Statistical Methods in Behavioral Research
Exam
Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental statistical techniques and principles used to analyze data in behavioral research. Students will learn about descriptive and inferential statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and non-parametric methods relevant to psychological, social, and behavioral sciences. Emphasis is placed on the practical application of statistical methods to real-world behavioral research scenarios, interpretation of results, and the use of statistical software for data analysis. The course prepares students to critically evaluate research findings and to design and conduct their own quantitative studies within the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ data describe numeric aspects of phenomena,whereas ______ data describe nonnumeric aspects of data.
A) Quantitative; qualitative
B) Qualitative; quantitative
C) Continuous; discrete
D) Discrete; continuous
Answer: A
Q2) A score on a multiple-choice exam (0-100 points)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) An interval scale of measurement is generally more informative than an ordinal scale of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Descriptive statistics can be used to describe populations and samples.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three steps for constructing a simple frequency distribution are A) find the observed range, find the interval width, and construct the frequency distribution.
B) find the real range, count the scores, and construct the frequency distribution.
C) find the real range, find the interval width, and construct the frequency distribution.
D) all of these
Answer: C
Q2) Ungrouped data can be distributed as A) intervals.
B) categories.
C) upper and lower boundaries.
D) all of these.
Answer: B
Q3) Grouped data are used to summarize quantitative data that are continuous or discrete.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample mean is symbolized as M; the population mean is symbolized as \(\mu\).
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The weighted mean is used to determine the mean for samples with unequal sample sizes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which type of mean is used to describe a portion of individuals in a given population?
A) sample mean
B) population mean
C) restricted mean
D) none of these
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the number of trials it takes two samples of participants to master a new task.In both samples,SS = 240.Sample A consisted of 12 participants and Sample B consisted of 18 participants.Which sample is associated with the largest variance?
A) Sample A
B) Sample B
C) Both samples have the same variance.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) When the sample variance is computed as SS divided by n,it will underestimate the population variance on average.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An interquartile range removes
A) the top and bottom 25% of scores in a distribution before calculating range.
B) scores above only the 75th percentile before calculating range.
C) scores below only the 25th percentile before calculating range.
D) all of these.
Q4) The population standard deviation is equal to 10 when SS = 100 and n = 10.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Probability
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A distribution of probabilities for random outcomes of a bivariate or dichotomous random variable is called a
A) binomial probability distribution.
B) distribution of expected values.
C) random variable distribution.
D) mathematical expectation.
Q2) Suppose you open a new game at the county fair.When patrons win,you pay them $3.00; when patrons lose,they pay you $1.00.If the probability of a patron winning is p = .20,then how much can you expect to win (or lose)in the long run? Hint: You need to compute the expected value of the mean.
A) win 0.20 cents per play
B) win 0.60 cents per play
C) lose 0.80 cents per play
D) lose 2.20 dollars per play
Q3) A researcher determines that the relative frequency of participants with prescription glasses is .23.Hence,the probability that participants will wear prescription glasses must be greater than p = .23.
A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mean can take on any value and the standard deviation can take on any positive value.Therefore,
A) scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean.
B) extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution.
C) there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions.
D) this characteristic has no practical implication.
Q2) Two normal distributions are observed.The first distribution has a mean of 12 and a standard deviation of 2.The second distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 2.For which distribution will the z score for the mean be larger?
A) the first z distribution
B) the second distribution
C) none, the z score will be the same
Q3) A binomial probability distribution is the distribution of random outcomes for a bivariate or dichotomous random variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When a z score equals 0,this means that there is no variability.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a researcher selects a sample with a mean of 8,then the mean of the sampling distribution of possible sample means will also equal 8.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is
A) equal to the population mean.
B) equal to the population variance.
C) equal to the population mean and equal to the population variance.
D) none of these.
Q3) The sampling distribution of the mean is a distribution of all the possible samples of a particular size that can be selected from a given population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Researchers typically sample with replacement,although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Step 2 of hypothesis testing,researchers state a level of significance to minimize the probability of
A) rejecting a true null hypothesis.
B) retaining a false null hypothesis.
C) inflating the power of a decision.
D) all of these.
Q2) Given the following values: \(\mu\) = 6.0,M = 7.6,n = 36, \(\sigma\) = 6,conduct a one-sample z test at a .05 level of significance.For a one-tailed test,upper-tail critical,what is the decision?
A) to reject the null hypothesis
B) to retain the null hypothesis
C) There is not enough information since the sample size is not given.
Q3) An effect size of d = 0.68 is a large effect in the population.
A)True B)False
Q4) A null finding is a decision to retain a null hypothesis that is correct.
A)True B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> is a more conservative estimate than \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the standard error is equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Measures of proportion of variance are computed the same for all t tests.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Normality,random sampling,and independence are all assumptions for the one-sample t test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the mean difference is equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom is a z distribution.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The related-samples design can ______.
A) eliminate within-groups error
B) have no effect on power
C) increase standard error
D) be more practical
Q2) A researcher selected a sample of 24 participants and observed their behavior at two times.The result of a related-samples t test at a .05 level of significance was t = 2.68.Which of the following correctly describes the result of this test?
A) A related-samples t test is the correct test for this study; the result of the test is not significant.
B) A related-samples t test is the correct test for this study; the result of the test is significant.
C) The result of the test cannot be appropriately interpreted because the related-samples t test was not the correct test for this study; the researcher should have computed a two-independent-sample t test.
D) The result of the test cannot be appropriately interpreted because the related-samples t test was not the correct test for this study; the researcher should have computed a one-sample t test.
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A matched-pairs design is one example of a situation in which it is appropriate to use the estimation formula for the related samples t.
A)True B)False
Q2) In a sample of 20 participants,a researcher estimates the 99% CI for a sample with a mean of M<sub>D</sub> = 3.7 and an estimated standard error for the difference scores (S<sub>MD</sub>)of 0.2.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 99% CI 3.5, 3.9
B) 99% CI 3.2, 4.2
C) 99% CI 3.1, 4.3
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) The estimation formula for the one-sample z is M ± z( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>).
A)True B)False
Q4) Two types of estimation are point estimation and interval estimation. A)True B)False
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14
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An analysis of variance is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses for one or more factors concerning the variance among two or more group means,where the variance in one or more populations is unknown.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A mean square is a sample variance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is the appropriate way to read the degrees of freedom for an ANOVA with 10 participants in each of four groups?
A) 3 or 36 degrees of freedom
B) 3 and 36 degrees of freedom
C) 4 and 10 degrees of freedom
D) 4 and 36 degrees of freedom
Q4) To summarize the results of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA test,we report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the p value.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups.If the degrees of freedom error is 56,then how many participants were observed in this study?
A) 4
B) 14
C) 15
D) 55
Q2) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 4 and n = 20.What are the degrees of freedom error for this test?
A) 57
B) 79
C) 80
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) If 12 participants are observed in each of four groups,then the degrees of freedom between persons is equal to 11.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes a research design in which one factor could be a between-subjects factor,and the second factor could be a within-subjects factor?
A) the effects of ones' sex (male, female) and season of birth on rates of schizophrenia
B) the effects of ones' socioeconomic status and education level on their overall life satisfaction
C) the effects of ones' income level on their resiliency in the face of each of three cognitively-challenging tasks
D) the effects of ones' handedness (right, left) and class year (freshman to senior) on their intelligence scores
Q2) A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies.In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the correlation between gender and student aptitude scores from 0 to 100 among 20 participants.If r<sub>pb</sub> = .49,then what is the decision for this correlation test?
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) Which of the following is a limitation for interpreting a correlation?
A) Correlations do not demonstrate cause-and-effect.
B) Outliers can change the direction and/or strength of the correlation.
C) Conclusions should not be drawn beyond the range of scores measured.
D) All of these.
Q3) A statistical procedure used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two factors is called ______.
A) effect size
B) power
C) a correlation
D) coincidence
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard error of estimate provides an estimate of the standard distance that data points fall from the regression line.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To summarize the results of multiple regression,we typically add the standardized \(\beta\) coefficient for each factor that significantly contributes to a prediction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) With multiple regression,we can use the method of least squares to find the regression equation and test for significance just as we did using simple linear regression.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the coefficient of determination is .09 and the sum of squares regression is 88,then the total variation in Y must be SS<sub>Y</sub> = 108.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for independence are k - 1.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher computes a 2 * 3 chi-square test for independence.In this example,the degrees of freedom are 2.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A chi-square goodness-of-fit test with three levels of a categorical variable will have 3 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nonparametric tests do not make inferences about population parameters,although these tests can be used to test hypothesized relationships in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Variance is not computed using the chi-square tests.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the Mann-Whitney U test,we reject the null hypothesis when ______.
A) values of U are greater than or equal to the critical value
B) values of U are less than or equal to .05
C) values of U are less than or equal to the critical value
D) values of U are closer to ± 1.0
Q2) Each of the following is an appropriate test for ordinal data,except ______.
A) the Mann-Whitney U test
B) the chi-square goodness-of-fit test
C) the one-sample sign test
D) the Friedman test
Q3) The one-sample sign test can be used for ordinal data in place of the one-sample t test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher computes and .What is the value of the test statistic for a Mann-Whitney U test?
A) 17
B) 38
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
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