Statistical Methods for Behavioral Sciences
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Statistical Methods for Behavioral Sciences introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of statistical analysis as applied to psychology, sociology, and related disciplines. The course covers topics including descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nonparametric methods. Emphasis is placed on the practical application of statistical reasoning to understand patterns, analyze data, and draw meaningful conclusions about human behavior. Through hands-on exercises, students learn to interpret results, select appropriate statistical methods, and use statistical software, preparing them to critically evaluate research findings in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) In the statement "Watching violence on TV causes an increase in a person's tolerance for aggression," the independent variable is
A) parental attitude toward TV
B) person's age
C) tolerance of aggression
D) watching violence on TV
Answer: D
Q2) The variable "amount of control a child has over what he or she watches on TV" (categories: no control, slight control, moderate control, complete control) has what level of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: B
Q3) Is the variable "number of college courses passed" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: B
Q4) What are the three levels of measurement used in the text?
Answer: nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio
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Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Q1) The name of the SPSS data file that will be used for the examples in the chapters and the practice problems at the end of the chapters is
A) answeringQuestions.sav
B) fourGroups.sav
C) GSS.sav
D) sampleData.sav
Answer: B
Q2) Which column in Variable View lets you attach labels to the codes for a variable's attributes?
A) Name
B) Label
C) Values
D) Role
Answer: C
Q3) The default variable type for SPSS is
A) dot
B) numeric
C) scientific notation
D) string
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Q1) "A statistic which summarizes the values on one or more variables for the cases in a data set and only the cases in the data set" is a definition of a(n)
A) descriptive statistic
B) inferential statistic
C) multivariate statistic
D) univariate statistic
Answer: A
Q2) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output
The frequency table represents the responses of 1980 GSS middle-age adults when asked to identify their social class. Which of the following statements is correct?
A) 98.1% of those who were able to answer the question were in the lower class or working class.
B) 98.1% of those who were able to answer the question were in the middle class.
C) The lower class was the smallest class.
D) Almost everyone was able and willing to answer this question.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Q1) Six college students have the following number of TV shows they watch regularly: 0, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6. Compute the following statistics based on these values:mean: _____ median: _____ mode: _____ range: _____ minimum: _____ maximum: _____
Q2) Five college students have the following number of TV shows they watch regularly: 0, 0, 3, 4, 8. Compute the following statistics based on these values:mean: _____ median: _____ mode: _____ range: _____ minimum: _____ 50<sup>th</sup> percentile: _____
Q3) Which of the following is correct?
A) Nominal measures of central tendency can be used on ordinal variables.
B) Ordinal measures of central tendency can be used on nominal variables.
C) Interval/ratio measures of central tendency can be used on nominal variables.
D) Interval/ratio measures of central tendency can be used on ordinal variables.
Q4) You want to see the mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for a variable. Which SPSS procedure would be most appropriate?
A) Display Data File Information
B) Edit Options
C) Frequencies
D) Select Cases
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Q1) You are computing a new variable called CRIMEALL. It is the average of four variables already in your data set: CRIMESA, CRIMESB, CRIMESC, and CRIMESD. Write the numeric expression (formula) for a compute command that averages these four variables but only if all four of the CRIME variables being averaged have valid values.
Q2) How can missing data be handled when constructing an index?
Q3) Which value of Cronbach's alpha indicates the greatest reliability?
A) .01
B) .05
C) .50
D) .95
Q4) You are creating an index based on four variables in your data set: VAR1, VAR2, VAR3, and VAR4. One of the cases in your data set has valid values for only VAR1 and VAR2. It has missing data for VAR3 and VAR4. For each of the following compute commands, indicate if SPSS would report a valid value or a missing value for this case on the index.
A) __________ index = SUM(VAR1,VAR2,VAR3,VAR4)
B) __________ index = SUM.4(VAR1,VAR2,VAR3,VAR4)
Q5) When would you use Recode and when would you use Compute?
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Q1) You want to see if average life expectancy differs by occupation and within occupations by race. Race should be the _____ when setting up the Means procedure.
A) dependent variable
B) 1<sup>st</sup> layer independent variable
C) 2<sup>nd</sup> layer independent variable
D) 3<sup>rd</sup> layer independent variable
Q2) Based on the following output, which conclusion is correct?
A) For every group, women averaged more TVHOURS than men.
B) For every group, there was more variability among women than men on TVHOURS.
C) For every group, there were more women than men.
D) No group averaged more than 3.50 TVHOURS.
Q3) What kinds of questions can you answer using the Means procedure?
Q4) You want to see the size and direction of the gender gap in education for each geographic region. Which SPSS procedure should you run?
A) Descriptives
B) Explore
C) Frequencies
D) Means
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Q1) In a Crosstab table, a row percentage tells you
A) the percent of cases in that cell that are in that cell
B) the percent of cases in that column that are in that cell
C) the percent of cases in that row that are in that cell
D) the percent of cases in the entire table that are in that cell
Q2) In a clustered bar chart, why should the cases be clustered by categories of the independent variable?
Q3) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Someone makes the claim that women are happier than men with their marriage. (HAPPYMAR is happiness with one's marriage.)
A) Does the information in this table support the claim? (yes or no)
B) Support your conclusion by citing relevant (and only relevant) information from the table.
Q4) How can comparing percents indicate the independent variable's effect on the dependent variable?
Q5) Why are column percents more useful than row percents for seeing if the column (independent) variable affects the row (dependent) variable?
Q6) How can you use column percents to identify the median?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between a positive association between two variables and a negative relationship between two variables.
Q2) Which of the following is an ordinal measure of association?
A) Cramer's V
B) Kendall's tau-b
C) lambda
D) uncertainty coefficient
Q3) You want to see if there is a positive relationship between social class and number of friends. Which type of analysis should you do?
A) create a frequency table for each variable
B) compute the mean for each variable
C) compute a measure of association
D) compute the variance for each variable
(Note: * indicates
Q4) What is the difference between a concordant pair of cases and a discordant pair of cases?
Q5) Why would it not make sense for a nominal measure of association to indicate direction of the relationship?
Q6) What are the names of two ordinal measures of association?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Q1) If the value of the multiple correlation coefficient is .40, what is the value of the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>)?
A) .16
B) .40
C) .60
D) 4.00
Q2) If the value of the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) is .36, what proportion of the variability in the dependent variable is NOT explained by the independent variable(s)?
A) .06
B) .36
C) .60
D) .64
Q3) For each of the following cases, the case's actual value on the dependent variable is shown along with the case's predicted value on the dependent variable based on a regression equation. For each case, what is the value of the regression residual?
Q4) What information does a coefficient of determination provide?
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Q1) Multicollinearity is when there _____ among the independent variables in a regression equation. For the person wanting to do a regression analysis, multicollinearity is a _____ thing.
A) are no very strong correlations . . . bad
B) are no very strong correlations . . . good
C) is at least one very strong correlation . . . bad
D) is at least one very strong correlation . . . good
Q2) What proportion of the differences in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables in the regression equation?
A) .151
B) .388
C) .612
D) .849
Q3) What is multicollinearity and why is it a problem?
Q4) Describe the process of creating dummy variables so that the information contained in the nominal independent variable CAR (attributes: Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, other) can be included in a regression equation.
Q5) What is a net effect?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Q1) The center of a sampling distribution corresponds on the number to the A) parameter value
B) sample size
C) sampling error
D) standard error
Q2) A researcher takes a random sample from a population. What is the percent chance the sample result will be within two standard errors of the true value in the population?
A) 68%
B) 95%
C) 99.7%
D) 100%
Q3) Which of the following statements is correct?
A) As the standard error decreases, the margin of error increases.
B) Where the center of a sampling distribution occurs on the number line depends on the size of the samples being taken.
C) Both "a" and "b" are correct.
D) None of the above is correct.
Q4) What are the properties of a normal distribution?
Q5) What are confidence intervals, confidence levels, and margins of error?
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Q1) You are testing a two-tailed hypothesis. Based on the following results, the significance level is _____ and you _____ the null hypothesis.
A) .0235 do not reject
B) .0235 reject
C) .047 do not reject
D) .047 reject
Q2) If the two-tailed significance level is .080, what is the one-tailed significance level?
Q3) The results of a one-sample t test are reported as follows: t = 3.15, df = 430, p = .035. Which of the following is correct?
A) There were 431 valid cases.
B) The null hypothesis was rejected.
C) The results were statistically significant.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q4) Here is a null hypothesis: "In the population, the average reading speed is 120 words per minute." Write the research hypothesis.
Q5) When can results be described as "statistically significant"?
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Q1) An author reports the following information about a one-tailed independent-samples t test: t = 1.71, df = 17, p = .111. The sample means were consistent with the research hypothesis. Which of the following is true?
A) The two-tailed significance level must have been .222.
B) The null hypothesis was rejected
C) The two groups were significantly different.
D) All of the above are true.
Q2) What kinds of questions can you answer using a paired-samples t test?
Q3) What is the largest risk of making a Type I error that social scientists will usually take?
A) 5% chance
B) 68% chance
C) 95% chance
D) 99.7% chance
Q4) Why are independent samples called that?
Q5) Any paired-samples t test could also be tested as a(n)
A) crosstab
B) independent-samples t test
C) multiple regression
D) one-sample t test
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a difference between men and women in the average number of work days per year lost due to injury." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent-samples t test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
Q2) Describe the interaction effect shown in this plot.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a possible stopping point in a two-way ANOVA problem?
A) If the overall model is not significant.
B) If the interaction effect is significant.
C) If the first main effect you examine is not significant.
D) If the second main effect is significant.
Q4) When is an independent-samples t test used to compare group means and when is a one-way ANOVA used?
Q5) What is an interaction effect?
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Q1) You are doing a chi-square problem. Your row variable has two categories. Your column variable has seven categories. How many degrees of freedom will your chi-square have?
__________ degrees of freedom
Q2) The text talks about the expected count in a cell of a crosstab. This is the expected count if
A) the row and column variables are independent
B) the row and column variables are significantly related
C) the row and column variables have identical means
D) the row and column variables have identical numbers of valid cases
Q3) What does a positive residual in a crosstab cell mean?
A) The two variables are negatively associated.
B) There were more cases with that combination of traits than expected.
C) There were fewer cases with that combination of traits than expected.
D) You should not reject the null hypothesis.
Q4) What should you do next if chi-square is significant?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q6) A statistical guideline that is widely accepted is not to use chi-square if even one cell has an expected count of _____ or if more than _____ of the cells have expected counts of less than 5.
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Q1) Are weak associations between variables always nonsignificant? Are strong associations always significant?
Q2) Hypothesis tests for which measures of association must be identified as one-tailed or two-tailed?
Q3) Before checking the significance levels of the net effects of the independent variables in a multiple regression, the significance of what should be checked?
Q4) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Does gender have a significant net effect on amount given to charity after controlling for age and personal earnings?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA
Q5) In SPSS output the significance levels for regression coefficients are not marked as one- or two-tailed. That means they are
A) one-tailed significance levels
B) two-tailed significance levels
C) universal significance levels (the same value for one- and two-tailed tests)
Page 18
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