpret results effectively. Emphasis is placed on practical application of statistical concepts using real-world datasets and statistical software, preparing students to both conduct and assess quantitative research in psychology and related behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose a researcher is interested in how fast a person can identify the names on a list of objects.In this situation,the variable of speed is
A)quantitative,discrete,and interval
B)qualitative,continuous,and nominal
C)quantitative,continuous,and ratio
D)quantitative,discrete,and ordinal
Answer: C
Q2) When researchers infer something about the general population from their sample they are using ____________________.
Answer: inferential statistics
Q3) The number of people who attend an anxiety clinic is an example of a discrete variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Nominal measurement involves using numbers merely as labels.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Q1) A(n)_____ is a case or a set of cases that shows a very extreme score relative to the majority of cases in the data set.
A)outlier
B)anomaly
C)residual
D)deviant case
Answer: A
Q2) When the potential values for a qualitative or discrete variable are mutually exclusive and exhaustive,then the probabilities associated with the individual score values will represent a probability distribution with respect to that variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The relative frequency indicates the ____________________scores appear in the data set.
Answer: Proportion of times
Q4) The independent variable will be on the ____________________of a graph. or
Answer: x-axis Abscissa
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) It has been reported the mean driving speed in California is 70 mph and the variance is 9.What is the SD?
A)9
B)3
C)8.5
D)None of these
Answer: B
Q2) The mean maximizes the sum of signed deviations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Because discrete variables are only measured with whole numbers,fractions are never included when reporting the means for discrete variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Kurtosis is determined by the ____________________in the distribution. Answer: variance
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julie took the same psychology exam as John and received a score of 65 what is her standard score?
A)2.5
B)-2.5
C).625
D)-.625
Q2) A standard score of 0 indicates that the original score is equal to the standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Percentile ranks must always be interpreted relative to the _____ upon which the scores are based.
A)group
B)scale
C)percentiles
D)all of these
Q4) What is a standard score?
Q5) A percentile rank is an interval measure of relative standing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a perfect negative linear relationship,the z scores for the Y and X variables will tend to have _____.
A)the same sign
B)all negative signs
C)opposite signs
D)an inconsistent pairing of signs
Q2) There seems to be a negative correlation between the number of errors made on an exam and the level of satisfaction with performance.What does this mean?
A)a high level of satisfaction with performance causes more errors on an exam
B)a low level of satisfaction with performance causes more errors on an exam
C)there is a tendency for those with a high level of satisfaction with performance to have made more errors on an exam
D)there is a tendency for those with a low level of satisfaction with performance to have made more errors on an exam
Q3) The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1.00 to ____________________.
Q4) Explain why a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply that one variable causes the other to vary as it does.
Q5) What are outliers and how do they effect the correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean to say that two outcomes are mutually exclusive?
Q2) A researcher wanted to compare eye color distributions of babies born with a birth defect with babies who did not have the birth defect.26 babies with the defect were matched on gender,race,and age with 52 babies without the defect.The frequency of different eye colors as a function of the presence or absence of the defects was as follows:
Eye Color
Group Dark Medium Light
Defect 1 6 19
No Defect 15 13 24
If a baby was randomly selected from those participating in the study,the likelihood of that baby having dark eyes is ____.
A)1/16
B)35/78
C)16/78
D)1/26 + 15/52
Q3) What does it mean to say that two events are independent?
Q4) A combination of a set of objects or events is an ordered sequence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is always equal to A)the population mean.
B)the population mean minus one.
C)the population mean minus the sampling error.
D)the population mean plus the sampling error.
Q2) The term "sampling error" reflects the fact that sample values are likely to differ from population values because they are based on only a portion of the overall population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you were to select a sample size that included the entire set of population scores,then the standard deviation of the sampling distribution based on that N would always equal ____.
A)1.00
B)ó
C)0
D)ó<sup>2</sup>
Q4) Define the standard error of the mean.
Q5) As degrees of freedom for a statistic increase,the more accurate the estimate of the ____________________ value will be.
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) The p value reported in APA manuscripts is commonly referred to as _____.
A)the beta level
B)the alpha level
C)the power level
D)the significance level
Q2) A sampling distribution of means based on all possible random samples of size 25,drawn from a population with a mean of 100,will have a standard error of _____.
A)5
B)4
C)20
D)can't determine above
Q3) Suppose you know that the mean score (m)on a measure of the personality trait "Openness to Experience" is 35.66 in a population of artists,with a standard deviation (s)of 13.32.Next,assume you went to Greenwich Village and gave this personality measure to a group of 10 artists.The mean in this sample was 40.33.You are interested in testing whether the 10 Greenwich Village artists were sampled from the same population described above.How would you state the null hypothesis for this test?
Q4) Briefly describe the steps involved in the hypothesis testing process.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) When studying the relationship between two variables,the investigator is essentially interested in determining how the different values of one variable are associated with the values of another variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you are measure how satisfied they are with their marriage you may want to ____________________couples on the amount of time they've been married.
Q3) The ____________________variable is manipulated by the researcher.
Q4) Dr.Belair is studying the effects of noise exposure on the occurrence of headaches.He exposes 20 subjects to a constant noise in their work environment and asks them to record their headaches.The next week he uses the same subjects without exposing them to noise and measures the number of headaches the subject's record.
A.Independent variable noise/ no noise: dependent Variable is the number of headaches subject's experience A.What is Dr.Belair's independent variable & Dependent Variable? B.She is using a within-subjects design B.What type of design is Dr.Belair using?
Q5) Compare and contrast between- versus within-subjects variables and designs.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The size of the standard error of the difference is influenced by:
A)the sample sizes
B)the variability of scores in the population
C)neither a nor b
D)a and b
Q2) The independent groups t test is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when the independent variable has three or more levels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explained variance is variability associated with (explained by)disturbance variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In an APA results section and independent groups t-test is written as follows t(82)= 5.66,p<0.05.Based on this information what are the degrees of freedom?
A)5.66
B)82
C)80
D)cannot be determined
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Q1) When is the correlated groups t test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q2) It is possible to obtain a large value of eta-squared without obtaining a statistically significant t value.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on the Method of Presentation section of Chapter 11,suppose a researcher is reporting the results of a correlated groups t test.If she obtained a t value of 2.17 with 10 subjects in each group using an alpha level of .05 and a nondirectional test,how would she report this in a psychological journal?
A)t (9)= 2.17,p < .05
B)t (9)= 2.17,p > .05
C)t (18)= 2.17,p < .05
D)t (18)= 2.17,p > .05
Q4) Unlike the independent groups t test,larger sample sizes will not increase the power of the correlated groups t test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the robustness of the correlated groups t test.
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Randomly ordering the conditions for each subject is particularly valuable when the number of _____ is so great that counterbalancing is impossible.
A)effects
B)variables
C)subjects
D)conditions
Q2) Describe an alternative to counterbalancing as a means of controlling confounding variables.
Q3) The F ratio for a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance is MS<sub>IV</sub> divided by MS<sub>SUBJECTS</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The alternative hypothesis in a one-way repeated ANOVA is _____.
A)all the population means are equal
B)all the population means are not equal
C)some of the population means are equal
D)some of the population means are not equal
Q5) How is the nature of the relationship addressed in a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance?
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) When the population correlation coefficient is zero and the scores in the population are (bivariate)normally distributed,then as N increases the distribution of the sample correlation coefficients tends,somewhat slowly,toward a binomial distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If we find a high correlation between variables X and Y,we can conclude _____.
A)X causes Y
B)Y causes X
C)X and Y have the same cause
D)X and Y systematically vary together
Q3) Which one of the following is NOT a condition under which the Pearson correlation is typically used?
A)Both variables are quantitative in nature and measured on a level that at least approximates interval characteristics.
B)The two variables have been measured on the same individuals.
C)The observations on each variable are within-subjects in nature.
D)All of these are conditions under which the Pearson correlation is typically useD.
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of applying the chi-square test to quantitative variables?
Q2) When scores on quantitative variables are collapsed into intervals,the power of the chi-square test is reduced relative to that of a parametric test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Marginal frequencies are the sums of the frequencies in the corresponding ____________________ or columns.
Q4) The alternative hypothesis for chi-square test states that ______.
A)the two variables of interest are related in the population
B)the two variables of interest are unrelated in the population
C)the column frequencies equal the row frequencies
D)the sum of the row and column frequencies equals the total frequency
Q5) Although the issue is controversial,statisticians generally recommend the use of the correction for continuity.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Summarize the steps involved in computing expected frequencies.
Q7) What is the goodness-of-fit test?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under what conditions is the Kruskal-Wallis test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q2) There are two major types of nonparametric counterparts to parametric test: _____ tests and _____ tests.
A)robust;nonrobust
B)significance;nonsignificance
C)rank;signed
D)signed;unsigned
Q3) Many parametric tests are resistant to outliers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There are two major types of nonparametric tests -- rank tests and sign tests. A)True B)False
Q5) For the Wilcoxon signed-rank test,in order for the null hypothesis to be rejected,the observed value of T must be equal to or less than the critical value.
A)True B)False
Q6) How are tied values dealt with when applying a nonparametric test?
17
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Variability for the sum of squares ____________________ can be partitioned into sum of squares A,sum of squares B,and sum of squares AxB.
Q2) Discuss the partitioning of variability in the context of two-way analysis of variance.
Q3) The F tests for two-way between-subjects analysis of variance assume that the scores in each population:
A)are normally distributed
B)have heterogeneous variances
C)are positively skewed
D)none of these
Q4) As with the sums of squares,the mean squares are additive,such that: MS<sub>TOTAL</sub> = MS<sub>A</sub> + MS<sub>B</sub> + MS<sub>AxB</sub> + MS<sub>WITHIN</sub>
A)True B)False
Q5) In a two-way ANOVA,there are two ____________________,and one interaction.
Q6) The manner in which we choose to state an interaction is arbitrary. A)True B)False
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Q1) In the study above the independent variable is_____.
A)the perceived sounds
B)the use of a ipod
C)recall for perceived sounds
D)all of these
E)none of these
Q2) If you want to determine if GPA is correlated with SAT scores what test would you use?
A)correlate t-test
B)independent t-test
C)Pearson correlation
D)Spearman rank-order
E)both c & d
Q3) The strength of the relationship is usually indexed by the 95% confidence interval.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The inference of the relationship after using an Independent groups t-test is____________________.
Q5) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
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